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반코마이신 내성 장내구균 분리 환자에서 황색포도알균의 내성
김동욱,신선혜,김혜진,류선,이선희,장철훈,김영대,곽임수 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.1
목적 : Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)로부터 S. aureus로의 vacomycin 내성 유전자의 전파는 오래전부터 예견되어져 왔으며 큰 걱정거리로 남아있다. 최근에 vanA 유전자를 가지고 있는 vancomycin-resistant S. aureus 2주가 미국에서 분리되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 VRE를 보균하고 있는 환자들에서 S. aureus 보균양상과 항균제 내성을 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 재료 및 방법 : 2001년 1월부터 2001년 12월까지 부산대학교병원에 입원하였던 환자들 중 임상검체에서 VRE가 분리된 환자 7명과 2001년 9월부터 12월까지 외과 중 환자실에 입원하였던 환자들 중 VRE 감시배양을 시행하였던 20명의 환자들을 대상으로 하였다. 환자들은 전비공, 액와부, 회음부, 직장에서 매주 면봉으로 검체를 채취하였다. 선별배지에서 검체를 배양하여 S. aureus를 분리하였고 원판 확산법을 이용하여 methicillin 감수성을 측정하였다. Broth microdilution 법으로 vancomycin MIC를 측정하였다. 결과 : 총 27명에서 73회의 방문과 292회의 배양이 시행되었으며 총 67주의 S. aureus가 분리되었다. 이중 64주(95.5%)가 methicillin 내성이었다. 전비공 MRSA 보균율은 VRE를 보균하고 있었던 환자는 19명 중 11명(58%)에서, VRE를 보균하지 않았던 환자는 8명 중 3명(37.5%)으로 VRE 보균자에서 보균율이 더 높았다. 총 64주의 MRSA의 vancomycin MIC의 분포는 0.5-2㎍/mL였으며 2㎍/mL를 초과하는 균주는 발견되지 않았다. 64주 중 vancomycin MIC가 1㎍/mL인 균주가 54주(84.4%)로 가장 많았으며 2㎍/mL 6주(9.4%), 0.5㎍/mL 4주(6.3%)의 순이었다. 결론 : VRE 환자에서 S. aureus의 보균율은 비보균자 보다 높았으며 분리된 균주들은 대부분 MRSA였다. VRSA 균주는 발견되지 않았다. Background : The transfer of vancomycin resistance from vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) to Staphylococcus aureus has been predicted. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and antibiotics resistance of S. aureus among patients colonized with VRE. Methods : Between January 2001 and December 2001, a prospective study was performed at Pusan National University Hospital on 27 patients. Surveillance swabs from nasal cavity, axilla, perineum, and rectum were obtained at weekly intervals. Methicillin susceptability of S. aureus was determined by oxacillin disk diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for vancomycin by microdilution broth test. Results : Total of 292 swab cultures were performed and 67 S. aureus isolates were collected. 64 isolates (95.5%) were resistant to methicillin. The prevalence of nasal MRSA carrier in 19 patients colonized with VRE was higher than that in 8 patients not colonized with VRE (58% vs. 37.5%). In 64 MRSA isolates, MIC (㎍/mL) for vancomycin ranged from 0.5 to 2. No isolates with MIC >2 ㎍/mL were observed. MIC of 1 ㎍/mL was shown (observed) in 54 isolates, 2 ㎍/mL in 6 isolates, and 0.5 ㎍/mL in 4 isolates. Conclusion : The prevalence of S. aureus with colonization of VRE is higher than that without colonization of VRE. Most of S. aureus isolates were resistant to methicillin. VRSA isolates were not observed.
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Original Article : Geographic difference of epidemiological features of HCV infection in Korea
( Kyung Ah Kim ),( Sook Hyang Jeong ),( Eun Sun Jang ),( Young Seok Kim3 ),( Youn Jae Lee ),( Eun Uk Jung ),( In Hee Kim ),( Sung Bum Cho ),( Mee Kyung Kee ),( Chun Kang ) 대한간학회 2014 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.20 No.4
Background/Aims: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Korea exhibits significant geographic variation, with it being higher in Busan and Jeonam than in other areas. The reason for this intranational geographic difference was investigated in this study by conducting a comparative analysis of the risk factors related to HCV infection among three geographic areas: the capital (Seoul), Busan, and the province of Jeolla. Methods: In total, 990 patients with chronic HCV infection were prospectively enrolled at 5 university hospitals located in Seoul (n=374), Busan (n=264), and Jeolla (n=352). A standardized questionnaire survey on the risk factors for HCV infection was administered to these three groups of patients, and a comparative analysis of the findings was performed. Results: The analysis revealed significant regional differences in exposure to the risk factors of HCV infection. By comparison with patients in Seoul as a control group in the multivariate analysis, patients in Busan had significantly more experience of invasive medical procedures, acupuncture, cosmetic procedures, and multiple sex partners. In contrast, patients in Jeolla were significantly older, and they had a higher prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma, a lower prevalence of multiple sex partners, and had experienced fewer invasive procedures. Conclusions: There was a significant geographic difference in the exposure to potential risk factors of HCV infection between patients from the three studied regions. This may explain the regional variation of the prevalence of HCV infection in Korea, and should be taken into account when planning strategies for the prevention and management of HCV infection. (Clin Mol Hepatol 2014;20:361-367)
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( Jin Park ),( Yong Sun Cho ),( Ki Hun Song ),( Jong Sun Lee ),( Seok Kweon Yun ),( Han Uk Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2011 Annals of Dermatology Vol.23 No.3
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant skin tumors and develops characteristically on sun-exposed areas, such as the head and neck. Ultraviolet light exposure is an important etiologic factor in BCCs, and BCCs arising from non-sun- exposed areas are, therefore, very rare. In particular, the axilla, nipple, the genital and perianal areas are not likely to be exposed to ultraviolet light; thus, if BCC develops in these areas, other predisposing factors should be considered. Herein, we report a case of BCC arising on the pubic area in a 70-year-old man. We also performed a survey of the literature and discussed the 19 cases of BCC from non-sun-exposed areas reported to date in Korea.
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김선욱 이화여자대학교 법학연구소 2007 法學論集 Vol.12 No.1
Korea has tried to amend discriminatory laws and improve unequal realities between women and men since 1980. As the results of legislative efforts, legal and institutional equality was achieved somewhat but gender-based inequality still remains in every areas of society. Gender-Mainstreaming, emphasized in 4th World Conference on Women, Beijing 1995, is recently adopted into policies in Korea. In this article, I analyse legislative changes that promote to transform Gender-Mainstreaming in only women-policies into Gender-Mainstreaming in all national public policies. And I focus on Gender Impact Assessment System(Women Development Act, 2002), Gender-Budget System(National Finance Act, 2006), Gender-Statistics System(Statistics Act, 2007) and the Review Standard of Legislation(2006) in the Ministry of Government Legislation. In conclusion, our task is to actualize Gender-Mainstreaming in the lawmaking process by adapting to gender perspective in government public policies. 한국은 1980년대 이후 성차별적인 법의 개정과 성불평등한 현실을 개선하기 위한 입법적 노력을 꾸준히 시도해왔다. 그러나 이러한 입법적 노력의 성과로 법과 제도상의 평등은 어느 정도 이루어졌으나 사회 각 부문에서의 현실에는 아직도 많은 불평등이 남아 있다, 몇 가지 주요 지표를 보면 여성의 경제활동참가율은 아직 50.3%이고, 직종별로 살펴보면 사무직, 판매직, 서비스직에 편중되어있으며, 전문가 및 고위관리직의 비율은 여전히 낮다. 또한 여성근로자의 평균임금은 남성의 63.4%이다. 이러한 여성의 상황은 UNDP에서 매년 발표하는 여성권한척도(GEM : Gender Empowerment Measure)에서 잘 나타나고 있는데, 2006년 현재 우리나라는 세계 75개국 중 53위에 머물고 있다. 이러한 문제인식 하에 1995년 제4차 북경 세계여성회의 이후 강조되고 있는 Gebder-Mainstreaming(성주류화)은 우리나라에서도 최근 정책적으로 구체화되고 있다. 따라서 이 글은 그동안의 성평등입법을 개관해보고 Gender-Meainstreaming으로의 변화를 촉진할 수 있는 최근의 몇 가지 입법적 변화를 분석하고 이들의 Gender-Meainstreaming의 효과를 다룬다. 즉, 여성발전기본법 개정(2002)으로 도입된 성별영향제도, 국가재정법 개정(2006)으로 도입된 성인지예산제도, 통계법 개정(2007)으로 도입될 성별통계생산, 그리고 법제처 법령입안심사기준(2006)의 성인지 법령심사를 다루면서 이러한 새로운 제도가 효과적으로 되기 위한 입법에서의 성주류화 과제를 생각해보고자 한다.
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김선욱 단국대학교 신소재기술연구소 1994 신소재 Vol.4 No.-
수립된 생산일정계획은 매우 상세한 과다정보와 시스템에 내재되어 있는 동적인 정보의 특성 때문에 수시로 변경되어질 가능성이 대단히 높다. 더구나 좋은 생산일정계획을 수립하기 위해 최적화방법, 모의실험, 인간-컴퓨터 인터훼이스, 전문가시스템 등이 이용될 수 있으나 실용적이고 현실적인 면에서 많은 문제점을 갖는다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점들이 상세하게 소개되며, 이의 개선을 위한 방안으로 Default rule이 제시된다. Default rule은 모의실험에서 최적으로 판단된 규칙 중 최고의 빈도를 갖는 규칙으로 정의한다. 이 Default rule은 생산성 향상을 보증할 뿐만 아니라 운용면에서도 큰 장점을 갖는다. 한 사례연구에서 30% 이상의 생산성 향상을 보여주었다. It is invitable to modify production schedules very often due to the fact that they require detailed and dynamic information too much in manufacturing systems. Furthermore, there are so many problems to produce good schedules based on optimization methods, simulation, man-computer interface, and expert system. Some limitations and problems on these methods are described in details. A default rule is introduced as a method to reduce these problems. It is a rule which has the highest frequency of the bet rules collected during a simulation. It ensures not only higher productivity but also easy operations of the rule. A case study shows that it turns out to be greater than 30% increase in productivity.
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金景旻,林善旭 서울大學校 農科大學 1985 서울대농학연구지 Vol.10 No.1
Present study was to examine the affinity of soybean varieties to R. japonicum strains through artificial cross-inoculation test. A pot culture experiment was conducted with 11 varieties of soybean and 9 selected strains of Rhizobium japonicum. The results are summarized as follows: 1. There were differences in nodule number, nodule fresh weight, acetylene reduction activity and plant nitrogen content with R. joponicum inoculation to soybean varieties. 2. The results of 3 selected strains inoculation to 11 soybean varieties showed high nitrogen fixing affinity in Jangyub, Backchun & Kwanggyo in case of S156 strain in Danyub, Kwanggyo & Whanggun in case of S203 strain and in Namchun, Backchun & Bongui in case of S252 strain. 3. The effects of 9 selected strains inoculation to 3 soybean varieties each showed high nodulation and nitrogen fixing ability in S101,S151&S252 strains to soybean Jangback, in S017,S154&S203strains to soybean Hill, and in S101& S104 strains to soybean Jangyub.
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김선욱 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 1996 여성학논집 Vol.13 No.-
Ⅰ. This paper aims at discussing the public and private split in women's studies issues from the legal perspective. I will examine 1) whether the social function of law makes the division between public and civil laws; 2) whether the law only reflects the reality in which there is a public and private split, and 3) whether the law could improve upon that reality. I will analyze the theory of classification of public and civil laws related to the legal order. I will also examine women's issues arising from the split of public and civil laws. In addition, based on the social functions of law, I will suggest some feminist legal issues which should be addressed, and possible reforms the legal system with regard to the public and private spheres. Ⅱ. Women's lives are lived in the private sector, and are ruled by the civil law, though the law itself does not intend to either include or exclude women. Therefore, I conclude that women's lives and issues have been placed in the private sector, which excludes legal concerns according to the liberalist legal theory. Ⅲ. The interusion of public law into previously private civil matters results from changes in the previous liberalist legal theory, which is based on the principle of a social constitutional state. This principle emphasized the responsibility of the social legal authority for making conditions in which individuals are able to realize the practical freedom to make choices in their lives, as well as formal freedom and equality. For example, if the nation does not intervene in a labor contract via a labor law under the market economy due to its individual nature, that resu1ts in granting the employer the freedom to set the wages of employees rather than improving individual autonomy and freedom. However, because the labor market is a public sector, this kind of problem could be solved with legal remedies, that is the publ1t leglslat1on of previously private civil legal matters. But the intervention of the law related to such issues as domestic labor and violence has not been accomplished, though men's freedom has been strengthened in terms of such issues. Ⅳ. Owing to the convergence of public and civil law, we can establish equal conditions for women by widening legal intervention. Stereotyping gender roles in terms of public and private spheres should be rectified. In other words, by reconstructing the public and private sphere including prohibiting legal intervention in issues such as women's freedom of choice, the improvement of the actual freedom and equality of women can be achieved. Ⅴ. The division of the public and private spheres brings about discrimination against women by strengthening traditional gender roles. In other words, the public and private split limits the choices of women's social roles. As a result, it becomes difficult for women to participate in the public sector. Ⅵ. Women have been excluded from legal fields for a long time because the law itself is assumed to be a public matter. Due to this assumption, women hardly participate in the legal fields. Since it has been men who have made, established, implemented and researched laws, it has been difficult to include women's experiences and points of view. As a result, human beings in laws and legal theories have been defined by male-oriented values. The law and legal theories strongly reflect for the assumptions which delineate different gender roles in a patriarchal society. Ⅶ. The state should intervene to solve women's issues and accomplish equality of genders regardless of where gender discrimination may happen. Regardless to whether the gender discrimination occurs the family, the work places or educational institutions. Actualizing women's rights based on respect and value toward human beings leads to the practical freedom and equality of women. Therefore, the ration should accept the responsibility for actualizing women's rights. On the basis of these values, the public and private spheres in laws can be restructured. Some current private matters can be changed into public ones, and some public issues can be changed into private ones. As a result, the possibilities for solving women's legal issues which have been regulated in the legal arena for a long time can be increased.
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