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Moral Realism and the Wide-Spread Directed Change in Moral Judgments
Makoto Suzuki 서울대학교 철학사상연구소 2017 철학사상 Vol.S No.-
In The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (Viking, 2011), Steven Pinker argues on the basis of various statistics that there is a general tendency of decrease in violence, and that this is partly brought about by the change of moral attitudes. Pinker then asks whether the existence of this trend supports moral realism. This paper examines this question, and tentatively offers an affirmative answer. The answer depends on the success of an argument, a premise of which asserts that the best explanation of this tendency hypothesizes that moral realism is true, and people come to recognize moral truth. This premise is controversial because there are apparent alternative explanations. The change of moral judgments might be brought about either by non-cognitive processes or by the recognition of non-moral truths. The most plausible realist strategy is to hold reductive naturalism, arguing that moral judgments are about individual well-being, of which human beings have become more informed through empirical discovery.
( Takeshi Suzuki ),( Yosuke Seki ),( Tomoaki Matsumura ),( Makoto Arai ),( Toyoyuki Hanazawa ),( Yoshitaka Okamoto ),( Haruhiko Suzuki ),( Kazunori Kasama ),( Akiko Umezawa ),( Yoshimoti Kurokawa ),( 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2022 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.28 No.1
Background/Aims The Lyon Consensus defined parameters based on upper endoscopy and 24-hour combined multichannel intraluminal impedancepH (MII-pH), that conclusively establish the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, the true role of upper endoscopy and MII-pH to evaluate patients with extraesophageal symptoms (EES) has not been well established. Hypopharyngeal MII (HMII), which directly measures laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) events, has been utilized to evaluate patients with EES suggestive of LPR. Methods This was a retrospective study involving patients with EES for > 12 weeks despite proton pump inhibitor therapy, and had no endoscopic confirmatory evidence for GERD and negative MII-pH. All patients were subsequently referred for further evaluation of EES with “unknown” etiology and underwent laryngoscopy and HMII. Based on HMII, abnormal proximal exposure (APE) was defined as LPR ≥ 1/day and/or full column reflux (reflux 2 cm distal to the upper esophageal sphincter) > 4/day. Patients with APE were offered antireflux surgery (ARS) and the outcome of ARS was objectively assessed using Reflux Symptom Index. Results Of 21 patients with EES which was thought to be GERD-unrelated based on endoscopy and MII-pH, 17 patients (81%) had APE. Eight patients with APE who had undergone ARS had significant symptomatic improvement in the Reflux Symptom Index score (19.6 ± 4.9 pre-ARS to 5.8 ± 1.4 post-ARS, P = 0.008). Conclusions A conventional diagnostic approach using endoscopy and MII-pH may not be sufficient to evaluate patients with EES suggestive of LPR. HMII is essential to evaluate patients with EES, and APE could be a reliable indicator for successful treatment outcomes. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022;28:69-77)
Makoto Mochizuki,Keisuke Goto,Keisuke Suzuki 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.5
The driving support systems which can provide information of the surrounding vehicles or pedestrians to the driver has a large potential to reduce traffic accidents and are expected to become widely used. Human machine interface (HMI) is one of the important issues to support the driver’s understanding of the information and avoid the traffic accident. When the multiple driving support systems are installed in a vehicle, it is important to inform a driver of multiple information as the driver can understand each information appropriately. In this study, we proposed the presentation method of the two different information using the driver’s peripheral vision in the condition that the two different information is presented from a vehicle-infrastructure cooperative system at a blind intersection without a signal. To reduce the cognitive workload of the multiple information, the first-priority information is presented on the head up display (HUD) for the driver to understand the first-priority information certainly and quickly. On the other hand, the second-priority information is presented in the peripheral display installed in the driver’s peripheral vision to recognize the second-priority information without gazing easily. By using the peripheral display in addition to the HUD, the driver’s response time to the second-priority information is reduced significantly without a negative effect on the response time to the first-priority information.
( Makoto Mochizuki ),( Keisuke Goto ),( Keisuke Suzuki ) 한국감성과학회 2014 춘계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.-
The driving support systems which can provide information of the surrounding vehicles or pedestrians to the driver has a large potential to reduce traffic accidents and are expected to become widely used. Human machine interface (HMI) is one of the important issues to support the driver`s understanding of the information and avoid the traffic accident. When the multiple driving support systems are installed in a vehicle, it is important to inform a driver of multiple information as the driver can understand each information appropriately. In this study, we proposed the presentation method of the two different information using the driver`s peripheral vision in the condition that the two different information is presented from a vehicle-infrastructure cooperative system at a blind intersection without a signal. To reduce the cognitive workload of the multiple information, the first-priority information is presented on the head up display (HUD) for the driver to understand the first-priority information certainly and quickly. On the other hand, the second-priority information is presented in the peripheral display installed in the driver`s peripheral vision to recognize the second-priority information without gazing easily. By using the peripheral display in addition to the HUD, the driver`s response time to the second-priority information is reduced significantly without a negative effect on the response time to the first-priority information.
Makoto Iwata,Hidehiro Ohwa,Ikuo Suzuki,Maeda Masaki,Naohiko Yasuda,Yoshihiro Ishibashi 한국물리학회 2003 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.42 No.IV
Domain-wall structures on an etched surface of the PZN-20 %PT crystal were investigated by the scanning probe microscopy (SPM). It was shown that 90 and 180 domain-wall structures can be observed. The surface charge due to the spontaneous polarization was detected by the electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). It was found that there exist complex 180 domain-wall structures with typical size of 1 m order on the (001)-crystal surface of the PZN-20 %PT.
Ferroelectric Domain Wall Structure in Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 Mixed Crystals by AFM
Makoto Iwata,Ikuo Suzuki,Kohei Katsuraya,Maeda Masaki,Naohiko Yasuda,Yoshihiro Ishibashi 한국물리학회 2005 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.46 No.1
Domain-wall structures in Pb(Zn1=3Nb2=3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PZN-xPT; x = 0 %, 8 %, 20 %) crystals were investigated by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Ferroelectric and ferroelastic domainwallstructures were observed on the etched surface. In the rhombohedral phase, a zigzag domainwall structure was newly found. We showed that all of the ferroelastic domain-wall structures observed in the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases can be explained by the Sapriel theory, and concluded that no ferroelectric charged domain-wall exists in the PZN-xPT (x = 8 %, 20 %) crystal without an external eld. The symmetry of the crystal phase in PZN-8 %PT at room temperature is discussed. It was also found that the ngerprint pattern in PZN disappears after the poling process, even in a weak eld of about 50 V/cm, which is about 1/20 of the coercive field.
Polarization Reversals with 90o Domain Walls in Bi4Ti3O12
Makoto Iwata,Ikuo Suzuki,Maeda Masaki,Nohiko Yasuda,Rintaro Aoyagi,Yoshihiro Ishibashi 한국물리학회 2007 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.51 No.2I
Polarization reversal processes with 90 domain walls under a low-frequency field of 25 mHz were investigated on the ab-plane in the ferroelectric Bi4Ti3O12 crystal by using a polarizing microscope. We found that there are three kinds of modes in the polarization reversal of the a-domain, that is, changes of the width in a-domains, annihilations of needle-like a-domains, and polarization reversals within the a-domain. We point out that the a-domain in the 90 domain wall structure plays an important role in the polarization reversal process under a field along the b direction.X%1
Makoto Fujimoto,Koichi Tsuneyama,Yuko Nakanishi,Thucydides L. Salunga,Kazuhiro Nomoto,Yoshiyuki Sasaki,Seiichi Iizuka,Mitsunobu Nagata,Wataru Suzuki,Tsutomu Shimada,Masaki Aburada,Yutaka Shimada,M. Er 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.3
The metabolic syndrome is a major worldwide health care issue and a dominant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The liver manifestations of this syndrome include nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive variant nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although significant research has been performed, the basic pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH remains controversial and effective treatments are still unavailable. We have previously reported on a murine model of NASH induced by the neonatal injection of monosodium glutamate (MSG), which includes the clinical manifestations of central obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and ultimately liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. Although MSG is considered a safe food additive, its administration to pregnant rats increases the voracity and growth hormone levels in the offspring. To further understand the biology of this model, we have investigated the influence of the calorie intake on these clinical manifestations by feeding animals a restrictive diet. MSG-treated animals fed a restrictive diet continue to manifest obesity and early stage NASH but have improvements in serum lipid profiles. At 12 months of age, mice had manifestations of obesity, whether animals were fed a restricted or control diet, but animals fed a restrictive diet had a reduction in the progression of NASH. In conclusion, MSG appears to be a critical factor in the initiation of obesity, whereas calorie intake may modulate the progression of disease.