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Globalization of Domestic Legislation in Japan: Beyond “Reception of Law” and Self-Executing Treaty
Nobuyuki Sato 한국법제연구원 2016 법제연구 Vol.- No.50
No legal system is free from the influence of globalization. As for Japanese law, its modern history started by the reception of European continental legal system as “mother law” in the late 19th Century. It was a typical “Reception of law” and could be deemed as the most traditional style of “globalization of law” or “global impact on local legislation.” However, “globalization of law” is a developing concept. At least, we can find two other styles of “globalization of law.” The second concept comes from international law, especially international treaties. Although all sovereign states have the authority to conclude treaties, once a treaty is concluded, it bounds the party state and its legal system. Therefore, some local law or legislations are bound by or influenced under international law. These local laws could be seen as globalized laws. Thirdly, as we are now in the era of the “global economy,” we are able to see, and need to see other kinds of “globalization of law” or global impacts on the local legal system which is under development. Today, each legal system is influenced not only from “mother law” but from many other norms, e.g., law of neighbor jurisdiction, international law, and business customs used in the “global market.” The meaning of influence or impact is developing as well. For example, under the traditional theory of law, law of other jurisdictions has no meaning to interpret a local law except “conflict of law” issues. But, along with the expansion of the global economy, laws of other jurisdictions are developing strong influences on the interpretation, legislation or enforcement of local law. In this paper, the author tries to show examples of these three types of “globalization of law” describing their current situation, focusing on cases and legislations related to human rights as well as the Constitution. By analyzing some recent cases of the Supreme Court of Japan and the following legislations, I will conclude that we are at the starting point of the “globalization of local law” in the third meaning.
Complex Revision Surgery for Cervical Deformity or Implant Failure
Nobuyuki Shimokawa,Hidetoshi Sato,Hiroaki Matsumoto,Toshihiro Takami 대한척추신경외과학회 2020 Neurospine Vol.17 No.3
Postoperative cervical deformity sometimes occurs in the short or long term after primary surgery for cervical disorders related to the degenerative aging spine, neoplastic etiologies, hemodialysis, infection, inflammation, trauma, etc. Cervical kyphosis after posterior decompression surgery, such as laminectomy or laminoplasty, is a common problem for spine surgeons. However, revision surgery for cervical deformity is definitely one of the most challenging areas for spine surgeons. There is no doubt that surgery for cervical deformity carries a high risk of surgery-related complications that might result in aggravation of healthrelated quality of life. Revision surgery is even more challenging. Hence, spine surgeons need to assess carefully the overall severity of the underlying condition before revision surgery, and try to refine the surgical strategy to secure safe surgery. Needless to say, spine surgeons are now facing great challenges in making spine surgery a much more reliable and convincing entity.
Nobuyuki Shimokawa,Hidetoshi Sato,Hiroaki Matsumoto,Toshihiro Takami 대한척추신경외과학회 2019 Neurospine Vol.16 No.3
Determining the optimal surgical method for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is challenging. The surgical indication should be made based on not only radiological findings, but also the patient’s age, preoperative neurological findings, social background, activities of daily life, and the presence or absence of comorbid diseases. Anterior resection for OPLL with or without wide corpectomy and fusion, posterior decompression with or without relatively long fusion, or anterior and posterior combined surgery may be considered. When evaluating the clinical condition of patients with cervical OPLL before surgery, various radiological parameters should be carefully considered, including the number of spinal segments involved, the cervical alignment or tilt angle, the relationship between OPLL and the C2–7 line (termed the “K-line”), the occupying ratio of OPLL, and the involvement of dural ossification. The objective of this article is to review the radiological parameters in current use for deciding upon the optimal surgical strategy and for predicting surgical outcomes, focusing on cervical OPLL.
( Toshiyuki Sato ),( Tetsuya Takagawa ),( Yoichi Kakuta ),( Akihiro Nishio ),( Mikio Kawai ),( Koji Kamikozuru ),( Yoko Yokoyama ),( Yuko Kita ),( Takako Miyazaki ),( Masaki Iimuro ),( Nobuyuki Hida ) 대한장연구학회 2017 Intestinal Research Vol.15 No.3
Background/Aims: Recent genome-wide analyses have provided strong evidence concerning adverse events caused by thiopurine drugs such as azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine. The strong associations identified between NUDT15 p.Arg139Cys and thiopurine-induced leukopenia and severe hair loss have been studied and confirmed over the last 2 years. However, other coding variants, including NUDT15 p.Val18_Val19insGlyVal, NUDT15 p.Val18Ile, and FTO p.Ala134Thr, and a noncoding variation in RUNX1 (rs2834826) remain to be examined in detail in this respect. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between these adverse events and the 5 recently identified variants mentioned above among Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Methods: One hundred sixty thiopurine-treated patients with IBD were enrolled. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays or Sanger sequencing. Results: None of the 5 variants were associated with gastrointestinal intolerance to AZA. However, NUDT15 p.Arg139Cys was significantly associated with the interval between initiation and discontinuation of AZA among patients with gastrointestinal intolerance. This variant was strongly associated with early (<8 weeks) and late (≥8 weeks) leukopenia and severe hair loss. Moreover, it correlated with the interval between initiation of thiopurine therapy and leukopenia occurrence, and average thiopurine dose. NUDT15 p.Val18_Val19insGlyVal, NUDT15 p.Val18Ile, FTO p.Ala134Thr, and RUNX1 rs2834826 exhibited no significant relationship with the adverse events examined. Conclusions: Of the 5 variants investigated, NUDT15 p.Arg139Cys had the strongest impact on thiopurineinduced leukopenia and severe hair loss; therefore, its genotyping should be prioritized over that of other variants in efforts to predict these adverse events in Japanese patients with IBD. (Intest Res 2017;15:328-337)
Tetsuo Sonomura,Nobuyuki Kawai,Kazushi Kishi,Akira Ikoma,Hiroki Sanda,Kouhei Nakata,Hiroki Minamiguchi,Motoki Nakai,Seiki Hosokawa,Hideyuki Tamai,Morio Sato 대한영상의학회 2014 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.15 No.2
We present a case of a patient with rapid deterioration of esophageal varices caused by portal hypertension accompanied by a large arterioportal shunt that developed after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. We used n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) as an embolic material to achieve pinpoint embolization of the shunt, because the microcatheter tip was 2 cm away from the shunt site. Under hepatic arterial flow control using a balloon catheter, the arterioportal shunt was successfully embolized with NBCA, which caused an improvement in the esophageal varices.