특수교육 행·재정 지원 실태 분석

정희섭,한현민,김향지 국립특수교육원 2004 연구보고서 Vol.- No.6

본 연구는 1994년 특수교육진흥법의 전문 개정 및 그에 따른 통합교육의 확산 등과 같은 급격한 사회 환경의 변화에 부응하여, 특수교육의 교육여건을 획기적으로 개선하고 그 교육의 질을 제고할 수 있도록 '지원'함을 목적으로 하는 특수교육 행정서비스가 어떠한 방향으로 개선되어야 할 것인지, 그 대안을 모색하기 위한 연구다. 특수교육 행정은 특수교육에 대한 '지원체제'(support system)이자 그 질의 관리'를 위한' '지원서비스'(support service)라는 가정 하에, 현재의 특수교육 행정서비스가 어떤 점에서 개선이 요구되는지, 그에 대한 사항들을 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 향후 특수교육 행ㆍ재정 및 특수교육정책이 나아가야 갈 방향을 제안ㆍ제시하는데 목적이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 정책, 법률, 조직, 교육과정, 학사ㆍ학생, 장학, 인사, 재무, 시설, 사무, 평가 등을 비롯한 교육행정의 광범위한 분야 중에서 법률관리, 조직관리, 인사관리, 재무관리 등으로 범위를 제한하여 그 현황과 함께 행정행위의 실태를 조사하기로 방향을 정하였다. 이를 위해, 특수교육 관련 주요 법률과 그 규정에 대한 분석과 해석, 관계 문헌에 대한 이론적 고찰, 교원과 교육전문직을 참여자로 하고 웹(web)을 통하여 실시한 실태조사, 주요 기관ㆍ학교의 홈페이지 검색과 내용분석 등의 방법을 사용하였다. 특수교육 관련법률의 현황은 특수교육진흥법을 중심으로 하여 관련법률의 주요 규정들을 조사하였으며 법률 규정에 따른 특수교육의 전개 과정을 제시하였다. 이에 따라 교육행정기관 내의 특수교육 행정조직, 인사행정, 행정행위 등의 현황과 문제점을 분석하였으며, 특수교육 재정의 현황과 문제점은 그 확보ㆍ분배ㆍ운용 등을 중심으로 분석하였다. 이상과 같은 내용에 대한 문헌연구와 조사연구를 통하여 얻은 결과를 종합하며 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 특수교육 법규 및 행정의 경우, 첫째, 현행 특수교육진흥법은 시대의 흐름에 맞게 개정되어야 한다. 이는 그 구성체제, 조문의 내용 및 배열 등 대폭적인 개정이 필요하기에 부분 개정보다 '전문 개정'의 방향이 되어야 한다. 최근의 추세ㆍ동향의 반영보다 '현실적 적합성'이 최우선적으로 고려되어야 한다. 둘째, 특수교육은 중앙집권제에 따라 교육인적자원부(특수교육보건과)가 주도적인 역할을 하여야 한다. 이를 위해, 교육인적자원부의 직제 개편을 통하여, 현재 교육인적자원부 내 "특수교육보건과"의 위상이 제고되어야 한다. '특수교육정책과'로의 분리 또는 "특수교육정책심의관" 등으로의 승격 등과 함께 특수교육을 '전담'(專擔)하는 '전문'(exclusive & professional responsibility) 인력이 대폭 충원되어야 한다. 셋째, 국립특수교육원(KISE: Korean Institute 'for' Special Education)은 특수교육'연구'기관, 특수교육'행정'기관, 교원'연수'기관 등의 기능을 함께 수행하고 있기에, 그 성격이 명확하지 못하다. 그 정체성(identity) 재정립이 필요하다. '국립특수교육연구원(NIKOSE: National Institute 'of' Korean Special Education)으로의 개칭과 위상의 강화 또는 한국교육개발원(KEDI: Korean Educational Development Institute)이나 한국교육과정평가원(KICE: Korean Institute 'of' Curriculum and Evaluation)과 같이 국무총리실 산하 '인문사회연구원 소속기관'으로의 격상 등이 그 대안이 될 수 있다. 넷째, 시ㆍ도교육청과 지역교육청의 특수교육담당 장학관ㆍ장학사는 특수교육전담 장학관ㆍ장학사이어야 한다. 또한, 시ㆍ도교육청은 특수교육을 전담하는 기구를 신설하여야 한다. 지역 교육청은 특수교육지원센터의 설치와 그 운영에 필요한 전문ㆍ전담인력(예, 특수교육교사, 치료 교육교사, 전문상담교사, 물리치료사, 작업치료사, 언어치료사, 사회복지사 등)의 정원과 예산을 확보할 수 있는 방안을 모색하여야 한다. 이를 위해 국가와 지방자치단체는 적극 지원하여야 한다. 다섯째, 특수학교나 일반학교를 막론하고, 단위학교의 역량을 크게 강화하여야 한다. 특수학교의 교장ㆍ교감은 대학 또는 대학원에서 특수교육을 전공한 교장ㆍ교감을 임명하여야 한다. 특수학급이 설치되어 있는 유ㆍ초ㆍ중ㆍ고등학교는 가급적 일반교육 교장ㆍ교감자격과 특수교육 교장ㆍ교감자격을 함께 가지고 있는 교장ㆍ교감자격자를 임명하는 것이 바람직하다. 여섯째, 교육인적자원부장관, 시ㆍ도교육감, 교육장, 학교장 소속의 각종 위원회(즉, '특수교육 운영위원회'와 '특수교육 협의체,' '학교운영위원회'와 '개별화교육운영위원회')의 활성화에 필요한 현실성 있는 방안을 모색하여야 한다. 앞에서 언급한 바와 같이, '특수교육지원센터'의 설치 확대와 전문인력의 배치 등이 그 대안이 될 수 있다. 일곱째, '장애인이해교육'을 일반학생만을 대상으로 할 것이 아니라, 일반학생과 그 부모, 교 장ㆍ교감ㆍ교사 등 일반ㆍ특수교육 교원, 장학사·장학관 등 (특수)교육전문직, 지역사회 주민 등, 특수교육 및 (일반)교육의 교육 당사자 모두에게 실시하여야 한다. 일과성(一過性) 행사가 아닌, 지속성 있는 교육이 필요하다. 장애학생을 자녀로 둔 부모에 대한 교육과 훈련(parent education & training) 및 일반교육과 특수교육 가릴 것 없이 모든 교원과 교육전문직을 대상으로 그 교육적 역량을 강화(empowerment)시킬 수 있는 직원개발(staff development)이 이루어져야 한다. 특수교육 재정의 경우, 첫째, 특수교육재정의 확보를 위한 다각도의 지원이 있어야 한다. 특수 교육재정확보를 위해서는 교육재정 전반의 확충이 있어야 하는 것은 물론, 아울러 교육부 예산에서 책정되는 특수교육비의 안정적인 화보를 위해 당해 년도의 의무교육비의 일정 비율을 특수교육비로 하는 재원 확보 방안이 적극적으로 고려되어야 한다. 둘째, 특수교육재정의 분배 방식에 있어서 개혁이 필요하다. 특수교육재정의 분배 방식이 교육기회의 기본적 보장이라는 학급당 균등 배분 방식에서 벗어나 아동의 요구수준, 장애영역과 장애 정도에 따라 장애아동의 잠재력을 최대로 개발 할 수 있는 차원에서 분배 방식이 모색되어야 한다. 셋째, 우리나라 일선 교육기관에서의 특수교육재정 운용은 대체로 만족한 수준을 보이나 전반적 개선 사항이 요구되고 있다. 특수교육이 이루어지는 최일선 교육기관인 학교와 학급에서의 재정 운용 불만족이 다양하게 표출되고 있으며, 특히 국ㆍ공립학교보다는 사립학교에서 재정 운용에 대한 불만이 더 큰 것으로 나타나 이에 대한 효율성ㆍ책무성 제고가 있어야 한다. 요컨대, 이상과 같이 특수교육의 질적 개선과 그 관리를 위해서는, 교육인적자원부, 시ㆍ도교육청, 지역교육청, 단위학교, 교원과 교육전문직, 학생과 학부모 등 교육 공동체 당사자 모두가 상호 협력하고 지원하는 체제의 마련이 시급하다. 이와 같이 특수교육 분야는 향후 해결하여야 하는 많은 과제를 안고 있다. 이러한 사항들을 특수교육행정과 후속연구를 위한 제언으로 제시 하였다. The present study is an attempt to find solutions to a variety of problems recently occurring in administrational services for special education due to Special Education Promotion Law revised in 1994, the lasting expansion of integrated education, and the rapid changes in social environments. Specifically, assuming that special educational administration should be the support system and service, the purposes of the study are to investigate the present conditions of the existing special educational administration, to analyze its problems, and finally to suggest and/or present the directions toward improvement of special education policies, including administrational and financial policies in the future. The study limited its scope only to include the management of laws and regulations, organizations, personnel, and finance, though educational administration includes policies, laws, organization, curriculum, students and school affairs, supervision, personnels, finance, facilities and equipments, office affairs, and evaluation. Then, the study examined the contents of the above areas and investigated the actual situations of the administrational activities. The methodologies used in the study included the analytic and interpretative approach to special education laws and its articles, the theoretical discussion on related literature, the Web-based survey to teachers and educational staffs, the search and analysis of homepages of major related institutes and schools, and so on. The investigations of the status of special education-related laws was primarily done through regulations analysis of the Special Education Promotion law of 1997 (including Presidential Decrees and Enforcement Decrees of the Minister) and resulted in Korean special educational procedures regulated by the laws. Then, the present status-quo of administrational organizations, personnel administration, and administrational activities for the more efficient special education within the educational administrational institutes and the educational institutes and their problems were analyzed based on the legal regulations related to special education. In the study, the educational administrational institutes include the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development (MOE), Metropolitan ("Si") Office of Education (SOE), Provincial("Do") Office of Education (POE), and District Office of Education (DOE). And the educational institutes refers to special schools and special dasses. The analysis on the present condition and its problems of special educational finance focused on the guaranteeing, distributing and practically using of its finances. The conclusions drawn from the results obtained through literature review and survey on the above contents are as follows. First, the Special Education Promotion Law (SELF) of 1997 must be revised with the change of the times. Because the drastic changes such as the organizing system, the contents of many articles and their arrangement, and so on are required, the direction for revision must be all-out revising of full articles, not revising some articles. Above of all, the revision of articles in the law must give priorities to the relevance with actual educational conditions in Korea as well as recent trends in special education field. Second, the Special Education and School Health Division of the MOE must strongly promote special education policies and related administration affairs. To accomplish these tasks, the status of th Division in the MOE must be lifted. The alternatives indude the new establishment of the Special Education Policy Division through the separation of the Division's affairs and the its upgrade into "Special Education Policy Officer." Also, the more "Educational Specialists" and "Educational Researchers" should be recruited and be imposed the professional and exclusive responsibility to planning special educational policies. Third, the identity of the Korea Institute for Special Education (KISE) must be reestablished through changing of its present name into, for example, the National Institute of Korean Special Education (NIKOSE). In another hands, the Korea Research Council for Humanities and Social Sciences (KRCHS) under the Office of the Prime Minister needs to incorporate KISE, together with the existing affiliated organizations, that is Korean Educational Development Institute (KEDI) and Korean Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE). Fourth, superviser-in general and superviser who has majored in special education should be in charge of special education in SOE, POE, and DOS. Also, SOE and POE must have a new organization that takes charge of special education exclusively and professionally. DOE should found and administer actively "Special Education Support Center" in addition to place in the center various and professional service providers (for example, the therapeutic and the special education teacher, the teacher majors in counseling, the physical and the occupational therapist, the speech-language therapist, the social worker, and so on) necessary to administer the center substantially and efficiently. The central, metropolitan and provincial, and local government should provide financial assistances necessary to administer the center and provide various services. Fifth, in the school level, all schools across the country need to make efforts for developing their capacity to effectively teach all students including children with disabilities and special educational needs. Thus, it is most desirable that individual who has graduated the department of special education in the universities and/or majored in special education in graduate school (of education) as well as has met the criteria of certification for principal is nominated as the principal of the school with special class as possible and of the special school, in particular. Sixth, the plan with practical effect on activating all kinds of committees under the Deputy Prime Minister of MOE, the superintendent, and the school principal, say, the Committee on Special Education, the School Steering Committee, and the Committee on Individualized Education should presented. As mentioned above, to activate "Special Education Support Center" can be an alternative. Seventh, the education for general students to understand disabilities and peers with disabilities needs to expand the scope of the target population to their parents, the principals and teachers of schools, especially of general schools and the supervisers of the DOE, further to all members of the community. This education should be administered continuously, not temporary events. For the parents and families with children with disabilities, parent education and training need to be implemented, too. In addition, the various and practical sorts of staff development program needs to be developed and to be administered to empowerment all teachers and educational staffs. Eighth, many-sided supports must be given to secure finance of special education. There is no doubt that the overall expansion of educational finance will need in order to secure finance of special education. In addition the resources security plan which is given special education expenses an invariable ratio in compulsory education of the year must actively be considered to stably secure special education expenses appropriated in budget of the Ministry of Education. Ninth, the reformation needs in the sharing form of special education finance. The sharing form of special education finance must get out of the equal sharing form per class that is the basic security of education opportunity and must be searched for developing the latent ability of the disabled students at their maximum according to the extent of impediment and the level of the need of the students. Finally, the financial operation of special education is generally satisfactory level in the first-line educational institutions of the nation but, the general matters for improvement is required. Dissatisfaction of financial operation is expressed diversely in schools and classes which are the first-line educational institutions for special education. Especially the private schools are more dissatisfied with financial operation than the national schools and the public schools. Based on this, the efficiency and responsibility must be promoted. In sum, to improve and to efficiently manage the quality of special education in Korea, it is most important that the educational community itself, including the MOE, SOE and POE, DOE, school, teachers and educational staffs, students and their parents, should be systemized to cooperate and support each other. As such, the present special education confronts a number of problems and tasks that should be solved in the future. The implications for improving special educational administration & finance practices and for further studies were presented, too.

FLUENT를 이용한 천음속 터빈익렬 유동장의 수치 시뮬레이션

정향남,정희택 경상대학교 생산기술연구소 2003 工學硏究院論文集 Vol.19 No.-

Numerical simulation of viscous compressible flow in turbomachinery cascade involves many problems due to the complex geometry of blade and flow phenomena. In the present study, numerical investigations have been performed to examine the transonic flow characteristics inside the turbine cascades. Commercial code? FLUENT was used to solve the compressible Navier-Stokes equations with the standard k- ε turbulence model. Multi-block H-type grids were applied to the high-turning transonic turbine rotor blades. Numerical results of three-dimensional analysis on the mid span have been compared with the experimental data and the numerical results of two-dimensional analysis. In addition, the three dimensional flow characteristics near the endwall have been analyzed to show the feasibility of the present flow solver as the numerical simulator.

프로농구 경기시설이 농구팬의 재관람에 미치는 영향

정병렬,황향희 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.2

The purpose of this study is to know if there are any differences between satisfactions about professional basketball league facilities and circumstances, and to analyze influences which facilities and circumstances make on a revisit intention. Examples of this study are spectators who purchased Korean men's professional basketball regular league tickets in 2003. Examples are 600 people and they are collected from Nov. 22, 2003 to Dec. 3, 2003 and first examples were 630 but incongruities were excepted. A One-Way ANOVA was conducted to know spectators' satisfaction differences followed by social demographic features and we got following results through the Multiple Regression Analysis to know effects which the satisfaction influences upon the revisit rate. First, there were differences on professional basketball pans' satisfactions about facilities and circumstances. In all factors but a 'stadium outline' factor. there appeared differences between other types of pans. One type of pans which supports a basketball team strongly showed higher satisfactions about facilities and circumstances than the other type of pans. Second, in professional basketball pans' satisfaction factors about facilities and circumstances, it was showed that the access to the stadium and event factors in the stadium influence affirmatively upon the revisit intention.

익렬유동의 수치해석에서의 복합 정렬-비정렬 격자계의 적용 연구

정향남,정희택 慶尙大學校 經營行政大學院 2004 工學硏究院論文集 Vol.20 No.-

Numerical simulation has been performed to examine the effects of the computational grids on the prediction of the flow characteristics inside the transonic turbine cascades. Three kinds of computational grids are applied to the high-turning transonic turbine rotor blades and are compared in the sense of stability and accuracy. In addition, the grid adaptation has been tried in order to improve the prediction of the blade performance.

사상체질별 스트레스인지와 대처방법

유정희,이향련,이의주 성인간호학회 2003 성인간호학회지 Vol.15 No.2

This study was founded to identify perception and ways of coping with stress according to classification of Sasangin(4 constitutions). Method: The subjects were 258 regular students who majored in oriental medicine in Jechon and Seoul. Data was collected by 3 types of questionnaires for 3 months: Perceived stress. ways of coping Questionnaires of Sasang Constitution classification9QSCCⅡ). Data analysis was conducted by SPSS vwesion 10. Result: 1) Difference of perceived stress in Sasangin: Perceived stress by the Sasangin indicated that Soenmin perceived more stress that Soyangin and Taeumin(P=.013). 2) Different method in coping with stress of Sasangin: It was found that Soeumin didn’t make use of emotional coping way according to the analysis(P=.040). 3) Relationship between way of coping for stress an perceived stress in Sasangin: It was shown that as Soeumin Perceived stress so higher than Sasangin and Taeumin,they tended to use the solving problem-method therefore I was shown to have a negative correlation(P=.044). Conclusion: In conclusion. it was found that there were difference of Sasangin in perceived stress and ways to cope with it. The dose relationship between the perception and coping method of stress was found.

의복행동에 관한 이론적 고찰(Ⅰ) : 의복의 동조성, 유행, 개성, 흥미성, 실용성, 심미성 중심으로 Conformity, Fashionability, Individuality, Interest, Practicality, and Aesthetics

박광희,정인향,최선영,한정숙 啓明大學校 生活科學硏究所 1998 科學論集 Vol.24 No.-

This is the first of two papers in which we review clothing behavior literature found in the field of clothing and textiles. Articles dealt with at least one of six aspects of clothing behavior (conformity, fashionablity, individuality, interest, practicality, and aesthetics) were analyzed 1) to generate each composite definitions of conformity, fashiooablity, individuality, interest, practicality, and aesthetics, 2) to examine scales used from the perspective validity and reliability, and 3) to investigate the results of studies for exploring the possibility of developing new measurements of clothing behavior.

상악 중절치부위의 과잉치에 대한 증례보고

박희승,정향숙,김용기,정희민 大韓小兒齒科學會 1990 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.17 No.2

The term “Mesiodens” refers to a supernumerary tooth that is present in the midline of the anterior maxilla. Supernumerary tooth results from aberrations in the initiation or proliferation period of dental developmental stage. The crown often has a conical shape, and its familial incidence has been reported in several instances. The author has observed 71 cases of supernumerary tooth occured at premaxilla between central incisors. Among the total tooth number of 86,70 were impacted, and 16 were erupted. In most cases(96.5%), supernumerary tooth located on the palatal side of adjacent teeth. Surgical and/or orthodontic treatment were performed in 53 cases, 21 cases, were left untreated for delayed surgical intervention.

VOD 서비스를 위한 액세스 정책의 성능 비교

전용희,박정숙,전향희 대구효성가톨릭대학교 응용과학연구소 1998 응용과학연구논문집 Vol.6 No.2

In a VOD(Video-On-Demand) system, video data are generally stored on magnetic disk array system. In order to provide the real-time requirements for the data retrieval, video streams must be delivered continuously to the clients such that the delivery of continuous media can be guaranteed in a timely fashion. Video information is generally encoded as a VBR(Variable Bit Rae) stream based on the relevant MPEG standards. To access the VBR data in a VOD system, we may have two approaches: CTL(Constant Time Length) and CDL(Constant Data Length) access policies. In this paper, we examined and compared the performance of CDL and CTL data access policy is a little better than CDL policy in term of the maximum allowable video streams. However, it is believed that further studies ae required to design an efficient data access policy to be used under a real VOD environment.

무우자갈버섯(Hebeloma crustulineforme)을 위시한 한국산 담자균류 46종의 용혈활성 검색

양희정,정수현,김진향,정경수 충남대학교 약학대학 의약품개발연구소 1997 藥學論文集 Vol.13 No.-

To elucidate the hemolytic toxicities of Korean basidiomycetes, the cold-water extracts of 46 wild mushrooms were tested for hemolytic activity on mouse erythrocytes. Twelve species including Amanita esculenta, A. griseofarinosa, A. longistriata, A. melleicepe, A. phalloides, A. rubescence, A. spissacea, A. vaginata, Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Lepiota cygnea, Macrolepiota procera, and Oudemansiella platyphylla showed strong hemolytic activities. Of these, A. griseofarinosa and H. crustuliniforme showed no decrease in their hemolytic activity even after five minutes' boiling.

환경미화원의 작업별 근골격계질환 자각증상 특성과 상지의 인간공학적 평가

명준포,이향기,김형렬,정혜선,정은희,남 웅,구정완 大韓産業醫學會 2008 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.20 No.2

목적: 본 연구는 서울 및 경기 일부 지역의 환경미화원 을 대상으로 신체부위별 근골격계 질환의 증상 호소율을 파악한 후 작업의 차이에 따른 증상호소의 차이를 확인하고,원인 작업을 평가하여 근골격계질환의 관련요인을 찾고자 한다. 방법: 서울 및 경기 일부 지역에 소재하는 환경미화업체 근로자 중 대상자 543명을 대상으로 분석을 시행하였다. 근골격계 질환의 증상호소율은 NIOSH의 근골격계 질환의 자각증상에 대한 기준을 사용하였다. 환경미화원의 작업에 대한 인간공학적인 평가는 RULA. REBA를 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 환경미화원의 72.2%가 근골격계질환의 자각증상 및 통증이 있다고 답하였다. 전체 대상자 중에서 상지의 경우 39.6%,허리는 30.0%, 다리는 27.4%가 경도 이상의 통증을 호소하였다. 거리환경미화원의 자각증상 기준별 양성자 비율이 지역환경미화원보다 허리의 '증상 기준 3’를 제외한 모든 영역에서 높게 나타났다. 그리고 거리환경미화원이 상지의‘증상기준 1’,하지의‘증상기준 2∼3’의 영역에서 지역환경미화원보다 통계적으로 유의하게 (p<0.05) 높은 비율을 나타냈다. NIOSH 기준 1∼3에 양성자로 해당하는 군을 종속변수로 작업 이외에 근골격제 질환에 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단되는 인자의 영향을 확인하고자 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 연령이 증가할수록‘증상기준 1’에 대하여 1.018배(95% CI: O.993∼1.046) 근골격계질환의 자각 증상이 증가하였던 것으로 확인되었다. 10시간 이상 작업 할 경우‘증상기준 1’과 ‘증상기준 2’를 모두 만족시키는 경우가 2.165(95% CI: 1.156∼4.1311,2.187배(95% CI: 1.071∼4.65l) 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 지역환경미화원의 RULA,RULA 접수 중 상지의 subtotal A 접수, REBA,REBA 접수 중 상지 total A 점수는 모두 거리환경미화원의 점수에 비해 높게 나타났다. 결론: 거리환경미화원이 지역환경미화원에 비하여 인간 공학적인 평가점수가 낮음에도,거리환경미화원이 상대적으로 높은 반복 작업의 빈도와 10시간 이상 작업 등에 의해 상지에 대한 근골격계 질환의 자각증상 호소한다고 판단된다. 환경미화원의 근골격계질환에 대한 다양한 대책 들이 필요하다. Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate musculo-skeletal symtoms of municipal sanitation workers and to evaluate working conditions of municipal sanitation workers to search for the factors related to musculo-skeletal symptoms. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The study subjects were comprised of 543 municipal sanitation workers in some divisions of Seoul and the Gyeonggi province. Musculo-skeletal analysis was done by using the modified criteria of NIOSH musuclo-skeletal symptoms, RULA and, REBA. Statistical analysis was done by using the chi-square test, multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: 72.2% of the subjects complained musculo-skeletal symptoms (39.6% on the upperlimbs, 30.0% on the lumbar region, 27.4% on the legs). For the musculo-skeletal symptoms criteria (1∼3), street cleaners complained of more musculo-skeletal symptoms than the solid waste collectors, after classifying the jobs of sanitation workers. On logistic regression analysis of the musculo-skeletal "symptoms criterial" positive groups, age was related to the criteria positive (Prevalence odds ratio=1.018, 95% CI: 0.993-1.046). The worktime was significantly related to 'criteria positive 1 and, 2' (Prevalence odds ratio=2.165 (95% CI: 1.156-4.131), 2.187 times (95% CI: 1.071-4.651)). The RULA score, the subtotal A score of RULA, the REBA score and , the total AREBA score of the upperlimbs of solid waste collectors were higher than those of the street cleaners. Conclusions: In spite of the lower ergonomic evaluation score of the street cleaner, the street cleaners complained of more musculo-skeletal symptoms than did the solid waste collectors due to more frequent repetitive motions, a longer work time (over 10 hours) etc. It is suggested that the sanitation workers need to use the proper methods to avoid musculo-skeletal disease.