Antioxidative properties of traditional herbal medicines and the application of comet assay on antioxidative study

Sok Cheon Pak,Yim Tong Szeto,Kam Shing Wong,Wouter Kalle 셀메드 세포교정의약학회 2013 TANG Vol.3 No.3

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in single herb or formula prescription has been used for thousands of years. Many of them possess antioxidant activity and the activity may contribute the therapeutic effect. This paper would review the relationship of traditional herbal medicine and antioxidant with particular reference to ginseng. This medicinal herb has been used worldwide with extensive tonic effect. The comet assay, a technique for DNA protecting and damaging investigation would be introduced and the application of comet assay on TCM would be discussed.

Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract in a Steroid-induced Polycystic Ovary Murine Model

Sok Cheon Pak,김세은,Dong-Min Oh,심경미,정문진,강성수,임성철,김종춘,김성호,나승열,박수현,문창종,배춘식 대한약학회 2009 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.32 No.3

human PCO syndrome was produced using the long-acting compound estradiol valerate (EV). Our previous study on the role of Korean red ginseng total saponins in a steroid-induced PCO rat model demonstrated that electro-acupuncture modulates nerve growth factor (NGF) concentration in the ovaries. In fact, the involvement of a neurogenic component in the pathology of PCO-related ovarian dysfunction is preceded by an increase in sympathetic outflow to the ovaries. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) administration modulates sympathetic nerve activity in PCO-induced rats. This was done by analyzing NGF protein and NGF mRNA expression involved in the pathophysiological process underlying steroid-induced PCO. EV injection resulted in significantly higher ovarian NGF protein and NGF mRNA expression in PCO-induced rats compared to control rats, and PCO ovaries were counteracted by KRGE administration with significantly lower expression of NGF protein and NGF mRNA compared to EV treated ovaries. These results indicate that EV modulates the neurotrophic state of the ovaries, which may be a component of the pathological process by which EV induces cyst formation and anovulation in rodents.

Borneol alleviates oxidative stress via upregulation of Nrf2 and Bcl-2 in SH-SY5Y cells

Hur, Jinyoung,Pak, Sok Cheon,Koo, Byung-Soo,Jeon, Songhee Informa Healthcare 2013 Pharmaceutical biology Vol.51 No.1

<P><I>Context</I>: The β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide aggregation with accompanying oxidative stress plays the major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Some natural compounds, including borneol, shed promising light on AD treatment.</P><P><I>Objective</I>: The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidative, antiapoptotic effects, and neuroprotection of borneol in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y).</P><P><I>Materials and methods</I>: Oxidative stress was induced by administering 50 µM Aβ into SH-SY5Y cells. Neuroprotective effect of commercially available borneol was examined by determining cell viability with the MTT assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using a fluorometer with further examination of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. Apoptosis was examined by measuring the ratio of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax).</P><P><I>Results</I>: Our data indicated that Aβ-induced cell cytotoxicity was inhibited by 100 µM of (−) and (+) borneol treatment. Treatment of borneol significantly decreased ROS generation (<I>P</I> < 0.01). The expression of HO-1 and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 were increased by Aβ treatment. This nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was further increased by administration of borneol. Compared with the Aβ treated group, the (+) borneol treated group significantly increased Bcl-2 expression with decreased expression of Bax.</P><P><I>Discussion and conclusion</I>: Borneol protected SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ-induced toxicity, exerted an antioxidative effect and suppressed apoptosis. It increases our knowledge about neuroprotective mechanism of borneol, and it is hopeful to be a candidate compound for developing therapeutic drug for the prevention and treatment of AD and other Aβ-related neurodegenerative diseases.</P>

Essential Oils from the Medicinal Herbs Upregulate Dopamine Transporter in Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells

최민선,최방섭,김상헌,Sok Cheon Pak,장철호,진영원,김영미,김동일,전송희,구병수 한국식품영양과학회 2015 Journal of medicinal food Vol.18 No.10

The dopamine transporter (DAT) protein, a component of the dopamine system, undergoes adaptive neurobiological changes from drug abuse. Prevention of relapse and reduction of withdrawal symptoms are still the major limitations in the current pharmacological treatments of drug addiction. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of essential oils extracted from Elsholtzia ciliata, Shinchim, Angelicae gigantis Radix, and Eugenia caryophyllata, well-known traditional Korean medicines for addiction, on the modulation of dopamine system in amphetamine-treated cells and to explore the possible mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect. The potential cytotoxic effect of essential oils was evaluated in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells using cell viability assays. Quantification of DAT, p-CREB, p-MAPK, and p-Akt was done by immunoblotting. DAT was significantly reduced in cells treated with 50 lM of amphetamine in a time-dependent manner. No significant toxicity of essential oils from Elsholtzia ciliata and Shinchim was observed at doses of 10, 25, and 50 μg/mL. However, essential oils from A. gigantis Radix at a dose of 100 μg/mL and E. caryophyllata at doses of 50 and 100 μg/mL showed cytotoxicity. Treatment with GBR 12909, a highly selective DAT inhibitor, significantly increased DAT expression compared with that of amphetamine only by enhancing phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and Akt. In addition, essential oils effectively induced hyperphosphorylation of cyclic-AMP response elementbinding protein (CREB), MAPK, and Akt, which resulted in DAT upregulation. Our study implies that the essential oils may rehabilitate brain dopamine function through increased DAT availability in abstinent former drug users.

지방 단백질이 돼지 수정란의 체외 성장에 미치는 영향

이은봉,박석천 順天大學校 農業科學硏究所 1995 農業科學硏究 Vol.9 No.-

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) on the growth of porcine embryos in vitro. A total 229 embryos ranging from 4 cell to blastocyst stage were recovered from 12 sexually mature crossbred gilts through midventral laparotomy. Only morphologically normal embryos were randomly allocated into culture in one of the following media : 1) mKRB without lactate and pyruvate (n=65), 2) mKRB plus HDL (n=64), 3) mKRB plus LDL (n=66). They were incubated in an atmosphere of 5% CO_2/, 5% O_2/, 90% N_2. Daily observations stopped when embryos failed to develop for two consecutive observations. In no case did 4-8 cell embryos advance more than 1 developmental stage. Morulas tended to advanced 2 stage when HDL and LDL were added. Blastocysts advanced 1 stage and 2 stage when HDL and LDL were added respectively. The statistical evaluation showed no significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments.

A critique: The good and bad of a review

Debbie McMullen,Rhett McClean,Sok Cheon Pak 셀메드 세포교정의약학회 2015 TANG Vol.5 No.3

Evidence based medicine involves using both the individual clinician’s expertise and the current best available external clinical evidence from systematic research in deciding on the appropriate care for individual patients. The current approach to evidence based practice in healthcare adds a third component which is patient values. Evidence based practice is thus a triad, in which the practitioner’s expertise, research evidence and the patient’s values are all given consideration. The balance to be struck between them depends on the individual case. The literature indicates that complementary medicine practitioners are moving away from traditional knowledge and towards the use of evidence based practice in their clinical discussions. In the context of the daily practice of complementary medicine practitioners and their continuing development of their knowledge base of evidence based practice, this short review discusses the good and bad of a review journal article.

Comparison of the in Vivo Activity of Two Protent Oxytocin Antagonsts on Utrine Activit in the Rat

Bai, Young-Hoon,Song, Chang-Hun,Pak, Sok-Cheon 조선대학교 2000 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.25 No.2

목적: 비임신 백서에서 옥시토신 길항제인 Antag I과 TT-235의 체내 효과를 비교하기 위하여 시행되었다. 재료 및 방법: 모든 백서들은 약물을 주입하기 위한 목적으로 마취상태하에서 cannula를 jugular vein에 넣었다. 또한 자궁의 수축상태를 측정하기 위해 끝에 풍선이 달리고 안에 물을 채워넣은 또 다른 cannula를 자궁속에 넣었다. 자궁이 수축되는 수치는 10분간의 간격대로 측정되고 계산되었다. 각 옥시토신 길항제를 5㎍의 농도로 백서에 주입한 다음, 5분 후에 100 mU의 옥시토신을 넣고 이후 계속하여 1시간 간격으로 총 5시간 동안 옥시토신 주입을 계속하였다. 결과: 옥시토신 길항제인 Antag I과 TT-235를 주입하고 난 5분 후에 옥시토신을 주고 자궁의 수축상태를 살폈을 때 대조군에 비해 각각 77%와 92%가 억제되었다(P <.05). 2시간이 지난 후에 Antag I은 대조군에 비해 53% 정도의 자궁수축 억제효과를 보였는데 여전히 유효한 차이가 있었다(P <.05). 3시간대부터는 더 이상 대조군과의 차이를 보이지 않은 Antag I에 비해 TT-235는 5시간대까지 계속에서 대조군과 유효한 차이를 보이면서 자궁수축을 억제시켰다. 결론: 옥신토신에 의해 유발된 비임신성 백서의 자궁수축은 TT-235에 의한 억제 효과가 오랫동안 지속되었다. 체내에서의 이와 같은 효과는 산모에서 자궁 조기 진통을 억제하는데 이 약제가 효과적으로 적용될 수 있다는 것을 암시하였다.

Evidence based practice within the complementary medicine context

Lisa McLean,Peter Steve Micalos,Rhett McClean,Sok Cheon Pak 셀메드 세포교정의약학회 2016 셀메드 (CellMed) Vol.6 No.3

Evidence based practice (EBP) is a system of applying the most current and valid high quality evidence to support clinical decision making in a healthcare setting. In the twenty five years since its inception, EBP has become the accepted benchmark for excellence in healthcare. Although the system emerged within the biomedical sciences, in the years since EBP has become normative across all healthcare modalities from dentistry, allied health to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Practicing evidence based medicine within any modality potentially offers the patient the best available care based on high quality evidence. Yet it is the nature of the evidence that provokes some questions about the suitability of EBP across all modalities of healthcare. The meta analysis of randomized controlled trial (RCT) stands at the pinnacle of the hierarchy of evidence in EBP. This forms a challenge to CAM due to the difficulty in reducing the elementals of a holistic naturopathic assessment of a patient into an answerable question to be tested within a RCT. On one level this makes EBP paradigmatically incompatible with CAM, yet on another level it presents the opportunity to redefine the parameters of what is considered high level evidence. EBP has become a tool, and at times a weapon wielded by governments and health insurance companies to direct healthcare funding and policy. The implications of the nature of accepted evidence are becoming far reaching. The pursuit of the best available healthcare for each individual is the focus of EBP. However, the injudicious use of this system to direct health policy is fraught with biomedical bias and dominance. This issue raises the challenge to CAM to present high level evidence according to the rules of evidence, or face the annihilation of centuries of empirical knowledge.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Astaxanthin on Histamine Induced Lesions in the Gizzard and Proventriculus of Broiler Chicks

Ohh, Mi-hyang,Kim, Seongjin,Pak, Sok Cheon,Chee, Kew-mahn Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.6

Astaxanthin (ASX) is a xanthophyll pigment isolated from crustaceans and salmonids. Owing to its powerful antioxidant activity, ASX has been reported to have the potential to protect against gastric ulcers and a variety of other illnesses. Histamine (His) is a dietary factor that causes gastric erosion and ulceration in young chicks. In this study, we examined whether ASX had protective effects on dietary histamine-induced lesions in the gizzard and proventriculus of broiler chickens. Four experimental treatment groups were planned: basal diet (BD), BD+His, BD+ASX, and BD+ASX+His, with four chicks (5 days old) in each group and three replications (i.e., a total of 12 chicks per group). The BD was supplemented with either 0.4% His or 100 ppm ASX. The birds were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks, and diets contained no antimicrobial compounds. Supplementing the diet with His significantly decreased body weight gain, but increased the weights of the gizzard and proventriculus of the chicks as compared with those of chicks in the BD group (p<0.05). ASX did not affect His-dependent changes in chick body weight or weights of the gizzard and proventriculus. The loss of gastric glands in the proventriculus, which was observed in His-treated chicks, was not prevented by ASX administration. The frequency of proventricular ulceration, however, was lowered by treatment with ASX, without significant differences between the two supplementation levels. In conclusion, our data showed that ASX might be helpful for alleviating structural damage to the digestive system in poultry under certain stressful conditions.

加減六味地黃湯이 백서의 암수 선택에 미치는 영향

채우석(Woo Suk Chae),진천식(Cheon Sik Jin),박석천(Sok Cheon Pak) 한의병리학회 2001 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.15 No.6