Molecular subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer: understanding of subtype categories and clinical implication

Yong‑Moon Lee,Man Hwan Oh,Jai‑Hyang Go,Kyudong Han,Song‑Yi Choi 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.12

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous entity that encompasses several subtypes with distinct molecular characteristics. The patients with TNBCs show unpredictable response to the chemotherapy, and further there is the lack of effective agents. Thus, many studies have been underway to discover targeted therapy suitable for patients with specific genetic alterations in each molecular subtypes. TNBCs are classified as four major molecular subtypes according to the gene expression patterns. These are luminal androgen receptor (LAR), mesenchymal-like, immunomodulatory (IM), and basal-like types. Conclusion: Here, we discuss the unique molecular features of each subtype as well as promising targets for anti-cancer therapy.

건축공사시방서에서의 KS규격의 국제인증방안에 관한 연구

김경식,이재섭,김용수,이규진,조용훈,최완철,전재열,이현수,구재동,이기환 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.24 No.1

The purpose of this research is make out construction specifications for International Construction. Using off-shore products incur cost increase and longer delivery term of construction. and inconvenient on International Construction. Expand the range of additional local products conforming to performance. Life Cycle Cost. maintainability. operability. user's acceptability, etc.. And this study is suggest the standard formats and the techniques for construction specification.

고정 스트레스 상태의 흰쥐에서 할로페리돌 전처치가 뇌생아민의 대사에 미치는 영향

이수복,양병환,김이영,이용성,고재경,김광일 漢陽大學校 精神健康硏究 1991 精神健康硏究 Vol.10 No.-

Ortho-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile(CS) 이 흰쥐 피부조직에 미치는 조직학적 영향에 관한 연구

이우용,최봉근,김잉곤,엄기일,정호삼,정호삼,류재만 한양대학교 의과대학 1998 한양의대 학술지 Vol.18 No.1

This study was undertaken to describe the fine structural changes of cytoplasmic organelles in epidermal cells, and the changes of volume and localization of collagen type Ⅰ in the dermis of rat skin by CS(Ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile) application. The experimental animals, 100∼150gm of body weight rats(Sprague-Dawley strain), were sacrificed at 12 hours, 24 hours, 3 day and 5 day after CS application on the hair-shaved back skin. The specimens were prepared for ultrastructural findings, ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate double stain and observed with Hitachi-600 electron microscrope. The others were incubated with rabbit anti rat type Ⅰ collagen antibody as primary antibody, and Goat anti rabbit IgG antibodies as secondary antibody And advidin-biotin-conjugated(ABC) peroxidase procedure was used. All of specimens for immune reactions were observed with light microscope. The results obtained were as follows. 1 Keratinocytes appeared fully necrotized after 3 days of CS application. The epidermis showed degeneration of basal lamina, enlargement of intercellular spaces and necrotic keratinocytes with vacuole and vesicles. And large keratohyalin granules were seen in the shrunken epidermal cells. 2 At 3 or 5 day after CS treatment, the normal cytoplasmic organelles of keratinocytes began to appear on the basal and prickel cells. 3 At 12 hour an 24 hour after CS treatment. The immune reaction of type Ⅰ collagen showed weak reaction in reticular layer of dermis. But at 3 day and 5 day after CS treatment, moderate immune reaction were seen in throughout the dermis. These results suggest that CS application to rak skin may induce changes of keratinocytes and reductive changes of type Ⅰ collagen in the dermis.

畜産物을 利用한 携帶用 非常食糧開發에 관한 硏究

李載英 成均館大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

To develop and introduce new type of instant food of animail orgin, a model was established. Procuct sample was manufactured using egg yolk powder and non fat dry milk as major raw materials. Samples were tested in solubility, packing, preservation, palatability and composition.

소형펀치시험의 유한요소해석에 의한 Mn-Mo-Ni 저합금강의 파괴강도 평가

李載奉,金民喆,吳聳俊,朴宰鶴,李奉相 대한금속재료학회 2002 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.40 No.12

The critical fracture stresses(σ^*_f (sp)) in various low alloy steels for reactor pressure vessel(RPV) have been evaluated by finite element analysis(FEA) of small punch test in the cleavage temperature region(-150 ∼ -196℃). In order to improve the accuracy of the FEA results on small punch tests, the uniaxial stress-strain properties beyond the necking were optimized by comparing the results of uniaxial tensile test and its finite element analysis. The loaddisplacement curves and distances from center to fracture surface(D_f) of FEA results are in good consistence with the experimental results. The σ^*_f(sp) from small punch test in various reactor pressure vessel(RPV) steels were found to have a linear relationship to the values from the precracked specimens(σ^*_f(PCVN)). This result indicates that small punch tests could be a useful method to evaluate the cleavage fracture behavior of the low alloy steels.

건축의 공간론적 접근과 미학적 해석에 관한 연구

이용재,최영재,유재득 순천향대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 2003 순천향 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.9 No.1

The purpose of this study is to define the spatial approach and aesthetic analysis in architecture since modern period. The essential meaning of architecture requires to be approached with empirical factors which has influences on architects, that is its intrinsic specialty of scientific practicality and aesthetic aspects. Especially when the peculiarities of architecture is understood with the view considering it as an art, it will be the concept of the space. Now, the study on architecture can be started with the aesthetic attitude which recognized it as the art of the space. It is on the premise of the change of the aesthetic recognition in architecture that its essence and central concept are in the space, its function and forms, and aesthetical embodiment. It is not until the late 19th century that the concept of the architectural space has been adapted and it has been changed showing various aspects through the 19th and 20th century. Therefore the periodical scope of this study is defined from the late 19th century until now. The conclusions of the study as per the above mentioned purpose and intentions are as follows ; The structure of the architectural space expressed as per the aesthetic recognition of the space shows the transforming aspects from the Enclosed Spatial Structure to the Topological Spatial Structure. And the aesthetic cognition viewpoint of the architectural spaces is classified as the objective speculating aesthetics where the subjects' transcendental cognition is developed subjectively as well as individually, and the objective empirical aesthetics in which the subjects' experience is working objectively and logically.

카드뮴 중독 흰쥐에 대한 Noninvasive Biomarker로서의 요중 Ascorbic Acid에 관한 연구

이용우,김용호,안승주,류재두 THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY SCIEN 1997 Journal of biomedical laboratory sciences Vol.3 No.2

본 연구는 카드뮴의 이용 및 환경오염의 증가로 일어날 수 있는 카드뮴 중독에 대한 새로운 생물학적 지표로서의 요중 ascorbic acid를 평가하기 위하여 실험적으로 중독시킨 Sprague-Dawley종의 흰쥐를 이용하여 요중 ascorbic acid측정, 신장의 조직병리학적 조사 및 생화학적 간 기능 검사를 실시하였다. 측정된 요중 ascorbic acid농도의 전 실험기간 (50일) 평균치는 실험군Ⅰ(카드뮴 100ppm)이 214.0㎎/dl, 실험군Ⅱ(카드뮴 200ppm)가 254.3㎎/dl로 대조군 9.0㎎/dl에 비해 각각 24배 및 28배의 증가를 보였다. 조직병리학적 소견으로는 신장의 근위 세뇨관에서 단백뇨의 원인으로 추정되는 호산성 초자양 물질이 관찰되어 신장의 손상이 있었고, 생화학적 분석에서 실험군Ⅰ에서 AST, ALT의 수치가 대조군의 143㎎/dl, 50㎎/dl에 비해 각각 199㎎/dl, 88㎎/dl, 실험군Ⅱ가 270㎎/dl,226㎎/dl로 나타나 간 기능의 손상이 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 실험동물이 카드뮴에 노출됨에 따라 그 아만성 독성으로서 간장 및 신장 기능의 손상이 있었고 또한 요중의 ascorbic acid가 현저하게 증가되어 요중 ascorbic acid가 실험동물의 카드뮴 노출에 대한 noninvasive진단 지표로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This study was planned to evaluate the urinary ascorbic acid as a new bilolgical marker for the intoxication of cadmium, which could possibly be driven by its increased utilization and environmental pollution. In order to meet this goal, we have performed measurement of urinary ascorbic acid concentration, histopathological examination of the kidney, and biochemical test for the liver function using cadmium-intoxicated rats by oral administration. The average concentrations of urinary ascorbic acid in the CdCl₂-treated rats were 214.0㎎/dl for 100ppm group and 254.3㎎/dl for 200ppm group during experimental period of 50 days. These levels are 24 and 28 times higher than one in the control group (9.0㎎/dl), respectively. Ultrastructural study showed the eosinophilic hyaline cast and focal effacement, fusion in the renal tubules, as well as loss of foot processes on the glomerular epithelial cells. These results suggested that cadmium may be responsible for renal glomerular injury. The blood levels of AST, ALT and LDH in the treated groups (199 IU/I, 88 IU/I, 1190 U/I for the 100 ppm group and 270 IU/I, 226 IU/I, 760 U/I for the 200 ppm group) were higher than ones in the control group(143 IU/I, 50 IU/I, 334 U/I). These results indicated the cadmium induced the damage of liver function. In conclusion, the administration of cadmium showed a remarkable increase of urinary ascorbic acid with renal and hepatic damage. Therefore, it is expected that measurement of urinary ascorbic acid would be an powerful method as a noninvasive biomarker for cadmium intoxication.

Giga Bit DRAM 을 위한 MOS DEVICE 축소 한계

이충훈,이재철,오용호 圓光大學校 基礎自然科學硏究所 1995 基礎科學硏究誌 Vol.14 No.1

실리콘 반도체 집적 소자와 공정의 현재 발전 상황과 전망을 살펴 보았다. 현재 반도체 생산 현장에서는 16M DRAM을 대량 생산중이고, 64M DRAM이 대량 생산을 준비 중에 있다. 연구소 수준의 256M DRAM이 개발되었으며, 1G DRAM의 연구가 진행 중에 있다. 0.06∼0.1㎛ 크기의 단위 소자를 위한 연구도 연구소에서 진행되고 있으며, 이 크기는 20여년 전 B.Hoeneinsen과 C.Mead에 의해 예측된 실리콘 소자의 한계인 ∼0.2㎛를 이미 초월해 있다. 본 논문에서는 반도체 소자 및 공정 상의 여러 제약과 문제점을 소개하고 해결책을 제시한다. 이러한 문제점은 Sub-quarter micron소자의 문제, 0.1㎛ 근처의 소자 축소 문제, 0.1㎛근처의 소자를 위한 Lithography 및 Etching 관련된 기술적인 발전, 고집적 DRAM위한 고 유전을 물질의 개발, 고속 소자 및 유전체 평탄화 등이다. 결론으로써, 소자 가공의 현재의 연구 방향 및 미래의 전망을 표로써 정리한다. In the following pages, we will review the current status and the prospects for silicon semiconductor devices and process technologies. At present, the 16M DRAM is under mass production, and 64M DRAM is being prepared mass production. In addition, a fully operational 256M DRAM has been developed at research level. Furthermore, new silicon devices with a minimum feature size in the 0.06∼0.1㎛ are under development. This minimum feature size is less then half the physical limit of ∼0.2㎛ predicted by B.Hoeneinsen and C.Mead 20 years ago. This limitation and various other obstacles to the development of semiconductor engineering are the topics of this paper. These obstacles include; devices issues of sub-quarter micron size, device scaling problems near0.1㎛, technical development related to 0.1㎛ lithography and etching, high and low dielectric materials for the higher density, higher speed devices, and dielectric planarization. And in summary, we present a table which illustrate the current research direction and future prospects for device fabrication limits.

효율적인 유비쿼터스 정보 공동활용을 위한 국가적 USN 정보자원 관리체계 구축 정책에 관한 연구

이재호,안철현,김유정,신상철,이재용 한국정보사회진흥원 2006 정보화정책 Vol.13 No.2

정보화 사회를 지나 유비쿼터스 사회로 발전하기 위한 핵심 기술 중 하나인 USN은 최근 기상, 군사 분야 등을 중심으로 현장∙실증 시험이 활발히 추진되고 있으며, u-City 같은 실제 사업에 적용하는 방안도 적극 검토되고 있다. 하지만, 현재까지 실증시험 결과 USN간 연계를 위한 식별체계, 프로파일, 통신프로토콜, 데이터 형식 등이 상이하여 향후 상호 연동을 위한 추가 비용이 크게 증가할 것으로 예상되고, 이는 기존 정보화 사회에서 행정 정보 공동활용과 유사한‘선구축-후통합’에 따른 문제점을 답습할 가능성이 높아 보인다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 USN 정보공동활용을 위한 USN 기술표준 및 정보 관리 체계를 수립하여 전국적 USN 정보자원을 효율적으로 관리하기 위한 정책 방안과 이를 실현하기 위한 USIS(Ubiquitous Sensor Information System)1)를 함께 제안하였다.