한국 이민 가정 청소년의 정신건강

박용천,Noh, Samuel 大韓神經精神醫學會 2004 신경정신의학 Vol.43 No.5

Objectives : Understanding the well-being of immigrant adolescents is complicated due to the empirical data showing Poo-rer psychological and behavioral adjustment in native-born second generation immigrant children to those of foreign-bom im-migrant children. Some researchers argue the phenomenon of "healthy immigrant effect". This research is to examine the valicityof such effect. Methods : The immigrant sample for this study was drawn from the pool of families involved in the Korean Mental Health Study (Noh et al, 1992) in the Metro area of Toronto. Of the 860 families, 318 Korean adolescents participated in this study. Immigrant control and Canadian control samples participated in the same survey. ANOVA and MCA were used for the statistical analysis. Rcsults : The self reponed depression in Korean sample was slightly higher than the controls. The self reported anxiety level is slightly higher in Korean than the controls. The self-reported instrumental and social competence were lower among Korean youth compared to the foreign-born and Canadian-bom controls. Conclusion : The data are not consistent with the "healthy immigrant effect". A serious design issue in the studies of national data comparing immigrant children is that the impact of immigration on mental health can not be estimated accurately by Com-paring minority children of varying nativity status to children born in the host country. With close matching of the samples, we found that immigrant children do not have an advantage over their non-immigrant cohort.

Microbusinesses and Occupational Stress: Emotional Demands, Job Resources, and Depression Among Korean Immigrant Microbusiness Owners in Toronto, Canada

김일호,Samuel Noh,Cyu-Chul Choi,Kwame McKenzie 대한예방의학회 2019 예방의학회지 Vol.52 No.5

Objectives: While occupational stress has long been a central focus of psychological research, few studies have investigated how immigrant microbusiness owners (MBOs) respond to their unusually demanding occupation, or how their unresolved occupational stress manifests in psychological distress. Based on the job demands-resources model, this study compared MBOs to employees with regard to the relationships among emotional demands, job resources, and depressive symptoms. Methods: Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey of 1288 Korean immigrant workers (MBOs, professionals, office workers, and manual workers) aged 30 to 70, living in Toronto and surrounding areas. Face-to-face interviews were conducted between March 2013 and November 2013. Results: Among the four occupational groups, MBOs appeared to endure the greatest level of emotional demands, while reporting relatively lower levels of job satisfaction and job security; but MBOs reported the greatest job autonomy. The effect of emotional demands on depressive symptoms was greater for MBOs than for professionals. However, an inspection of stress-resource interactions indicated that though MBOs enjoyed the greatest autonomy, the protective effects of job satisfaction and security on the psychological risk of emotional demands appeared to be more pronounced for MBOs than for any of the employee groups. Conclusions: One in two Korean immigrants choose self-employment, most typically in family-owned microbusinesses that involve emotionally taxing dealings with clients and suppliers. However, the benefits of job satisfaction and security may protect MBOs from the adverse mental health effects of job stress.

Alcohol Dependence, Mortality, and Chronic Health Conditions in a Rural Population in Korea

민성호,Samuel Noh,Jongho Shin,안정숙,Tae Hui Kim 대한의학회 2008 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.23 No.1

To determine the effects of excessive drinking and alcohol dependency on mortality and chronic health problems in a rural community in South Korea, this study represents a nested case-control study. In 1998, we conducted the Alcohol Dependence Survey (ADS), a population survey of a village in Korea. To measure the effects of alcohol on chronic health conditions and mortality over time, in 2004, we identified 290 adults from the ADS sample (N=1,058) for follow-up. Of those selected, 145 were adults who had alcohol problems, either alcohol dependence as assessed in the ADS by the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (N=59), or excessive drinking without dependency (N=86). Further 145 nondrinkers were identified, matching those with alcohol problems in age and sex. We revisited the village in 2004 and completed personal interviews with them. In multivariate logistic regressions, the rates of mortality and morbidity of chronic health conditions were three times greater for alcohol dependents compared with the rate for nondrinkers. Importantly, however, excessive drinking without dependency was not associated with the rates of either mortality or morbidity. Future investigations would benefit by attending more specifically to measures for alcohol dependence as well as measures for alcohol consumption.

Mediating and Moderating Effects in Ageism and Depression among the Korean Elderly: The Roles of Emotional Reactions and Coping Reponses

김일호,Samuel Noh,전희란 질병관리본부 2016 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.7 No.1

Objectives: This study evaluated the relationship between ageism and depression, exploring the stress-mediating and stress-moderating roles of emotional reactions and coping behaviors. Methods: Data were from the 2013 Ageism and Health Study (n = 816), a crosssectional survey of urban and rural community-dwelling seniors aged 60-89 years in South Korea. Participants with at least one experience of ageism reported on their emotional reactions and coping responses. The measure yielded two types of coping: problem-focused (taking formal action, confrontation, seeking social support) and emotion-focused (passive acceptance, emotional discharge). Results: Although ageism was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (B = 0.27, p < 0.0001), the association was entirely mediated by emotional reactions such as anger, sadness, and powerlessness. Problem-focused coping, especially confrontation and social support, seemingly reduced the impact of emotional reactions on depression, whereas emotion-focused coping exacerbated the adverse effects. Conclusion: These findings support the cultural characterization explanation of ageism and related coping processes among Korean elderly and suggest that regulating emotional reactions may determine the efficacy of coping with ageism.

Rheology and curing characteristics of dual-curable clearcoats with hydroxyl functionalized urethane methacrylate oligomer: Effect of blocked isocyanate thermal crosslinkers

Park, Samuel,Hwang, Ji Won,Kim, Kyung Nam,Lee, Gil Sun,Nam, Joon Hyun,Noh, Seung Man,Jung, Hyun Wook 한국유변학회 2014 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.26 No.2

Rheological and mechanical properties of dual-curable automotive clearcoats containing different blocked isocyanate thermal crosslinkers (HDI, IPDI, and SMBI) have been compared by changing dual-curing sequences, i.e., UV-thermal dual curing and thermal-UV dual curing. Real-time elastic modulus data of clearcoats measured during several curing procedures have been correlated with the formation of crosslinked networks inside clearcoats. Clearcoat with SMBI shows increased modulus data due to the more reactive nature of functional groups in SMBI. Difference of rheological data of clearcoats under different curing temperatures during dual-curing sequences has been interpreted with the transition of chemical reactions inside clearcoats with different chemical structured crosslinkers. It turns out that scratch properties of cured clearcoats are also affected by the dual-curing sequence.

퇴원후 뇌졸중환자의 재적응과 사회적 지지와의 관계분석

서문자,Samuel Noh,Gerald M. Devins,김금순,김국기,송지영,조남옥,홍여신,김인자,최희정,정성희,김은만 한국간호과학회 1999 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Vol.29 No.3

한국 고등학생에 대한 스트레스상황 대처검사(CISS:Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation)의 타당도 평가

박용천,김광일,Noh, Samuel 大韓神經精神醫學會 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.1

연구목적: 스트레스상황 대처검사(CISS: Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation)는 기질에 따른 스트레스 대처방식을 조사하는 도구로서 과업중심, 정서중심, 회피중심의 3가지 하위척도로 구성된 48문항의 도구이다. 저자들은 이 도구가 한국에서 적용될 수 있는지 여부를 알아보려 하였다. 방 법: 1997년 5월 1일부터 1997년 6월30일 사이에 서울의 남녀 고등학교 2학년 학생 300명에게 CISS 검사지에 답하게 하였다. 자료분석은 탐험적 요인분석을 하였고 각 척도에 대한 신뢰도, 상관관계, 평균 등을 조사하였다. 결 과: 탐험적 요인분석 결과 전체구조는 기존 CISS의 요인부하와 같이 과업중심, 정서중심, 회피중심의 대처구도를 재현하였다. 그러나 48개의 CISS항목 중 9개가 문제가 있었다. 회피중심 하위척도에서 4개의 항목, 정서중심 하위척도에서 5개의 항목이 불명료하였다. 하위척도간의 상관관계에서 여학생의 경우 요인간의 독립성이 있었으나 남학생의 경우 독립성이 약하였다. 결 론: 첫째, CISS가 횡문화적으로 안정성이 있다고 확실히 말할 수 없다. 세 가지 요인 추출은 북미의 경우와 동일하였지만 문항간 교차부하가 있었던 점, 각 요인간 상관관계가 있었던 점은 이들 구성이 상호 독립적인 측정법을 만족시키지 않을 수 있다는 것을 암시한다. 둘째, 대처의 개념화가 문화적 풍습과 선호도에 의해 영향을 받는다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 한국의 각 개인은 CISS에서 측정된 것과 같은 대처의 특수차원을 특별히 구분하는 것 같지 않다. 또한 구체적인 내용의 문항에 비해 추상적인 내용의 문항이 다른 요인에 교차 부하된 점은 번역이라는 문제를 생각하지 않을 수 없다. Objectives: CISS(Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation) is one of the measures to access the coping dimension with dispositional approach. Consisting of three subscales(i.e., task-focused, emotion-focused and avoidance-focused coping), CISS has 48 items and each subscales has 16 items. We undertook an investigation of the psychometric properties of the CISS in Korean highschool students to determine the extent to which this measure was generalizable to non-western populations. Methods: The duration of the survey was from 1st of May to 30th of June, 1977. The subjects were 300 of 2nd grade students from 6 highschools in Seoul. Exploratory factor analysis was performed, and reliability, correlations and mean difference were estimated. Results: Comparison of the factor loading patterns in our sample with published factor loading of the CISS confirmed that our loading patterns replicated established task-focused, emotion-focused and avoidance-focused coping constructs. However, 9 out of the 48 items were problematic. Of the avoidance-focused subscale, 4 items had unclear results, and of the emotion-focused subscales, 5 items had unclear results. Internal coefficients of the three subscales of the CISS range from 0.82-0.90 for male and female students. In intercorrelations among subscales, independence among factors was found in female students, but independence among subscales was not found in male students. Conclusion: Our results were equivocal in suggesting the cross-cultural stability of the structure of the CISS. We identified three underlying factors that replicated the established structure of the CISS in North America. However, instances of cross-loading among items and significant intercorrelations between factors suggest that these constructs may not constitute the mutually independent measures. Conceptualization of coping can be affected by the influence of cultural practices and preferences. The implication of the results is that Korean students in this sample did not consistently distinguish uniquely among the specific dimensions of coping as measured by the CISS in North America. We may have experienced more difficulties in replicating the factor structures of more abstract domains than concrete constructs due to the nuance of translation.

Microbusinesses and Occupational Stress: Emotional Demands, Job Resources, and Depression Among Korean Immigrant Microbusiness Owners in Toronto, Canada

Kim, Il-Ho,Noh, Samuel,Choi, Cyu-Chul,McKenzie, Kwame The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2019 예방의학회지 Vol.52 No.5

Objectives: While occupational stress has long been a central focus of psychological research, few studies have investigated how immigrant microbusiness owners (MBOs) respond to their unusually demanding occupation, or how their unresolved occupational stress manifests in psychological distress. Based on the job demands-resources model, this study compared MBOs to employees with regard to the relationships among emotional demands, job resources, and depressive symptoms. Methods: Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey of 1288 Korean immigrant workers (MBOs, professionals, office workers, and manual workers) aged 30 to 70, living in Toronto and surrounding areas. Face-to-face interviews were conducted between March 2013 and November 2013. Results: Among the four occupational groups, MBOs appeared to endure the greatest level of emotional demands, while reporting relatively lower levels of job satisfaction and job security; but MBOs reported the greatest job autonomy. The effect of emotional demands on depressive symptoms was greater for MBOs than for professionals. However, an inspection of stress-resource interactions indicated that though MBOs enjoyed the greatest autonomy, the protective effects of job satisfaction and security on the psychological risk of emotional demands appeared to be more pronounced for MBOs than for any of the employee groups. Conclusions: One in two Korean immigrants choose self-employment, most typically in family-owned microbusinesses that involve emotionally taxing dealings with clients and suppliers. However, the benefits of job satisfaction and security may protect MBOs from the adverse mental health effects of job stress.

Alcohol-Related Mortality in a Rural Community in Korea over an Eight-Year Period

TaeHui Kim,Jongho Shin,Samuel Noh,KyoJung Shin,JongKu Park,JoungSook Ahn,Seongho Min 대한신경정신의학회 2007 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.4 No.2

Objective-This study investigated the effects of alcohol intake and alcohol dependency on mortality over an eight-year period in a rural community in South Korea. Methods-We performed descriptive analyses of the deceased individuals using basic demographic data, alcohol-related data such as the amount of alcohol consumed daily, the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ), drinking behaviors, and smoking behaviors. We controlled various confounding factors using binary logistic regression to detect the odds ratio for alcohol-related mortality. Results-A higher mortality rate was observed in those subjects scoring 15 or more on the SADQ with an odds ratio of 1.74 (95% CI=0.86-3.51). A lower mortality rate was observed in those who consumed less than 12 g of alcohol per day than in the non-drinkers or those who consumed 12 g or more of alcohol per day. Conclusion-The results revealed that alcohol intake and intermediate-term mortality had a J-shaped relationship, similar to that found in previous studies using Western subjects.

A Prospective Study on Changes in Health Status Following Flood Disaster

Jihoon Heo,MinHyuk Kim,SangBack Koh,Samuel Noh,JoonHo Park,JoungSook Ahn,KiChang Park,Jongho Shin Seongho Min 대한신경정신의학회 2008 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.5 No.3

Objective-We examined changes in general health status, the prevalence of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and the existence of pre-trauma contributing factors in an agricultural population following a massive flood. Methods-Eighty-three of 160 residents of Garisan-ni, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do, were assessed using the Korean version of the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36-K) between April and June 2006, just prior to a massive flood. Among those initially assessed, 58 residents were available for follow-up 18 months after the flood. Participants completed the SF- 36-K, Beck Depression Index (BDI), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-PTSD, and the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) to detect depression and PTSD. Trauma experiences were also assessed. Factors related to changes in health status were then analyzed. Results-SF-36-K total scale scores decreased significantly, suggesting a significant reduction in health-related quality of life. The largest reductions were noted in physical and social functioning. Fifty-three percent of the subjects were at least mildly depressed, and 17% had severe depression. In addition, 22% had PTSD on both the IES-R and MMPI-PTSD. Factors that contributed to the deterioration of health status following the flood were the number of disaster events and existence of depression (as assessed by the BDI). Conclusion-The flood was found to lead to deterioration of health status and to provoke depression and PTSD among the agricultural population in the mountainous region. We suggest that the number of disaster event experiences and existence of depression contriuted to changes in health status after the flood.