의사직의 역사적 정체성 형성

여인석 ( In Sok Yeo ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2013 연세의사학 Vol.16 No.2

The question of professional identity of medical doctors is one of the main themes of not only medical history, but also medical sociology and professional sociology. Medical profession is one of the oldest professions which have existed since antiquity. However, the modes of its social existence largely depends on social, historical and cultural context in which the medical profession is placed. Among several important factors which determine the mode of social existence of medical professions, its relationship to state power may be the single most important one. The medical profession has been regarded as the exemplary free profession along with legal professions such as judges or lawyers. Here, the free profession means the profession which is relatively freed from the control of the state. However, it must be noted that the social image of medical profession as a free profession was formed during the specific historical period and it is far from being an universal entity. In particular, the medical profession has a very close relationship with the state power. This paper attempted to show various types of social existence of medical professions according to the different social and historical settings.

근대일본의 의사면허의 변천: 의제부터 의사법까지

김영수 ( Young Soo Kim ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2013 연세의사학 Vol.16 No.1

In Japan, the modern medical and health administrative framework was created by the implementation of Isei, which was enacted in 1874. The qualification of general practitioners (medical doctors) and their duties were determined by the law. Existing medical doctors could get a temporary license to practice medicine; however, the new rules required medical doctors to pass a qualifying examination (醫術開業試驗, Ijutsu kaigyo siken), which eventually asked questions concerning modern western medical knowledge. New institutions for medical education were built and produced medical doctors educated under the new scheme. By consolidating regulations related to medical and health administration, medical doctors who studied western medical education performed a primary role in medical and health administration. Most doctors trained in traditional chinese medicine and Rangaku (蘭學) became excluded from the medical and health administration gradually. The Medical Act (舊醫師法, kyu-Ishiho) was legislated in 1906 and provided new stipulations for the granting of medical licenses. Only those who graduated from domestic and foreign medical schools became accepted as medical doctors. As a result, the examination for qualifying medical doctors was no longer used. This meant that the new medical license signified a certain status for medical doctors. During wartime, medical doctors were insufficient, and doctors trained as technicians were mass produced. This detracted from the quality of medical doctors and the medical care system, so a new Medical Act (醫師法, Ishiho) was established in 1948 after the war. It enacted a provision for the qualification of medical doctors. They were required to have formal medical school education, pass the National Medical Practitioners Qualifying Examination (醫師國家試驗, Ishikokkashiken), and train at a hospital for a year in an internship system.

하얼빈지역 의학사 답사기

신규환 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2009 연세의사학 Vol.12 No.1

필자는 중국 하얼빈의과대학(哈爾濱醫科大學) 초청으로 2009년 4월 18일(토)부터 4월 25일(토)까지 7박 8일 일정으로 하얼빈 지역을 방문하였다. 최근 만주지역의 질병사를 연구하면서 이 지역에 대해 관심을 가지고 있었는데, 때마침 하얼빈의과대학의 초청을 받아 이지역을 방문할 수 있었다. 우리나라 사람들은 역사적으로 안중근 의사가 이토 히로부미를 저격한 곳으로 하얼빈을 기억하고 있지만, 도시의 탄생 자체는 20세기 초 제국의 확장에 전력을 기울이던 러시아와일본에 의해 주도되어 하얼빈은 지금까지도 서구적인 정취가 물씬 풍겨나는 풍모를 갖추고 있다. 하얼빈은 2009년 2월 18∼28일 제24회 동계 유니버시아드가 개최된 바 있고, 겨울에는 화려한 빙등제가 열리는 등 국제적인 관광도시로도 잘 알려져 있다. 의학사 차원에서는 시외곽 남쪽에 731부대가 근접해 있고, 중국 근대 방역의 아버지인 우롄더가 설립한 하얼빈의과 대학, 그리고 우롄더를 기리는 우롄더기념관(伍連德紀念館) 등이 있어 의학사 답사코스로도의미 있는 지역이라 생각된다.

한국의학사 강의 개발과 강의 사례 연구

이현숙 ( Hyun Sook Lee ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2013 연세의사학 Vol.16 No.1

This research will explore how to develop and teach Korean medical history in Korean universities. In 2009-2010, I participated in a project called “Developing the Module of the Korean Medical History,” which was funded by the Korean Research Foundation. For this project, done at Yonsei Medical College, five specialists worked together to develop the module: Yeo In-sok (Director of the project, Contemporary period), Lee Hyun-sook (Ancient period and the Goryeo dynasty), Kim Seong-su (Joseon dynasty), Sihn Kyu-whan (Modern 1: the late 19th century and early 20th century), and Park Yun-jaeoe (Colonial period). One of the results of this project was the publication of the book History of Medicine in Korea. As a case study, I analyzed the results of my experiences teaching Korean medical history to graduate students in medical college in 2010 and freshmen in nursing college in 2013. In the graduated school of medical college, all of the five members gave lectures, however, it seems like too many lecturers for five students in eight classes. I could not give any previous reading material and assignment. It means we need more time to teach properly. In 2013, I taught Korean medical history by myself as the Korean History class in a nursing college. I invited Prof. Kim and Sihn as a guest teacher. According to my survey of the nursing college`s freshmen students, my students selected the forensic medicine of the Joseon dynasty and the military medicine of Silla Unification War in the 7th Century as the best subjects. The next favorite subjects were the comparison of the Modernization and Exploitation theories in colonial Korea, as well as Ancient Medicine, specifically trephination and skull modification. They selected these because the visual media, made by KBS, about the forensic medicine of the Joseon dynasty and about the artificial cranial deformation of the Gaya, which we had watched in the class. From this, I discovered that watching visual images was the most efficient method of learning for the class. Another assignment I gave to my classes concerned the military medicine of ancient Korea, and my students were responsible for reading my article “Military Medicine of the Silla Unification War,” summarizing the article, and recording their thoughts and impressions. This subject was also a favorite. I determined that self-study was a very efficient way to develop students` ideas and passions. The results of the survey about the comparison of the Modernization and Exploitation theories revealed that my students supported the Exploitation theory more than the Modernization theory. In the 1st class, 17 students supported the Modernization theory, while 49 students subscribed to the Exploitation theory in the Colonial medicine. On the other hand, only 7 students agreed with the Modernization theory at the 2nd class, while 55 students supported the Exploitation theory. I believe this is the result of the influence of Prof. Sihn, who had provided a special lecture to my students as a supporter of the Exploitation theory. I also recognized that my way of questioning had influenced the answers of the students. In the question of the 1st class, I had explained the Modernization theory at first, and then I had them choose “agree” or “disagree” and explain their answer. In the 2nd class, on the contrary, I introduced the Exploitation theory in advance and had them select “agree” or “disagree.” The 2nd class might have been influenced by the method of questioning, and they selected the Exploitation theory as an easier answer. Most of the nursing college`s students were content learning about the history of Korean medicine as a Korean history class. The text book History of Medicine in Korea played a considerable role in guiding my students, even though it has many weaknesses. In conclusion, the history of Korean medicine is a good subject for teaching Korean history at a university, and it also develops the identification of medical college students.

경성부립순화병원, 역사적 사실과 그 해석

김택중 ( Taek Joong Kim ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2013 연세의사학 Vol.16 No.2

Gyeongseong Municipal Sunhwa Hospital (hereinafter, referred to as Sunhwa Hospital) was the representative hospital for treating infectious disease that isolated and treated infectious cases in colonial Joseon. Sunhwa Hospital was established in the location of existing isolation hospital of Joseon at the instigation of the Residency-General after the cholera which prevailed in 1909, and it opened with the name, Sunhwaweon, in August 1911. Later, the hospital building was extended twice during Japanese colonial period in 1933 and 1936 due to the rapid increase of infectious cases. Sunhwa Hospital maintained its hospital functions and also its building even after the fall of the Japanese Empire in 1945. However, the name changed to Seoul Municipal Sunhwa Hospital in 1946 and again to Seoul Municipal Jungbu Hospital in 1959. Sunhwa Hospital maintained its original function it had during Japanese colonial period as the hospital for treating infectious disease until it closed down completely due to the closure of the building in 1977 although it continuously underwent trivial changes for its name, function, organization, and scale after the 1945 Liberation of Korea. This study examined the most basic aspects of the hospital such as the location and name by focusing on Sunhwa Hospital itself based on the results of preceding studies, and also summarized the historical flow from the establishment to the closure of the hospital centering on newspaper articles at the time. After that, it examined various views on Sunhwa Hospital and considered how the medical institutes that Japanese imperialists established in Korea during the colonial period should be perceived and assessed in today’s viewpoint. In conclusion, it is possible to partially acknowledge the continuity between the Gyeongseong Municipal Sunhwa Hospital that the Japanese imperialists established in Gyeongseong and Seoul Municipal Sunhwa Hospital that the Republic of Korea government established in Seoul and study it academically. However, it would be a nonsense if the descendants of the colonists celebrated and congratulated the hospital that the colonial rulers of the past established solely based on the reason that Gyeongseong Municipal Sunhwa Hospital is the predecessor of Seoul Municipal Sunhwa Hospital. This applies to not only Sunhwa Hospital but also other medical institutes established during Japanese colonial period.

대구지역 의학사답사기

이홍석 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2011 연세의사학 Vol.14 No.2

세브란스를 중심으로 본 CMB의 한국의학 재건사업

여인석 ( In Sok Yeo ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2015 연세의사학 Vol.18 No.1

After the Korean war, every effort was made to reconstruct Korean society, which had been totally destroyed during the conflict. Severance Hospital, which was located in front of Seoul Railway Station, suffered almost complete destruction. The U.S. Army, United Board, and other missionary boards and individuals participated in the rebuilding of Severance Hospital. Perhaps the most imp011ant supporting group was the China Medical B03rd (CMS). The CMB was organized in 1914 to help with the modernization of medicine in China. In order to achieve their goal, the CMS had chosen Peking Union Medical College to be its Johns Hopkins in China. However, because the Communist Patty took over the Chinese mainland, the CMB could not continue their work in China. As a result, other Asian countries, including Korea, received the organization``s support. In Korea, Severance Hospital and Yonsei Medical College were its main beneficiaries. Thanks to the CMB``s generous financial support, the new medical college was built in Sinchon. In addition, the CME annually provided research funds for about 20 years TO the faculties of Yonsei Medical College. The CME purchased research and educational apparatuses. It also provided invisible support in various ways: Scholarships for students and fellowships for faculties contributed to the development of human resources. Further financial support provided consulting for medical education and hospital administration In summation, the CMB played a crucial role in the reconstruction of Korean medicine through its contributions to Severance Hospital and Yonsei Medical College after the Korean War.

알렌의 의학 저술 활동

박형우 ( Hyoung Woo Park ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2013 연세의사학 Vol.16 No.2

It is well known that as the first missionary to the Korea of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A., Dr. Horace N. Allen, who came to Korea in September 1884, did key roles in the establishment of the Protestantism in Korea, and also for the introduction of Western Medicine to the Korea. The fact that he published several articles and reports on the medical professions was neglected because of his early leave medical missions for diplomatic work only after 4 years. The purpose of this article is to highlight the pioneering work of Dr. Allen on the medical writings.

세브란스와 한국독립운동 -3.1운동 시기를 중심으로

반병률 ( Byung Yool Ban ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2015 연세의사학 Vol.18 No.2

In this paper, the author attempts to review the activities of the Severance people in the independence of Korea during the March First Movement in 1919. When we refer to the Severance people, the term includes medical doctors and nurses of the Severance Hospital as well as the students of the Severance Union Medical School, the Severance Union Medical College and the Severance Union Nurses` Training School. The Severance Hospital was a place where wounded Korean soldiers were transported and treated when the Korean army revolted against the Japanese army in defiance of the government order of disbandment in August, 1907. During the March First Movement, the Severance people played many active roles. They organized demonstrations, treated wounded victims, protected fugitives, took care of the families of arrested people, and produced and distributed pamphlets and underground newspapers. While evading the Japanese police, some movement members were not able to stay in Korea, electing to take refuge in regions such as China and Russia, where some medical doctors would eventually establish clinics and hospitals. Some were engaged in institutions such as the Red Cross or nurses` training schools. They were constantly exposed to danger while in exile. Severance people were trained and educated in an intellectual environment of the Severance Movement, where they learned about Western Christian civilizations and medical science. In accordance with this, they considered their responsibility and dedication to the community as well to as the nation.

여천(與天) 이용설(李容卨)의 의료 계몽과 학술활동

신유섭 ( Yoo Sub Shin ),신재의 ( Jae Eui Shin ),유형식 ( Hyung Sik Yoo ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 의학사연구소 2014 연세의사학 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study is to explore the medical enlightenment and academic activities of Dr. Yong-Sul Lee who graduated from the Severance Union Medical College in 1919. Dr. Lee was medically trained in both China and the United States, and by 1926 had developed advanced concepts about the prevention of disease, as well as about its treatment. Christian Messenger between 1927 and 1929, about his experience as a Christianity doctor working with various infectious diseases, and also surgical, pediatric and obstetric diseases. The main purpose of his articles was directed towards the medical enlightenment of the Korean people. He especially emphasized the prevention of diseases by maintaining hygiene, and he described the treatments for various diseases, and warned against the harmfulness of certain traditional medicines. His academic activities were published in those newspapers, magazines and medical journals that were concerned with infectious and orthopedic diseases. He reported on his method of treatment for amoebic abscess of the liver at the Pan Asia-Pacific Surgical Conference in 1929. He was a member of the Korean Medical Society established in 1930, and was involved in the first orthopedic surgery in Korea.