http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Dishing and Erosion in Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Electroplated Copper
INHO YOON,SUM HUAN NG,ROBERT HIGHT,CHUNHONG ZHOU,C. FRED HIGGS,LILY YAO,STEVEN DANYLUK 한국트라이볼로지학회 2002 한국트라이볼로지학회 학술대회 Vol.2002 No.10
Polishing of copper, a process called copper chemical mechanical polishing, is a critical, intermediate step in the planarization of silicon wafers. During polishing, the electrodeposited copper films are removed by slurries; and the differential polishing rates between copper and the surrounding silicon dioxide leads to a greater removal of the copper. The differential polishing develops dimples and furrows; and the process is called dishing and erosion. In this work, we present the results of experiments on dishing and erosion of copper-CMP, using patterned silicon wafers. Results are analyzed for the pattern factors and properties of the copper layers. Three types of pads - plain, perforated, and grooved - were used for polishing. The effect of slurry chemistries and pad soaking is also reported.
생물반응조 최적 송풍량 결정을 위한 엣지 컴퓨팅 수질모니터링 시스템 개발
신인호(InHo Shin),윤숙영(SookYeong Yoon),장석화(Seokhwa Jang),강경수(KyeongSoo Kang),양훈혁(HoonHyuk Yang),김성민(SeongMin Kim),윤재성(JaeSung Yoon) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.5
하수처리장은 에너지 다소비 시설이면서 다양한 사회 인프라와 연결되어 있어 개선되어야 할 중심 시설 중에 하나다. 그러나 대부분의 하수처리장은 제한된 운영 정보와 운영자의 경험으로 운영하기 때문에 방류수질 기준을 만족하기 위한 과다운전으로 시설운영비가 증가하여 시설 개선이 시급하다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 하수처리장 시설 중 생물반응조의 최적 송풍량을 결정하기 위해 국가물산업클러스터 하수실증플랜트에 엣지 컴퓨팅 수질모니터링 시스템을 설치하고 계산된 송풍량을 시뮬레이션 하여 검증하였다. 엣지 컴퓨팅 수질모니터링 시스템은 최대 10개 수질을 측정할 수 있으며, 수질 측정값으로 하수처리장 단위공정 공정효율을 산출하여 약품 투입량 및 송풍량을 계산하고 공정 자동제어가 가능하다. 엣지 컴퓨팅 수질모니터링 시스템을 생물반응조에 설치하고 유입단과 유출단의 NH3-N을 1시간마다 측정하여 계산된 송풍량을 GPS-X로 시뮬레이션하고 실제 수질 측정값과 비교 분석하였다. 생물반응조에 유입되는 NH3-N은 22.0-27.0 mg/L로 측정되었으며, 유출되는 NH3-N은 2.0-3.5 mg/L로 측정되었다. 유입되는 NH3-N 농도 변화에 따라 엣지 컴퓨팅 수질모니터링 시스템에서 계산된 송풍량은 65-70 Nm3/h였으며, 계산된 송풍량으로 공 정 시뮬레이션 한 결과 유출단 NH3-N 농도는 2.1-3.6 mg/L 범위로 실제 방류되는 암모니아 질소 농도와 2.8-5.0% 차이를 나타내었다. 실제 운영되는 송풍량은 76 Nm3/h으로 유입되는 NH3-N 농도에 따라 송풍량을 탄력적으로 운영 시 8-15% 절감이 가능한 것으 로 나타났다.
Yoon Yoonsun,Lee Hye Sun,Yang Juyeon,Gwack Jin,Kim Bryan Inho,Cha Jeong-ok,Min Kyung Hoon,Kim Yun-Kyung,Shim Jae Jeong,Lee Young Seok 대한의학회 2023 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.38 No.40
Background: Nonpharmacological interventions (NPIs) reduce the incidence of respiratory infections. After NPIs imposed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic ceased, respiratory infections gradually increased worldwide. However, few studies have been conducted on severe respiratory infections requiring hospitalization in pediatric patients. This study compares epidemiological changes in severe respiratory infections during pre-NPI, NPI, and post-NPI periods in order to evaluate the effect of that NPI on severe respiratory infections in children. Methods: We retrospectively studied data collected at 13 Korean sentinel sites from January 2018 to October 2022 that were lodged in the national Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARIs) surveillance database. Results: A total of 9,631 pediatric patients were admitted with SARIs during the pre-NPI period, 579 during the NPI period, and 1,580 during the post-NPI period. During the NPI period, the number of pediatric patients hospitalized with severe respiratory infections decreased dramatically, thus from 72.1 per 1,000 to 6.6 per 1,000. However, after NPIs ceased, the number increased to 22.8 per 1,000. During the post-NPI period, the positive test rate increased to the level noted before the pandemic. Conclusion: Strict NPIs including school and daycare center closures effectively reduced severe respiratory infections requiring hospitalization of children. However, childcare was severely compromised. To prepare for future respiratory infections, there is a need to develop a social consensus on NPIs that are appropriate for children.
Inhoe Ku,Gordon K. Lee,Saehoon Yoon,Eui Cheol Jeong 대한성형외과학회 2019 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.46 No.5
Background Various surgical management methods have been proposed for ischial sore reconstruction, yet it has the highest recurrence rate of all pressure ulcer types. A novel approach combining the advantages of a perforator-based fasciocutaneous flap and a muscle flap is expected to resolve the disadvantages of previously introduced surgical methods. Methods Fifteen patients with ischial pressure ulcers with chronic osteomyelitis or bursitis, who underwent reconstructive procedures with an inferior gluteal artery perforator (IGAP) fasciocutaneous flap and a split inferior gluteus maximus muscle flap from January 2011 to June 2016, were analyzed retrospectively. The split muscle flap was rotated to obliterate the deep ischial defect, managing the osteomyelitis or bursitis, and the IGAP fasciocutaneous flap was rotated or advanced to cover the superficial layer. The patients’ age, sex, presence of bursitis or osteomyelitis, surgical details, complications, follow-up period, and ischial sore recurrence were reviewed. Results All ischial pressure ulcers were successfully reconstructed without any flap loss. The mean duration of follow-up was 12.9 months (range, 3–35 months). Of 15 patients, one had a recurrent ulcer 10 months postoperatively, which was repaired by re-advancing the previously elevated fasciocutaneous flap. Conclusions The dual-flap procedure with an IGAP fasciocutaneous flap and split inferior gluteus maximus muscle flap for ischial pressure ulcer reconstruction is a useful method that combines the useful characteristics of perforator and muscle flaps, providing thick dual padding with sufficient vascularization while minimizing donor morbidity and vascular pedicle injury.
( Inho Kim ),( Youngil Koh ),( Sung Soo Yoon ),( Seonyang Park ),( Joon Ho Moon ),( Sang Kyun Sohn ),( June Won Cheong ),( Yoo Hong Min ),( Hyeon Gyu Yi ),( Chul Soo Kim ),( Sung Kyu Park ),( Dae Sik 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1
Background: Chemotherapy-refractory acute leukemia is only salvaged by allogeneic stem cell transplantation(ASCT). We intended to analyze clinical outcome of patients with acute leukemia who received ASCT in chemo-refractory state. With this analysis, we tried to find subset who could be salvaged by ASCT. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who received ASCT for chemo-refractory acute leukemia. We included patients who received ASCT while the disease was not in complete remission. Results: A total of 226 patients were analyzed. Disease included acute myeloid leukemia (AML, N=156), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL, N=52), and acute biphenotypic leukemia (ABL, N=18). Proportion of secondary leukemia was 15.9%. 41.6% of patients were primary chemo-refractory, while 58.4% of patients developed chemo-refractoriness after achievement of CR at least once. CR was achieved in 79.6% of patients by ASCT. CR rate seemed to be higher in AML (84%) compared to ALL (71%) or ABL (67%) (p=0.058). OS was significantly superior in patients with AML or ABL compared to ALL (p=0.020). Five-years OS rate was more than 20% in patients with AML or ABL, while 5-years OS rate was less than 5% in patients with ALL. Patients who received sibling ASCT had better survival outcome compared to unrelated ASCT or haploidentical ASCT (p<0.001). Primary chemo-refractoriness (p=0.284) and conditioning intensity (p=0.404) did not affect survival outcome. Karyotypic risk grouping had prognostic value in these patients with shorter OS observed in patients with poor risk group compared to standard or good risk group (p=0.006). Conclusions: Among acute leukemias, only AML and ABL are salvaged by ASCT when they are chemo-refractory. However, outcome of primary chemo-refractory disease is not inferior, hence ASCT should be considered in this disease. For ASCT in chemo-refractory acute leukemia, sibling ASCT has better outcome than unrelated ASCT.
Ku, Inhoe,Lee, Gordon K.,Yoon, Saehoon,Jeong, Euicheol Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2019 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.46 No.5
Background Various surgical management methods have been proposed for ischial sore reconstruction, yet it has the highest recurrence rate of all pressure ulcer types. A novel approach combining the advantages of a perforator-based fasciocutaneous flap and a muscle flap is expected to resolve the disadvantages of previously introduced surgical methods. Methods Fifteen patients with ischial pressure ulcers with chronic osteomyelitis or bursitis, who underwent reconstructive procedures with an inferior gluteal artery perforator (IGAP) fasciocutaneous flap and a split inferior gluteus maximus muscle flap from January 2011 to June 2016, were analyzed retrospectively. The split muscle flap was rotated to obliterate the deep ischial defect, managing the osteomyelitis or bursitis, and the IGAP fasciocutaneous flap was rotated or advanced to cover the superficial layer. The patients' age, sex, presence of bursitis or osteomyelitis, surgical details, complications, follow-up period, and ischial sore recurrence were reviewed. Results All ischial pressure ulcers were successfully reconstructed without any flap loss. The mean duration of follow-up was 12.9 months (range, 3-35 months). Of 15 patients, one had a recurrent ulcer 10 months postoperatively, which was repaired by re-advancing the previously elevated fasciocutaneous flap. Conclusions The dual-flap procedure with an IGAP fasciocutaneous flap and split inferior gluteus maximus muscle flap for ischial pressure ulcer reconstruction is a useful method that combines the useful characteristics of perforator and muscle flaps, providing thick dual padding with sufficient vascularization while minimizing donor morbidity and vascular pedicle injury.
Measuring economic sentiment using ordinary response options
Park, Inho,Kim, Tae Yoon The Korean Statistical Society 2017 Communications for statistical applications and me Vol.24 No.2
Economic sentiment is typically measured using ordinary response options. The University of Michigan and the United States Conference Board are two widely used major indexes that have separately established independent consumer sentiment indexes based on three-level ordinary response options: positive, neutral, and negative. Notwithstanding, limited attention has been paid to the structural differences in their built-in formulas, which are referred to the disparate micro scoring schemes applied to an individual question. This paper examines the structural difference of the two indexes and then addresses situations where one is more reliable than the other. Real data from business tendency surveys of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are used to illustrate our points empirically. As a conclusion, it is stressed that the two indexes should be handled with care when applied to economic sentiment comparison studies.
전자의무기록으로부터 진료경로 추출을 위한 연관규칙마이닝 접근 방법
배인호 ( Inho Bae ),김진상 ( Jin Sang Kim ),최상열,김윤년 ( Yoon Nyun Kim ) 한국정보처리학회 2005 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.12 No.1
본 논문에서는 임상의들의 진료데이터를 토대로 진료경로를 동적으로 생성하는 방법을 기술한다. 각 진료단계에서 추출된 규칙들을 토대로 진료경로를 생성하는데, 이를 위해 전자의무기록으로 구성된 임상 데이터를 기반으로 연관규칙마이닝을 이용하여 진료단계별 규칙을 추출하였다. 신뢰성 있는 진료경로의 추출이 이루어지면 의료 서비스의 질을 높이고, 병원 경영의 효율성 증대에 도움을 줄 수 있다.