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RESEARCH ON ULTRA LOW EMISSION TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE DISPLACEMENT MOTORCYCLES
Kono, T.,Miyata, H.,Uraki, M.,Yamazaki, R. The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 2006 International journal of automotive technology Vol.7 No.3
With the aim of achieving half the regulated value of EURO-3 Emission Regulations, an ultra low emission motorcycle has been developed based on a motorcycle with an 1800 $cm^3$, horizontal opposed 6-cylinder engine. For the fuel supply system, an electronically controlled fuel injection system was applied. For the emission purification system, three-way catalysts, a feedback control system with a LAF(Linear Air-Fuel ratio) sensor, and a secondary air induction system were applied. To reduce CO and HC emissions during cold starting, an early catalyst activation method combining RACV(Rotary Air Control Valve) and retarded ignition timing was applied. After the catalyst activation, air-fuel ratio was controlled to maximize the purification ratio of the catalyst according to vehicle speed. For the air-fuel ratio control system, the LAF sensor was used. Furthermore, fine adjustment by the LAF feedback control reduced torque fluctuation due to the air-fuel ratio change. As a result, smooth ride feeling was maintained. Owing to these technologies, half the regulated value of EURO-3 has been achieved without any negative impact to the large-scaled motorcycles' drivability. This paper presents the developed ultra low emission technologies including the control method using an LAF sensor.
RESEARCH ON ULTRA LOW EMISSION TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE DISPLACEMENT MOTORCYCLES
T. KONO,H. MIYATA,M. URAKI,R. YAMAZAKI 한국자동차공학회 2006 International journal of automotive technology Vol.7 No.3
With the aim of achieving half the regulated value of EURO-3 Emission Regulations, an ultra low emission motorcycle has been developed based on a motorcycle with an 1800 cm3, horizontal opposed 6-cylinder engine. For the fuel supply system, an electronically controlled fuel injection system was applied. For the emission purification system, three-way catalysts, a feedback control system with a LAF (Linear Air-Fuel ratio) sensor, and a secondary air induction system were applied. To reduce CO and HC emissions during cold starting, an early catalyst activation method combining RACV (Rotary Air Control Valve) and retarded ignition timing was applied. After the catalyst activation, air-fuel ratio was controlled to maximize the purification ratio of the catalyst according to vehicle speed. For the air-fuel ratio control system, the LAF sensor was used. Furthermore, fine adjustment by the LAF feedback control reduced torque fluctuation due to the air-fuel ratio change. As a result, smooth ride feeling was maintained. Owing to these technologies, half the regulated value of EURO-3 has been achieved without any negative impact to the large-scaled motorcycles' drivability. This paper presents the developed ultra low emission technologies including the control method using an LAF sensor.
DEVELOPMENT OF DCT-VEHICLE PERFORMANCE SIMULATOR TO EVALUATE SHIFT FORCE AND TORQUE INTERRUPTION
T. KONO,H. MIYATA,M. URAKI,R. YAMAZAKI 한국자동차공학회 2006 International journal of automotive technology Vol.7 No.3
With the aim of achieving half the regulated value of EURO-3 Emission Regulations, an ultra low emission motorcycle has been developed based on a motorcycle with an 1800 cm3, horizontal opposed 6-cylinder engine. For the fuel supply system, an electronically controlled fuel injection system was applied. For the emission purification system, three-way catalysts, a feedback control system with a LAF (Linear Air-Fuel ratio) sensor, and a secondary air induction system were applied. To reduce CO and HC emissions during cold starting, an early catalyst activation method combining RACV (Rotary Air Control Valve) and retarded ignition timing was applied. After the catalyst activation, air-fuel ratio was controlled to maximize the purification ratio of the catalyst according to vehicle speed. For the air-fuel ratio control system, the LAF sensor was used. Furthermore, fine adjustment by the LAF feedback control reduced torque fluctuation due to the air-fuel ratio change. As a result, smooth ride feeling was maintained. Owing to these technologies, half the regulated value of EURO-3 has been achieved without any negative impact to the large-scaled motorcycles' drivability. This paper presents the developed ultra low emission technologies including the control method using an LAF sensor.
( M. Tamaki ),( T. Ishibashi ),( T. Yamazaki ),( S. Konda ),( K. Kono ),( S. Okada ),( T. Tomita ) 대한슬관절학회 2024 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.36 No.-
Introduction Patient satisfaction is an important outcome of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, we cannot predict how and why patients are satisfied or dissatisfied with TKA. The hypothesis of this study was that patient-reported outcomes (PROs) correlate with in vivo kinematics after TKA. Materials and methods One hundred knees were analyzed after TKA. The in vivo kinematics of deep knee bending motion were estimated from single-plane fluoroscopy using a two-to-three-dimensional registration technique. Active knee flexion, femoral rotation and rollback were evaluated. The PROs were obtained after surgery using the 2011 Knee Society Scoring System (KSS), and their relationship with in vivo kinematics was determined. Results The average minimum and maximum flexion were -2.4 ± 7.3° and 113.2 ± 13.6°, respectively. The average femoral rotation was 7.4 ± 3.4°, and the average medial and lateral rollback were 2.4 ± 4.8 mm and 7.2 ± 5.6 mm, respectively. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the maximum flexion angle significantly contributed to symptoms and satisfaction. In addition, lateral rollback was also a significant factor affecting patient satisfaction. Lateral rollback and lateral Anterior-Posterior (AP) position at maximum flexion were correlated with the maximum flexion angle, whereas femoral rotation did not correlate with flexion angles. Conclusions Maximum flexion and lateral rollback are important for better patient satisfaction after TKA. To obtain the maximum flexion angle, it was necessary to perform the normal kinematic pattern with a large amount of lateral rollback.