Financial Accounting Development Tendency and Some Issues of Financial Reporting in Mongolia

Nyamaa D 글로벌경영학회 2016 글로벌경영학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.1

At present the International model based on IFRSs has been the foundation of the financial reporting in Mongolia and in most other countries around the world. In the paper the main tendency for development of dissimilar reporting models are reviewed. Moreover the current status of financial reporting in Mongolia consistence with International Financial reporting Standards (IFRS) is considered and author’s recommendations are analyzed.

Informal Economic Activities and Firm Performance in a Transition Economy: The Case of the Cashmere Industry in Mongolia

Nyamaa Nyamsuren,Keun Lee 서울대학교 경제연구소 2008 Seoul journal of economics Vol.21 No.2

The cashmere industry is one of the most important foreign currency generators as well as the major income contributor in Mongolia. This study first finds a tendency that cashmere enterprises in Mongolia engage in the trading of raw cashmere rather than use raw cashmere in the production process given the shortage of raw cashmere, its high prices, and the low competitiveness of the final products (garments). This work also finds that there is a high extent of smuggling by enterprise people in the form of selling raw cashmere in black markets, and that a higher degree of smuggling leads to less output, sales. The results suggest the serious damages brought about by smuggling activities in Mongolia. This is in sharp contrast to the impact of formal trading because this does not harm firm profitability and sales growth although it affects production negatively. Finally, income tax rates have a negative and significant impact on profitability and no significant impact on output.

Financial Accounting Development Tendency and Some Issues of Financial Reporting in Mongolia

Nyamaa Dulamsuren 대한경영교육학회 2016 경영교육저널 Vol.27 No.2

현재 IFRS에 기반한 국제회계모델은 몽골과 세계 다른 여러 나라들의 재무보고서의 토대가 되고 있다. 몽골의 회계 및 재무보고시스템이 국제기준인 IFRSs에 맞게 변경한지가 20년이 지났으며 이 기간 동안 회계 및 감사에 대한 법률이 시행되었다. 또한 국제기준에 맞게 적절한 법적프레임을 구성했고 정보를 처리하고 배분하는 과정에 상당한 발전이 있었다. 하지만 국제적으로 인정한 수준과 국가의 재무보고시스템을 완전히 조화롭게 일치시키는 데는 여전히 한계가 있다. 대부분의 회사들은 회계업무를 IFRSs 기준에 맞게 해야 하지만 IFRSs가 요구하는 필요조건을 완전히 충족하지 못하고 있다. 이는 상층과 중층차원에서 발효되는 정책뿐만 아니라 내외적으로 회계정보이용자들에 의해 결정되는 의사결정에도 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 이런 경우 몽골의 사회 및 경제적인 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 Continental, Britain-American, Latin American 그리고 국제적인 모델 등 서로 다른 보고모델이 발달되어 온 주요 경향에 대해 검토하였다. 또한 IFRSs를 준수하기 위한 몽골의 현재 재무보고상태 및 IFRSs의 실행과 관련한 최신 조사와 함께 재무보고시스템의 개발, 결론 및 제언을 수행하였다. 몽골은 IFRSs 실행에 있어 현재 과도기에 있으며, 회계 및 법적 실행체계를 조정하는 것에 있어서는 상당한 발전이 있었다. 또한 이 과도기를 끝내기 위해서는 회계전문가를 양성하는 것이 가장 최우선으로 고려해야 함을 알 수 있을 것이다. At present the International model based on IFRSs has been the foundation of the financial reporting in Mongolia and in most other countries around the world. More than 20 years have passed since the accounting and financial reporting systems of Mongolia was reformed to be in line with international standards, the laws on Accounting and Auditing entered into force, which constitute the appropriate legal framework to enforce implementation of international standards and the country achieved significant advancement in processing and distributing financial information, there is still gap in setting up national financial reporting system fully harmonized with internationally recognized level. Most business entities prepare financial statements, but it is not meet the full requirements of IFRS’s which negatively affect the decisions made by accounting information users either internal or external, as well as the policy issued by top and medium level management. This case gives rise to topical issues in social and economic life of the country. In the paper the main tendency for development of dissimilar reporting models, which are Continental, Britain-American, Latin American and International models are reviewed. Moreover, the current status of financial reporting in Mongolia consistence with IFRSs, including accounting and financial reporting system development and the latest survey on IFRS’s implementation in financial reporting considered and conclusions and recommendations are analyzed. Based on survey we conclude that Mongolia is on the transition period of implementation IFRSs and the significant improvements in legal environment of accounting and regulating the legal implementation and in capacity building of accounting professionals need as priority in order to end the transition period. First models of financial reporting were developed in the XV century. At present the International model based on IFRSs has been the foundation of the financial reporting in Mongolia and in most other countries around the world.

KSP inhibitor SB743921 induces death of multiple myeloma cells via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway

Bayalagmaa Nyamaa,In-Sung Song,Yu Jeong Jeong,Seung Hun Jeong,Hyoung Kyu Kim,Nari Kim,Kyung Soo Ko,Byoung Doo Rhee,Jin Han 동중앙아시아경상학회 2015 한몽경상학회 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.04

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most prevalent hematologic malignancy and it is uniformly fatal. Although survival rate has been increased over the last few decades, MM remains as a largely incurable disease with mortality rate. A second generation of kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitor is a new anti-cancer treatment and its targets the mitotic motor kinesin. Methods: MM cell line-KMS20 exhibited cell death, cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial Ca2+ concentrations, mitochondrial ROS level, mitochondrial membrane potential (ψΔm), oxygen consumption and ATP production, under non-treated and SB743921 treated conditions. Results: we report that SB743921 induces mitochondria-mediated cell death via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, but does not cause cell cycle arrest in KMS20 MM cells. SB743921-mediated inhibition of the NF-κB pathway results in reduced expression of SOD2 and Mcl-1, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, we found that combination treatment with SB743921 and bortezomib induces death in bortezomib- resistant KMS20 cells. Conclusion: Taken together, these data suggest that treatment with SB743921 alone or in combination with bortezomib offers excellent translational potential and promises to be a novel MM therapy.

Oral Administration of Hydrolysed Casein Based Supplements on Chronic Liver Disease Patients

( Bayarmaa Nyamaa ),( Nyam Biziya ),( Enkhtuya Dorjderem ),( Delgermaa Lhagvadorj ) 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1

Aims: Medical conditions that may lead to malnutrition include: Gastrointestinal disease, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, after surgery and infections such as cancer. Malnutrition - hypoalbuminemia can present edema, appetite loss, muscle weakness, ascites, plural effusion and several other complications. Regardless of its cause, hypoalbuminemia has strong predictive value on mortality and morbidity. Methods: Thirty adult patients with liver cirrhosis Child Pugh classification B and C were referred to the outpatient of Dornod Medical center, Dornod, Mongolia. Appeton Wellness Recovery is a breakthrough nutritional formulation that is specially formulated with hydrolyzed casein and calcium 198 mg, potassium 270 mg etc. For patients, we dissolved Appeton Wellness Recovery (55g) into 210 ml of warm water to prepare a 250 ml drink during the period of 30 days. Before and after the treatment, overnight fasting blood samples were collected. All patients had tests for blood chemistries ALT (0-45 u/l), AST (0-35 u/l), total protein (66.0-83.0 g/l), albumin (35.0-50.0 g/l), potassium (3-3.5 mg/dl), calcium (8.5-10.2 mg/dl), and abdominal ultrasound. Results: Oral supplement had significantly increased total level of protein from 70,34±6.8 to 75.25±6.2 (P<7.1^*10^-16), albumin from 33.38± 4.61 to 38.37±4.62 (P<4.6^*10^-11), potassium from 3.5±1.0 to 4.7±0.7 (P<1.631^*10^-08), calcium from 8±1.1 to 9.2±1.6 (0.007). Assessments of biochemical parameters of oral supplement before and after the examination are shown in table 1. Eight patients had ascites, and after oral supplement, in two cases ascites were removed, in four cases ascites fluid were decreased, and in two cases they were not increased. Conclusions: In conclusion, specially formulated with hydrolysed casein supplement is safe and effective in improving serum protein, albumin, potassium, calcium in patients with liver cirrhosis.

SUSTAINABLE HOUSING IN MONGOLIA

GANBAA Nyamaa 한국신재생에너지학회 2018 AFORE Vol.2018 No.8

The Evaluation of Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Chronic Pancreatitis Patients

( Bayarmaa Nyamaa ),( Adiya Bayarmaa ) 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1

Aims: Non-invasive tests are not widely used in clinical practice for a reliable determination of the pancreas exocrine function. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) on the pancreas exocrine function of patients with chronic pancreatitis with the help of a fecal elastase 1 test. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study. 109 patients with chronic pancreatitis were treated using enzyme replacement therapy. Before and after the treatment all patients had gone through laboratory tests and imaging diagnosis. Results: There were 62 men and 47 women in our sample. The mean age was 49.76 ± 1.21 years (22 to 81). We determined the fecal elastase (200 mcg/g) for 70 patients (mean 151,33 ± 14.24 mcg/g). Among 39 patients, an exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was found severe (n = 24), and moderate (n = 15). After the PERT we observed a decrease in abdominal pain among the patients (P =0.0063) and decrease in urine amylase levels: 274.29 ± 46.72 ME/l and 167.25 ± 14.09 ME/ l; P =0.0128 and blood amylase levels: 74.38 ± 9.66 ME/l and 64.12 ±7.87 ME/l (n=89, P =0.043). Average fecal elastase levels in case of consuming capsules was reliably less compared to the initial levels: 279.46 ± 27.41 mcg/g and 254.87 ± 26.74 mcg/g (n=52, P =0.0152); and reliably less than elastase levels during the intake of pancreatin tablets: 289.38 ± 38.44 and 303.75 ± 36.88 mcg/g (n=24, P =0.0127). Fecal elastase activity during tablet pancreatin didn’t differ much from the initial levels: 276.14 ± 29.41 and 266.29 ± 29.74 mcg/g (n=35, P =0.4190). Conclusions: Determination of fecal elastase-1 is highly sensitive to the diagnosis of severe and moderate exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and the results of this test are not affected by ongoing PERT.

High Prevalence of Chronic Hepatitis D Virus Infection in Eastern Mongolia

( Bayarmaa Nyamaa ),( Nyam Biziya ),( Shinebayar Narantuya ),( Borkhuukhen Derem ) 대한간학회 2018 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2018 No.1

Aims: Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a serious cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of HDV infection among patients positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) living in the Dornod province, which is in Eastern Mongolia. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the data obtained from 121 consecutive patients with HBV infection who were referred to Dornod Medical center between 2017 and 2018. Liver transaminases were analysed using a commercial biochemistry kit. The presence of HBV and HDV infection wasinvestigated using both ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Anti-HDV-positive : ndividuals were examined to determine HDV-RNA level by PCR. Results: Of all patients, 53 were men (44.9%) and 68 were women (56.1%). The avarage age was 44 (between 16 and 70 years). Anti-HDV was positive in 75% (91/121) and all were checked for HDV RNA and 100% were found positive (91/91) all of the patients. HBV-DNA detected in111 all of the 121 patients. Mean HBV-DNA level was 1590177.877 IU/ml. The mean HBV-DNA level in the anti-HDV-positive patients were significantly lower than in the anti-HDV-negative patients (P<0.001). There were 65 patients with cirrhosis (54%) in the study group. Anti-HDV seroprevalence and HDV RNA presence were higher in those with cirrhosis 42 (64%). HDV-RNA-positive patients had significantly higher ALT (94 U/L) levels when compared to HDV-RNA-negative patients. Conclusions: Our study showed hepatitis delta virus infection in HBsAg positive patients who live in Eastern province Mongolia higher than other province of Mongolia.

Electrochemical properties of a Si thin-film anode deposited on a TiNi shape-memory-alloy thin film

배주현,NYAMAA OYUNBAYAR,서덕현,양정현,남태현,허선철,정효민,노정필 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2020 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.44 No.6

Advances in electronics have generated an increasing demand for smaller, higher-capacity lithium-ion batteries, which will require alternatives to graphite as the battery anode material. To this end, a TiNi shape-memory-alloy (SMA) thin film was fabricated on Cu foil by DC magnetron sputtering. Si thin films were then deposited at a low temperature (LT) of 298 K (Si(LT)/TiNi/Cu) and a high temperature (HT) of 853 K (Si(HT)/TiNI/Cu). The Si thin films formed were amorphous regardless of the deposition temperature. The grain sizes of Si deposited at 298 K and 853 K were measured as 261 nm and 187 nm, respectively. The Si(HT)/TiNi/Cu electrode exhibited excellent capacity retention until approximately the 45th cycle, whereas rapid capacity fading occurred in the Si(LT)/TiNi/Cu electrode at the same current density of 200 μA/cm2. The better cycle performance is attributed to increased adhesion force between the Si film and the TiNi SMA thin film because the stress generated in the Si thin film during the charge and discharge process was transferred to the TiNi SMA thin film, resulting in a stress absorption effect.

The Major Changes of Gilbert’s Syndrome and UGT1A1 Gene Abnormalities in Mongolians Are Western Type

( Nyam Biziya ),( Nyamaa Bayarmaa ),( Jui-ting Hu ),( May-jen Huang ),( Ching-shan Huang ),( Sien-sing Yang ) 대한간학회 2016 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2016 No.1

Aims: Hereditary abnormalities of uridinediphosphoglucuronate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene is the major cause of unconjugated hyper-bilirubinemia. The abnormalities of UGT1A1 gene in Mongolian population remain uninvestigated. Eight in 99 consecutive Mongolian adults developed indirect hyperbilirubinemia. We therefore studied Mongolian patients for GS and UGT1A1 abnormalities. Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, ninety-nine consecutive Mongolian adult patients of chronic liver disease from the Department of Gastroenterology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were studied. Eight (8.1%) of them developed indirect hyperbilirubinemia. All patients were tests for blood chemistries, hemoglobin, international normalized ratio (INR), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) levels as well as UGT1A1 genetic abnormalities. We genotyped the UGT1A1 gene for the A(TA)6TAA (6) or A(TA)7TAA (7) promoter variant, and the coding region for nucleotide mutations (nt)-211 G to A, nt-686 C to A, nt-1091 C to T and nt-1456 T to G. Results: Among the eight patients that developed indirect hyperbilirubinemia, six were male and two were female. All patients had hemoglobin, INR, MCV and G6PD levels within normal limit and we excluded possibility of anemia, decompensated liver function, thalassemia and G6PD deficiency. Our data confirms two variants of the UGT1A1 gene among the Mongolian patients. Two case were homozygous for nt-211G>A mutation, two case heterozygous for 6/7 promoter variants and nt-211G>A mutation, whereas four case were typical GS with homozygous 7/7 promoter genotype with no mutation in the coding region None of our Mongolian patients had mutations at nt-686, nt-1091 or nt-1456. Conclusions: Our pilot results show that GS and UGT1A1 abnormalities are common in Mongolians. Prevalence of the UGT1A1 promoter abnormalities in Mongolians are similar to the Western population; whereas the high prevalence of nt-211G>A variant is similar to the Asians. Further studies with much larger number of patients are necessary to confirm the genetic status of GS and UGT1A1 variants in Mongolians.