1886년 일본망명자 김옥균 유폐의 전말과 그 원인

김성혜(Kim, Sung-hyae) 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2015 亞細亞硏究 Vol.58 No.3

갑신정변에 실패한 김옥균 등이 일본으로 망명한 이후, 조선정부는 이들을 역적으로 간주하고 김옥균의 본국 송환을 위해 노력해 나갔다. 이러한 조선정부와 달리, 일본정부는 국사범을 보호해 일본의 인도적 행동을 드러내고 조선과의 협상카드로 김옥균을 이용하고자 했다. 따라서 번번이 일본국내법과 만국공법, 그리고 조일간 범죄인인도조약의 부재를 이유로 조선정부의 김옥균 송환 요구를 거절했다. 그렇지만 일본정부의 김옥균 비호 방침은 오사카사건 관련자들의 김옥균에 대한 회유 모색이 발각되고 조선정부가 장은규와 지운영을 파견해 김옥균을 암살하려 하면서 변화되었다. 이로 인해 김옥균의 일본체류가 일본국내 치안을 불안하게 만들고 외교 분쟁의 빌미를 제공한다는 사실이 표면화 되었기 때문이었다. 그러자 일본정부는 김옥균문제를 해결할 방안을 강구했는데, 공교롭게도 이때 스스로를 지키고자 한 김옥균의 행동이 일본정부를 더욱 자극했다. 일본정부는 1885년까지 망명 국사범의 보호라는 명분과 대조선 정책에서의 활용이라는 실리를 모두 얻고자 김옥균의 일본체류를 묵인했다. 그렇지만 점차 조?청 양국의 반복적인 송환 요구와 일본내 반정부세력과의 연계, 암살자들의 도일 등으로 김옥균을 내치외교의 걸림돌로 판단하게 되었다. 결국 일본정부는 김옥균의 공식적인 신변보호 요청을 계기로 추방을 결정해 오가사라와에 유폐시켰다고 하겠다. The Korean government had constantly promoted the repatriation of political asylum in Japan like Kim Ok-kyun(金玉均) who led a failed coup and fled to Japan. At that time, the Korean government recognized Kim was a threat to the regime and made the feelings of the people disturb. However, the Japanese government opposed the Korean government for they permitted Kim’s residence in Japan. By the way, the Japanese government’s policy had changed because of the discovery of the Osaka plot(大阪事件) with Kim Ok-kyun and an assassin dispatched by the Korean government. The Japanese government had to prevent a coup by the opposition with Kim Ok-kyun or the assassins would kill Kim in Japan. Therefore, the Japanese government had decided on Kim’s deportation from Japan because of the obstacles in diplomacy and sedition. Then Kim had consulted his personal problems with an Englishman belonging to the judiciary of Japan and moved to a hostel of France concession in Yokohama, leaving Tokyo. Kim then sued Ji un-yeong(池運永) in court. In addition, Kim asked for personal protection and asylum in Russia from the Speyer of Russian consul in Japan. However, Kim Ok-kyun’s formal request for personal protection antagonized the Japanese government and made his expulsion one of force. As a result, Kim Ok-kyun was confined to Ogasawara(小笠原) Island.

일반 : 일본망명자 김옥균 송환을 둘러싼조,일 양국의 대응

김성혜 ( Sung Hyae Kim ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2014 大東文化硏究 Vol.88 No.-

1884년 12월, 갑신정변이 실패한 직후 김옥균 등의 주도세력은 곧바로 일본으로 망명했다. 그 중 김옥균은 1886년 7월 오가사와라(小笠原)로 유폐될 때까지 쿠데타를 시도하는 등 조선의 정치현실을 바꾸려는 활동을 펼쳤고, 1891년에 홋카이도(北海道)의 유폐에서 벗어난 후에 또다시 정치활동을 재개하며 조선의 정치문제에 개입하고자 했다. 이러한 김옥균은 고종을 비롯한 측근세력에게 위협적인 존재로 여겨졌다. 따라서 고종은 비밀리에 암살자를 파견해 김옥균 살해를 시도하거나 정부관료와 외국인 고문 등을 활용해 정식 송환을 요구하는 등, 음양으로 김옥균문제를 해결하기 위해 노력했다. 조선정부는 갑신정변 직후 조선에 파견된 특명전권대사 이노우에(井上馨)에게 즉각적인 김옥균 등의 송환을 촉구했고, 서상우와 묄렌도르프(Paul George von Mollendorf)를 특사로 일본에 파견해 일본정부에 공식적으로 김옥균 송환을 의뢰했다. 이때 서상우는 외무대보(外務大輔) 요시다(吉田淸成)와 담판하고 이노우에에게 조회해 난을 일으켜 조·일 인민에게 상해를 입힌 후 도망간 난적 김옥균, 박영효 등을 체포·송환해 양국의 우의를 돈독히 해 줄 것을 요청했다. 뿐만 아니라, 러시아정부에 김옥균 송환에 대한 협조를 구하거나 서울주재 각국공사를 초대해 김옥균 송환의 정당성을 호소하기도 했다. 그러나 일본정부와 열강은 조선정부의 요청을 받아들이지 않았다. 당시 일본정부는 일본에서 망명자들에 대한 범죄 유무의 판정이 쉽지 않고, 판정한다 해도 조·일 양국에 범죄인인도조약이 없으며 국사범의 체포·송환이 만국공법의 예가 아니라면서 김옥균의 송환을 거부했다. 여기에 열강들은 일본측 입장에 동조하거나 확실한 입장 표명을 유보하는 등, 조선정부에 협조하지 않았다. 이처럼 일본정부와 열강들이 김옥균 송환에 부정적인 입장을 취하자, 조선정부는 김옥균문제 해결을 위해 다른 방법을 강구하게 되었다. 그 중 하나가 김옥균을 꾀어내 귀국시키려는 방안이었고, 이로 인해 발발한 것이 1885년 12월 김옥균의 쿠데타 사건이었다. 당시 조선정부는 김옥균이 어떤 생각과 행동을 하는지 파악하기 위해 사촌형인 이재원을 이용해 김옥균을 움직일 계획을 세웠고, 장은규를 보내 김옥균에게 접근시겼다. 그리고 장은규로 하여금 김옥균의 신임을 얻게 한 후, 그를 통해 이재원의 서신을 전달함으로써 김옥균 스스로 어떤 계획을 세우고 있는지 폭로하도록 유도했다. 그 결과 김옥균은 자신이 일본인 조력자와 함께 군사나 낭인 천 명을 모집해 서울진격을 준비중이라면서 이재원에게 총 천 자루 구매를 청하는 서간을 보내게 되었다. 김옥균 서간을 접수한 조선정부는 이를 증거로 일본에게 김옥균에 대한 추방을 요구했다. 그러나 이것이 김옥균을 이용해 일본의 주권에 개입하려 한다고 판단한 일본정부는 서간에 포함된 고종과 민씨세력에 관련된 불온한 내용이 조선의 체면을 해친다며 반환했다. 그리고 김옥균 서신이 일방적인 심정의 토로에 불과하고 일본을 비롯한 국제사회에 심리(心理)를 처벌할 법이 없다는 이유로 조선측의 요구에 응하지 않을 것임을 분명히 했다. 일본정부는 김옥균이 쿠데타계획을 털어놓고 협조를 요청한 증거에도 불구하고 김옥균의 체포·송환에 부정적 입장을 굽히지 않은 것이었다. 이에 따라 쿠데타 음모를 조장해 김옥균을 일본으로부터 추방당하게 만들고자 했던 조선정부의 계획은 수포로 돌아갈 수밖에 없었다. 이러한 상황에서 조선정부가 직접 암살자를 파견해 살해를 시도하는 쪽으로 김옥균문제의 해결 방침을 선회해 가면서 일본에 암살자가 잠입하고 일본 국내에서도 김옥균과 협력해 조선정벌을 꾀하는 세력이 나타나게 되었다. 그러자 일본정부는 김옥균의 일본체류가 조·일 양국관계를 악화시키고, 일본 국내 치안을 어지럽힌다고 우려하지 않을 수 없게 되었고, 그 결과 김옥균의 해외 이주나 일본 내 특정지역으로의 유폐를 결정·추진해 나갔다고 하겠다. In December 1884, shortly after the failed Gapsin Coup(갑신정변), led forces such as Kim Ok-gyun(김옥균) was immediately asylum to Japan. Until he was confined to the Ogasawara(小笠原), Kim Ok-gyun had expanded the activities to change the political reality of Choseon Dynasty. Because of this, the aides forces including King Gojong(고종) was thinking that Kim Ok-gyun threaten the regime, so they tried to solve the problem of Kim Ok-gyun, such as required a formal repatriation to the Japanese government or dispatched an assassin to try to kill Kim Ok-gyun. Korean government``s activities for the repatriation of Kim Ok-gyun and response of the Japanese Government can be summarized the following four kinds of contents. First, the Korean government had continued diplomatic efforts towards the Japanese government for repatriation of Kim Ok-gyun. In addition, the Korean government sought to cooperate with the Russian government or invited to consuls of the country of residence in Seoul in order to appeal to the legitimacy of the repatriation of Kim Ok-gyun. Second, King Gojong and his aides were planning a coup plot of Kim Ok-gyun for voluntary return of Kim or deportation on Kim by the Japanese government. And at the time, Kim was made fun of a resurgence over the coup. This coup plot of Kim Ok-gyun was caused by matching the interests of King Gojong and Kim both sides. As a result, the Korean government has put the evidence of Kim``s coup in hand, so Korean government was out to strengthen the demands of deportation on Kim Ok-gyun towards the Japanese government by emphasizing the risk of Kim. Third, the Korean government officially raised this issue a few months later, after they get the evidence of coup plot of Kim Ok-gyun, because the Japanese government had taken a lukewarm attitude toward repatriation of Kim Ok-gyun. Did Korean government was forced to postpone despite got a conclusive proof that Kim``s letter because of favorable attitude of the Japanese government on the Kim Ok-gyun. Thus, Korean government was looking for a good opportunity, raised the relevance of the Osaka incident and Kim and went out to persuade the necessity of deportation on Kim for security of Japan and the relationship between the two countries. Fourth, the Japanese government had refused Korean government``s demand of repatriation on Kim Ok-gyun because there was no extradition treaty between Korea and Japan also it was contrary to the example of public law of all nations. The Japanese government had also decided that the Korean government to intervene in the sovereignty of Japan. So they had denied the credibility and legitimacy of letter of Kim and testimony of Jang Eun-kyu(장은규) utilized as evidence of coup plot. The Japanese government had emphasized that there is no law to punish the human mind in the international community including Japan and had actively questioned the reliability of Jang Eun-kyu. Under these circumstances, it was to fail that Korean government``s plan was encouraging a coup plot to want to let Kim Ok-guyn was expelled from Japan. Since as Korean government was turning a policy of solving the problem on Kim Ok-gyun in the direction of attempting murder by the assassin who was sneaking in Japan, And in Japan, the forces had appeared to occupy Korea government in cooperation with the Kim. After all, the Japanese government was concerned about the stay of Kim in Japan that worsens the relationship between Korea and Japan and unhinge the security of Japan. As a result, the Japanese government had promoted the migration abroad or confinement in a particular area in Japan of Kim Ok-gyun.

현암 김종희 회장의 생애와 경영이념 연구

김성수(Sung Soo Kim) 한국경영사학회 2009 經營史學 Vol.52 No.-

이 논문은 한국 화약산업의 개척자 한화그룹의 창업주 현암 김종희 회장의 생애와 경영활동 연구를 통한 경영이념 및 신 기업가정신(New Entrepreneurship)을 발굴하는 데 목적을 두었다. 현암 김종희 회장은 1922년 11월에 출생하여 1981년 7월(59세)에 영면 하였다. 비교적 짧은 생을 살았지만, 현암 김종희 회장은 1952년 30세 때에 화약산업의 불모지인 한국에서 한국화약㈜을 창업하였다. 그는 ‘다이너마이트’ 생산의 성공으로 혁신적인 화약류 국산화의 꿈을 실현한 훌륭한 기업가이다. 그는 한화그룹의 창업주로서 화약, 석유화학, 기계, 호텔, 건설, 무역 등 생전에 17개의 대기업집단을 이룬 창업 CEO이다. 그는 신의와 혁신, 도전과 개척 정신 그리고 변혁적 리더십 소유의 기업가로, 한국의 화약산업 개척자로서 화약산업사의 역사적 인물로 부각되며, 우리나라 화약산업의 기업 가사 연구의 중요한 경영사학적 사례를 제공한 기업인으로 평가된다. 그는 생애 경영활동을 통하여 사업보국 이념을 중심으로 ‘신용과 의리 그리고 봉사’로서 인류사회에 공헌하고자 하는 경영이념을 실현한 기업가이다. 특히 사업보국을 이념으로 발굴된 그의 신 기업가정신은 이 연구에 큰 의미를 준다. 즉, (1) 신의정신, (2) 도전과 개척정신, (3) 책임정신, (4) 근검절약정신, (5) 합리주의 정신, (6) 창의와 혁신정신, (7) 인재육성정신 등 7개의 기업가정신으로 나타나고 있다. 그리고 그의 혁신적 기업인 상은 (1) 인간성 중시의 변혁적 리더십을 소유한 기업인으로 대표되며, (2) 정도경 영을 실천한 기업인 (3) 경영이념(사업보국주의)을 통한 생산성 향상 정신을 실천한 기업인, (4) 혁신경영과 기술개발 노력을 실천한 기업인, (5) 위기극복과 문제점 해결능력을 갖춘 기업인 등으로 평가된다. 특히 (6) 국익증대의 선봉에 선 민간 외교관, (7) 스포츠 강국을 꽃피운 체육계의 거목이라는 경영인 상을 가진 기업가로도 높이 평가된다. The purpose of this study is to explore the chairman Chong-Hee Kim’s life and Managerial ideology, founder of Hanwha group. This research was to Highlight the entrepreneurship of chairman Chong-Hee Kim of Korea explosive founded (currently Hanwha Corp. Explosive Division), who carries the management principle which focuses on the devotion to business patriotism of social responsibility by providing best products and services with talent and technology. Also it aimed to revisit the life and the management principle of chairman Chong-Hee Kim who, with the business patriotism of righteousness and sense of mission, tried to found korea’s first gunpowder corporation. This research was mainly divided into two parts:literature-history research method and managerial history research method, and it analyzed the managerial accomplishment chronically according to the literature history documents, and managerial history method. This study took 12 months in which the document collecting process, writing process, and 6 party joint research processes were completed. The content of the research divided and categorized chairman Chong-Hee Kim’s life and managerial principle in the following order:(1) Social back ground at time of his birth (2) Elementary, middle and high school education in his teenage period (3) Business career begins (age 20-30) in his adolescent (4) 30s (age 31-40):president inauguration of the korea explosive founded, (currently Hanwha corp.explosive division), and his management his managerial growth process in his early adult life, in case, oct, 1952 korea explosive founded (gunpowder corp), oct, 1955 Incheon explosive plant acquired, jan,1959 all domestics industrial explosive suppled by korea explosives (5) 40s (age 41-50):his managerial revolution process in his middle the prime of the life, in case, Jan, 1964 Shinhan bearing industrial acquired, Nov, 1969 Kyungin energy established (6) 50s (age 51-59):genius management and establishment of the leading corporation in the Korean defense industrial and diversified management in his latter the prime of the life. In case, dec,1972, Hankook plastics industrial established, sept, 1974, union polymer established (currently Hanwha polydreamer), may 1975, Cheon-an Bukil foundation established, may 1976, sundo securities acquired (currently Hanwha securities). Next, the entrepreneurship through chairman Chong-Hee Kim’s managerial creed and ideology was examined. The 7 elements of Chong-Hee Kim’s new entrepreneurship of business patriotism that were examined are as follows : (1) Spirit of faithfulness (2) Spirit of challenge and pioneer (3) Responsibility for the fulfillment of obligation (4) Spirit of diligence and frugality (5) Spirit of rationalism for management (6) Spirit of creative and Innovation (7) Spirit of corporative social responsibility and service to society His entrepreneurship is based on the transformational leadership of rich humanity and management of righteousness, he is pioneer of schumpeter’s (J.A), and the creative entrepreneur who seeks for Innovation. The management philosophy of Hanwha (chong-hee, kim) is embedded in the Hanwha TRI circle ; the three circles Represent Trust, Respect and Innovation, respectively. They are the three pillars of how it’s conduct our business. Vision of Hanwha (chong-hee, kim) is just as committed being trustworthy, respected and Innovative as a responsible member of society as the Hanwha be to becoming dynamic global enterprise. As symbolized in the Hanwha TRI Circle, Trust, Respect and Innovation are core value as its interact with customer, serve our community and improve the everyday lives of people in general.

Thermodynamic Modeling of Miscibility Gap in the Al-In System

Kim, Sung Sik Research Institute of Science and Technology HONGI 2005 Hongik Journal of Science and Technology Vol.9 No.-

A thermodynamic modeling of phase diagram in the binary Al-In system was described using the Gibbs free energies of the phases. The subregular solution model was applied to describe the liquid phase in the present system. Using the experimental miscibility gap data in the literature, the interaction parameters in the excess Gibbs free energy expression of liquid phase were obtained as A^(0) = 39.8874 - 0.0192T and A^(1)= 2.5464 + 0.0008T (kJ/mol). With these parameters, the miscibility gap was regenerated. The present result was compared and discussed with other experimental and assessed data available in the literature.

일반논문 1 : 김종익의 유언과 경성여자의학전문학교 설립과정

백운기 ( Woon Ki Paik ),김상덕 ( Sang Duk Kim ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2011 연세의사학 Vol.14 No.1

Dr. Rosetta Hall, an American missionary physician, and Dr. Jeong-hee Gil, a young Korean physician, founded the Joseon (Keijo) Women`s Training Institute in 1928. Between 1933 and 1937, Dr. Gil and her husband, Dr. Kim Tak-won, maintained and financed the medical institute. Supporting the institute placed a heavy burden on the young doctors who were just establishing their private medical practice. Despite this burden, they undertook the work necessary to elevate the institute to a full medical college. In order to generate the substantial funds needed to establish the medical college, they created a foundation for the “creation of a women`s medical college” in 1934 and solicited funding. In 1937, a philanthropist interested in furthering education, Mr. Kim Jong-ik, agreed to donate the funding necessary to elevate the institute to a medical college. Mr. Kim, however, unexpectedly contracted dysentery and died. In his will, Mr. Kim bequeathed a portion of his estate to upgrading the institute to a medical college. The executor, contrary to Mr. Kim`s intent as set forth in his will, however, did not use the funds to elevate the institute, but rather established a completely new women`s medial college. The executor`s actions were a clear violation of Drs. Kim`s and Gil`s legal rights as beneficiaries under the will. They, nonetheless, accepted the outcome, because challenging the executor`s actions under Japanese rule would have been futile as Dr. Kim was a noted anti-Japanese patriot well known to the Japanese. Moreover, Sato Gozo had been Dr. Kim`s teacher at the Keijo Medical College. Most importantly, their dream of establishing a women`s medical college in Korea had been realized regardless of how. Regardless of whether the institute had been elevated to a medical college or not, Drs. Kim Tak-won and Gil Jeong-hee made great sacrifices to further the education of women medical doctors in Korea and should be recognized for their great contributions to the creation of Korea Women`s Medical College.

원행을묘정리의궤 중 조리면에서 본 죽상 . 미음상 및 현륭원에서의 상차림고

김상보,이성우,한복진 한국식생활문화학회 1989 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.4 No.4

To analyze dialy meal of royal meal, studied Jook Soora Sang (Rice Gruel), Mieum Sang (Thin Gruel) and Bankwa Sang, Soora Sang in Hyun Neung Won were on record Wonheng Ulmyo Jungri Euigwae (1795). Historic book "Jungri Euigwae" described the king's visit to his father's royal tomb "Hyun Neung Won", during the domain of Cheung Jo, the 22nd king of Choson Dynasty. The results obtained from this study are as follows. Rice Gruel (Jook Soora Sang), taken before breakfast, was arranged the same as the Soora Sang. The table for thin gruel (Mieum) was arranged in three kinds of sets; one for thin gruel, the others for stewed meat (Goem) and sugared fruit (Jeong Kwa). The diet seems to have been quit scientific and restorative. Bankwa Sang and Soora Sang in Hyun Neung Won was arranged the same as the other Bankwa Sang and Soora Sang. Therefore setting the table of royal meal had a rule.

Development of a noninvasive KIM-1-based live-imaging technique in the context of a drug-induced kidney-injury mouse model

Tae-Jun Kwon,Da-Sol Lee,Md. Enamul Haque,Rang-Woon Park,Byungheon Lee,Dongkyu Kim,Yong-Hyun Jeon,Kil-Soo Kim,Sang Kyoon Kim 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7

The development of reliable methods to diagnose acute kidney injury is essential to allow the adoption of early therapeutic interventions and evaluate their effectiveness. Based on the fact that kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) expression levels in kidneys are markedly upregulated early after a damage event, here we developed a noninvasive KIM- 1-based molecular imaging technique to detect kidney injury. First, we took advantage of a phage-display platform to select small peptides demonstrating a specific high binding affinity to KIM-1. The promising candidate was conjugated with fluorescent probes, and its imaging potential was validated in vitro and in vivo. This peptide, with the sequence CNRRRA, not only showed a high imaging potential in vitro, allowing a strong detection of KIM-1 expressing cells by microscopy and flow cytometry but also generated a strong kidney-specific signal in live-imaging in vivo experiments in the context of a drug-induced kidney-injury mouse model. Our data overall suggest that the CNRRRA peptide is a promising probe to use in the context of in vivo imaging for the detection of KIM-1 overexpression in damaged kidneys.

Class Disparity and Prosperity Gospel in Korea after the IMF Crisis

Sung-Gun Kim 한국종교사회학회 2016 종교와사회 Vol.4 No.2

The church has always been irresolute concerning the spiritual value of material wealth. Usually taking the moral high ground, the church has been renouncing excessive wealth in favor of a modest and sacrificial lifestyle. Considering the historical shift from aristocracy to meritocracy which endowed money a new moral quality in the West, we can see that South Korea has been going through a similar transformation with 1) the close bond between neo-Pentecostalism and the prosperity gospel and 2) the rise of meritocracy alongside the nation’s ‘compressed’ modernization. This study endeavors to find further evidence of this transformation with reference to Reverend Dong-Ho Kim’s ‘righteous riches.’ Reverend Kim’s conservative view on the poor and the rich is not a new perspective but only a Korean version of American prosperity gospel without a keen consciousness on social justice. The popularity of Reverend Kim’s teachings among the middle class shows that the ‘status quo’ ideology on social inequality is in fact largely derived from Korean Protestantism which has a legacy of American Biblical literalism.

임상 가검물에서 분리된 균(대장균과 황색 포도균)의 약제 내성

김중명,김재식,김경선,김재룡,전동석,최성만,서상철,김인자,김재숭,이건일,김경숙 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1982 慶北醫大誌 Vol.23 No.2

1981년 1월에서 12월말까지 임상 제료에서 분리한 Escherichia coli (E. coli)와 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) 중에서 무작위로 각 50주 씩 선택하여 원판 확산법과 평판 희섭법으로 그 내성주를 조사하여 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 전체적으로 볼 때에 Teteracyclin (TET), Chloramphenicol (CM) 및 Ampicillin (AMP)에 대한 내성주가 가장 많았고, Amikacin (AMK)에 대한 내성주는 가장 적어다. 이것을 균종별로 보면 E. coli에 있어서는 TET, AMP 및 CM는 원판 확산법으로서 74∼76%, 평판 희석법으로서는 78∼94%가 내성주임을 나타내었고, 또 Cephalothin(CEP)은 원판 확산법에서는 8%가 내성주로 나타났으나, 평판 의석법에서는 52%가 내성주로 나타났다. S. aureus에 있어서는 TET는 원판 확산법으로 82%, 평판 희석법으로서는 78%가 내성주로 나왔고 Penicillin (P)은 원판 확산법에서는 56% 평판 희석법으로는 22%의 내성주가 나왔으며, GM과 CM은 원판확산법에서는 18∼44%, 평판 희석법에서는 56∼58%가 내성주로 나왔다. Each 50 strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were selected at random out of the stock cultures which were isolated from the clinical materials in the bacteriological laboratory of the department of clinical pathology. Kyungpook National University Hospital from the first of January to the end of December in 1982, and their resistance against eight antibiotics were as follows; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus had the most resistant pattern against tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin, while they had the most sensitive pattern against amikacin in general. Escherichia coli revealed resistant pattern to tetracyclin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol 74-76% by the disk diffusion method and 78-94% by the plate dilution method, and revealed resistant pattern to cephalothin 8% by the disk diffusion and 52% by the plate dilution. Staphylococcs aureus disclosed resistant pattern to tetracyclin 82% by the disk diffusion and 78% by the plate dilution, and disclosed resistant pattern to penicillin 56% by the disk diffusion and 22% by the plate dilution, and to gentamicin and-chloramphenicol 18-44% by the disk diffusion and 56-58% by the plate dilution.

구술사를 통한 아프리카 대륙에서 태권도의 진출과 확산 - 코트디부아르 김영태 사범의 구술사를 중심으로-

김상천 ( Sang Cheon Kim ) 한국체육사학회 2014 체육사학회지 Vol.19 No.3

본 연구는 아프리카 대륙의 태권도 진출과 확산에 관한 연구로 코트디부아르의 김영태사범의 면담내용을 중심으로 연구한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 코트디부아르에 가라데와 유도가 이미 선점하고 있는 어려운 상황에서 김영태 사범의 노력으로 태권도의 우수성을 인정받아 코트디부아르 태권도 협회를 창설하였다. 둘째, 코트디부아르는 김영태 사범의 지도하에 각종 세계태권도대회에서 두각을 나타내었다. 그리고 아프리카 태권도연맹 창설과 제1회 아프리카 태권도대회를 코트디부아르의 아비장에서 개최 하였다. 셋째, 코트디부아르는 태권도가 보급된 지 20년 만에 하향곡선을 타고 있었다. 그 이유는 전 세계에서 태권도를 배우는 나라들이 늘어나 전체적으로 실력이 평준화 되었고 신체적인 조건면에서도 불리하게 작용했기 때문이다. The purpose of this study was to examine the entry and spread of taekwondo in Africa. After taekwondo instructor Kim Young-tae who worked in Cote d``Ivoire was interviewed, the interview data were analyzed. The findings of the study were as follows: First, karate and judo were already popular in this region. Under the harsh circumstances, the excellency of taekwondo was acknowledged owing to the endeavor of instructor Kim, and the Cote d``Ivoire Taekwondo Association was established. Second, this country stood out among different nations in all sorts of worldwide taekwondo competitions thanks to instructor Kim``s guidance. The African Taekwondo Union was founded in Abidian, one of the largest cities in this country, and this city hosted the 1st African Taekwondo Championship as well. Third, taekwondo was on the wane 20 years after it was introduced in this country. The reason was that an increase in the number of countries in which taekwondo was practiced was followed by the equalization of taekwondo skills, and the disadvantageous physical conditions of its people was another reason.