김사량의 「향수」에 나타난 세 가지 향수(鄕愁)

이경재 ( Gyung Jae Lee ) 한국문학연구학회 2016 현대문학의 연구 Vol.0 No.59

이 논문은 김사량의 「향수」에 나타난 노스탤지어의 정치적 의미를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이 작품에서 향수는 특정한 장면에만 등장하는 것이 아니라 기본적인 주제의식과 밀접하게 관련된 이 작품의 중핵이라고 할 수 있다. 이 때의 향수는 ``지금-이곳``에 대한 당혹감에서 비롯된 정념이라는 것과 부재하는 빈자리를 채우는 이상화되고 낭만화 된 환상이라는 것을 기본 성격으로 한다. 옥상렬과 가야는 일종의 전도된 거울상들이라고 할 수 있다. 옥상렬이 ``사상``을 버리고 ``인간``을 취하려고 했지만 결국 두 가지 모두를 잃어버렸다면, 가야는 ``인간``을 버리고 ``사상``을 취하려고 했지만 결국에는 두 가지와 모두 거리가 멀어지고 만다. 그러나 그들이 의식적으로는 ``인간``과 ``사상``이라는 두 가지 가치 중에서 자신이 우선시하는 하나의 가치를 지키기 위해서 최선을 다한 인간들이라는 점도 놓쳐서는 안 된다. 여기서 주목해 보아야 할 것은 가야와 옥상렬 모두 노스탤지어를 느낀다는 점이며, 또한 향수야말로 북경에서 살아가는 이들에게 최소한의 양심을 유지하게 해주는 힘이 된다는 것이다. 본래 향수는 이상적인 과거에 존재했다고 상상되는 조화에 대한 그리움을 통하여 현재에 대한 비판과 부정의 의미를 함축하며, 동시에 미래에 대한 소망까지 보여주기 때문이다. 「향수」에 나타난 향수를 온전히 해명하기 위해서는 작품의 주인공이자 유일한 인물 초점자인 이현이 느끼는 향수도 해명되어야 한다. 처음 북경으로 향하던 이현에게는 ``조선의 과거 예술 유산``과 ``누나``가 노스탤지어의 대상이었다. 이 중에서도 보다 큰 중요성을 가지는 것은 ``누나``에 대한 노스탤지어였으며, 이를 통해 이현은 새로운 삶의 방향성을 찾고자 했던 것이다. 그러나 북경에서 만난 가야 누나와 옥상렬은 ``사상``과 ``인간``이라는 가치를 부여잡고 시대의 진창을 건너려 했던 것과는 달리, 당대의 시공 속에서는 ``사상``도 ``인간``도 더 이상 추구할 수 없음을 증명하는 존재로 전락해 있다. 이러한 상황에서 이현은 도자기로 상징되는 ``문화``라는 가치를 통해 민족적 정체성을 새롭게 구축하는 것은 물론이고 누나에게 받은 충격도 받아들일 수 있게 된다. 이를 통해 이현은 정체성의 위기에서 벗어나 "훌륭한 동아의 한사람, 세계의 한 사람"(192)으로 자신을 정립한다. ``인간``이나 ``사상``이 아닌 ``문화``라는 가치를 통해 일제말의 엄혹한 시대를 헤쳐 나가려 한 이현의 모습은, 여러 가지 상황을 종합해 볼 때 작가 김사량에게로 확장시켜 볼 수 있다. 「향수」에 나타난 향수의 정치적 의미는 비슷한 시기의 북경을 배경으로 하고 있으며, 작품의 주요 인물들 역시 향수와 관련된 반응을 보여주고 있는 정비석의 「이 분위기」와 비교해보았을 때 그 성격이 보다 분명해진다. 「이 분위기」에서 주인공이라고 할 수 있는 김지준은 향수를 철저히 거부하며, 이것은 김지준이 별다른 고민 없이 중일전쟁과 북경에 닥쳐온 신체제를 맹목적으로 지지하는 모습으로 연결된다. 이러한 지준의 모습은 중일전쟁 직후의 상황에서 나름의 가치를 지켜나가고자 몸부림치는 「향수」의 여러 인물들이 모두 향수에 빠져 있는 것과는 크게 대비되는 모습이라고 할 수 있다. This paper aims to review the political meaning of the nostalgia expressed in ``Nostalgia`` of Saryang Kim. Nostalgia in this work does not just appear in certain scenes but is the center of the work that is closely related to the basic theme. Nostalgia here has the basic nature as the sentiment that originated from the embarrassment about ``now-here`` and as the idealized and romanticized fantasy that fills vacancy. Sangryul Ok and Gaya can be called inverse reflections in mirror. Sangryul Ok tried to take ``human`` giving up ``ideology`` but lost both, while Gaya tried to take ``ideology`` abandoning ``human`` but lost both of them. However, we should notice that they tried their best to keep one of the values that they cherish between ``human`` and ``ideology``. What is noteworthy is that both Sangryul Ok and Gaya can feel nostalgia, which is the power to keep the least amount of conscientiousness for people living in Beijing. It is because nostalgia originally contains criticism and negativity about the present through the longing for harmony that is imagined to have existed in the idealistic past, and also shows desire for the future. In order to fully clarify the nostalgia expressed in ``Nostalgia``, the nostalgia of Hyun Lee, the main character and fixed focus of the work, should be expressed. For Hyun Lee, ``the past art heritage of Joseon`` and the ``older sister`` was the objects of nostalgia. Between the two, the more important was the nostalgia about his sister, through which he wanted to find the direction of new life. However, unlike sister Gaya and Sangryul Ok he met in Beijing, who held on to the value of ``ideology`` and ``human`` and tried to overcome the mess of the era, he denigrated to a being that proved ``ideology`` and ``human`` cannot be pursued in the time period. Under these circumstances, Hyun Lee newly establishes ethnic identity through the value, ``culture``, which is symbolized by pottery and can absorb the shock he received from his sister. Through this, Hyun Lee gets out of identity crisis and is reborn as a "great person in East Asia and in the world"(192). Hyun Lee`s effort to survive the strict and dark time of the late Japanese colonial era through the value of ``culture``, not ``ideology`` or ``culture``, can be applied to author, Saryang Kim, when considering various circumstances. The political meaning of nostalgia expressed in ``Nostalgia`` has Beijing in the similar period as its background, and the main characters of the work, when compared to ``This Atmosphere`` of Biseok Jeong, which shows a response related to nostalgia, show clearer meanings. The main character, Jijoon Kim in ``This Atmosphere`` thoroughly refuses nostalgia and this leads to his blind and thoughtless support for the Sino-Japanese War and the new system established in Beijing. This attitude of Jijoon Kim is in stark contrast to the characters in ``Nostalgia`` who feel nostalgia in their struggle to maintain their values.

하구염도모델의 해석

이재형,정만,김경수 全北大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.32 No.-

In this study, two-dimensional estuarine model was analyzed by finite difference method. This is the coupled model, which is composed of the transport(Chu, 6) & hydrodynamic equation(Chiang, 5). The results, which were tested the appication of the model, as follows; (1) The results of the test show that the convergence of the algorithm depends upon the magnitude of the velocities ; the initial condition of salinities ; and the convergence criteria in the algorithm. (2) When the computed results are compared with the model of Chu(6), the salinities was conformed to the boundary and the central part of the basin have the large value, 1 ppt. (3) If the hydrodynamic values(E, U, V) were computed accurately, the salinitines also were suitable.

全州圈 貯水池의 물 收支 분석

이재형,김경수,전일권,황만하 全北大學校 附設 都市및環境硏究所 1994 都市 및 環境硏究 Vol.9 No.1

The major objective of this study is to analyze the water balance of the reservoirs in the Chonju area which the system of usage is very complicated. The water buget for the selected drought years is estimated. The monthly inflow of the reservoirs are calculated by Kagiyama method. According to the results of the water buget calculation, the supply of the water is usually satisfactory except during the drought years. For drought seasons, the small scale tributary water requirement and supply of water is considered to be unbalanced within the tributary basin itself. Therfore, water demand of the chonju area must be satisfied by use of the return flow and the water diverted from Geum river or Sumjin River Basin.

위성자료를 이용한 지점 호우모형에 관한 연구

이재형,김운중,김경수 全北大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.39 No.-

The physically based heavy rainfall model was developed by Ceon(1994) for storm event. This is a modified version of the model. The input variable of the model are temperature, pressure, dew point temperature on the ground level and cloud top temperature by the satellite. The results show that there is significant deviation between the hourly calculated rainfall rate and the observed data. But the difference is very small in the total rainfall rate. The deviation is due to not well fitted for the saturate evaporation, which are calculated from cloud top temperature, at the lower 253°K.

전주 지역의 공업 용수 수급에 관한 연구

이재형,김경수,전일권,황만하 全北大學校 附設 都市및環境硏究所 1994 都市 및 環境硏究 Vol.9 No.1

Demand and supply of industrial water in Chonju area is analysed. Because the industrial water is not enough for the drought period, many factorys at the Chonju industrial technology services center are damaged in 1994. Industrial water of the area is taken at Chon-mi intake field. But the intake rate is decreased by 2.4% per year due to silting and compaction of the a quifer port. Therefore the intake rate is not enough to supply the damand of water the center. In this study, The water from seqage treated id wuffested as an alternative for sev-ere drought period. The alternatives for a long time period are suggested : the j-oint operations of Ku-I reservoir and Ockjung reservoir, Da-a reservoir and Kum river barrier reservoir, Da-a reservoir and Young-dam reservoir.

남부지역 시설채소 재배 농가의 친환경농자재 사용실태

이미경,황재문,이서래 한국환경농학회 2006 한국환경농학회지 Vol.25 No.1

Effect of Long -term Treatment with the Adventious Root Cultured Mountain Ginseng (CBN-3) on Functions of Central Nervous System in Healthy Human Volunteers

LEE SE0UL,YU KEE WON,KEUM KYUNG SOO,KIM NARI,PAEK KEE-YEUP,JUNG KYUY0NG,CHOI BONG KYU,OH GYUNG JAE4 대한약학회 2006 大韓藥學會 總會 및 學術大會 Vol.2006 No.1

뇌졸중 후 치매환자에서 도네피질(아리셉트^(?))이 인지기능 및 일상생활 수행능력, 삶의 질에 미치는 효과

이상열,장혁,송재은,조성옥,류정미,이미경,조진호,신용일 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 2008 圓光醫科學 Vol.23 No.1

Background: This study evaluated the efficacy of administering Donepezil(Aricept^(?)) for improving cognitive function, activities of daily living, and quality of life in patients with post-stroke dementia. Methods: Patients(n=99; mean age, 69.89 years; 48.5% men) with post-stroke dementia, according to criteria of the DSM-IV and MRI, were treated with donepezil 5mg/day or 10mg/day during 24 weeks. They were examined using Mini-mental Status Examination(MMSE), Chinical Dementia Rating(CDR), Barthel Activities of daily living(B-ADL), Instrumental Activities of daily living(I-ADL), Short Form 36 Health Survey-Korean(SF-36-K), and Geriatric Depression Scale(GDS) at before treatment and 24 weeks after treatment. Results: The 97 patients completed the trial. At 24 weeks, they showed significant improvement in MMSE(p<0.001), CDR(p<0.001), B-ADL(p=0.002), I-ADL(p<0.001), and SF-36-K(p=0.003) except GDS(p=0.288). Donepezil was well tolerated. There was no withdrawal due to adverse events. Conclusion: This results demonstrate that donepezil was beneficial in improving the cognitive function, activities of daily living, and quality of life in patients with post-stroke dementia and was well toleraetd.

非晶質 Fe80SixB20-x合金의 結晶化

김재경,이수아,신영남,양재석 대구대학교 기초과학연구소 1994 基礎科學硏究 Vol.11 No.-

Amorphous FesoSi.B2o_x(4SxS12) alloys were produced by rapid quenching method and were annealed at 700'C for 1 hour. The magnetic properties of these amorphous alloys and the crystallized ones were studied by X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The increasing in the average isomer shifts and magnetic hyperfine fields of these amorphous alloys with silicon content seem to have the origin in the rising of Curie temperature. The absorption area ratio A2,a/A1,6 with the addition of silicon is decreased, which means the increasing of strain in amorphous alloys, as the result of increasing in the average hyperfine fields. It is hard to determine exactly what sorts of the crystallization phase are produced after being crystallized by X-ray diffraction experiment alone, but is possible with the aid of Mossbauer analysis. Mossbauer spectra of these crystallized alloys consist of 5 sets of sixlet for the content 4Sx S 10, but for x=12 consists 3 sets of sixlet. From the comparison of the magnetic hyperfine fields and the relative absorption areas we concluded that the crystallization products with silicon content are as follows : in all crystallized alloys a -Fe phase is not present, for 4 x ?0 the crystallization products are bcc Fe(Si), DO3 Fe-Si and tetragonal Fe2B, but for x=12 bcc Fe(Si) phase disappear. Though a small quantity, o-FeB appeare for x10 but we skipped the analysis of this phase in present study. In this study we disclosed the coexistance of bcc Fe(Si) and DOa Fe-Si phases, which is the attractive results than ever.

선박수리업무에 종사하는 군무원들의 작업환경에 대한 인식이 직업만족도에 미치는 영향

오경재,모영하,윤한,김명선,이정미,권근상 한국산업위생학회 2003 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.13 No.1

This study was carried out to evaluate the relations among working environments, health behaviors and satisfaction with their duty in a group of 200 ship-repair workers in the ROK navy. The results were as following; Age of workers was 40 years and over(83%) and working duration was 10 years and over (71.5%). Most of them were married and had studied beyond high school. The 69.5% of workers satisfied with their job, whereas. about 59.5% of workers had satisfaction with their working condition. There were current drinkers, 78.5%, current exercising workers, 43.5%, obese workers, 28.0%, and salted food intakers, 18.5% in the workers. The major harmful environmental factors in the ship-repair workplace are noise, vibration, dust and chemicals. Most of workers are exposed to above harmful factors and complained about exposure of noise and dust. The consumption of cigarette or alcohol in people who exposed to noise was much higher than in people who did not, but the difference was not statistically significant. Prevalence of obesity and hypertension were not significantly different between the exposure with noise and dust. Noise or dust exposure was significant relation to satisfaction with their duty and working condition. The affective factors for satisfaction with their duty were people who worked for 10 years or more(OR= 4.53), exercisers(OR=4.78) and dust(OR=3.05) in Logistic regression analysis.