오스트리아의 헌법발전(1804-1867)

Hartung, Fritz 동아대학교 법학연구소 1996 東亞法學 Vol.- No.20

다음은 F.Hartung, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte vom 15. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwant, Stuttgart. K. F. Kohler Verlag 1969. S. 218-236의 한국어 번역이다. 이 책은 독일 헌법사의 표준적인 교과서로서 정평이 나 있으며 역자는 이 책의 일부(S.1-33)를 이미 『동아법학』 제 6호 1988년, 559-613면에 소개한 일이 있기 때문에 여기서는 중복을 피한다. 오스트리아 헌법사에 관하여는 국내에 거의 알려진 것이 없을 뿐만 아니라 그동안 준비했던 번역의 일단을 여기에 정리해 두는 의미에서 발표하는 것이다.

Making validated alternative methods available for European Legislation the role and contribution of ECVAM

( Thomas Hartung ) 한국동물실험대체법학회 2007 한국동물실험대체법학회 학술대회집 Vol.2007 No.1

ECVAM was created in 1991further to Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes which prescribes to use alternative methods whenever possible. As a service of the EU Joint Research Centre, ECVAM has pioneered the validation process and became a proactive facilitator for effective animal protection, especially in the field of regulatory toxicology. The field of alternatives in Europe is currently driven by the expectations from both cosmetics and chemicals policies: The 7th amendment to the Cosmetics Directive published in 2003 foresees to phase out animal experiments completely within 10 years. A timetable for the phasing out of the individual animal tests published by the European Commission in September 2004 had been supported by a taskforce of stakeholders chaired by ECVAM. The legislation is reinforced by an immediate testing ban for finished products and for all the human health effects, for which alternative methods have been validated by ECVAM. Furthermore, a testing ban and a marketing ban, which cannot be postponed, apply in 6 years for topical and acute systemic toxicity, while the animal tests for all the other human health effects should be phased out in 10 years with a possible postponement by codecision procedure. The legislation for chemicals (REACH) is only emerging. It foresees data requirements for more than 30.000 substances produced at levels above 1 ton per year. Extensive in vivo data requirements are expected for a core of about 6.000 substances with highest production and concern. Alternative methods shall first be considered throughout the testing and be predominantly used for the largest group of chemicals, namely those produced between 1-10 tons per year. A Commission proposal as to the legislation has been handed to the European Parliament and Council, and is currently under consultation. ECVAM has restructured its services directly targeting the animal tests to be replaced by in vitro and in silico approaches. Given the short time-lines to make available and implement validated methods, ECVAM is offering to steer the process of making validated alternatives available by bundling the inputs of stakeholders and by involving regulators in the process at an early stage. Steering groups composed of ECVAM`s senior staff and complemented by external experts carry out the project management, which co-ordinates the various inputs. At this moment, 170 tests are under validation, 37 of them in late stages of ring trials. The collaboration with various stakeholders has also been reinforced. ECVAM is promoting the concept of an evidence-based toxicology, which aims to quality control toxicological tests in a structured manner. A series of activities including the initiation ofand participation in research projects involving 300 partners and more than 80 million € of funding have put the tailored development and validation of alternative methods on a new scale. The activities of ECVAM are embedded in the European Commission Action Plan for Animal Welfare published in January 2006. Furthermore, the EU is currently revising their animal welfare directive. The ECVAM activities are also closely linked to the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), which was initiated at the 2005 Conference "Europe goes alternative".

“Homo Viator - Migration and the Value of Human Life”

Wolfgang Hartung 서강대학교 생명문화연구소 2013 생명연구 Vol.28 No.-

獨逸憲法史 序說

프리츠 하르퉁(Fritz Hartung),金孝全(번역자) 동아대학교 법학연구소 1988 東亞法學 Vol.- No.6

오스트리아의 헌법발전(1804-1867)

프리츠 하르퉁(Fritz Hartung),金孝全(번역자) 동아대학교 법학연구소 1996 東亞法學 Vol.- No.20

獨逸憲法史 序設

하르퉁, 프리츠 동아대학교 법학연구소 1988 東亞法學 Vol.- No.6

Plant genome editing in the European Union—to be or not to be—a GMO

Thorben Sprink,Janina Metje,Joachim Schiemann,Frank Hartung 한국식물생명공학회 2016 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.10 No.6

New plant-breeding techniques have been boosting plant breeding, since only a few years but already first promising products are pushing to the market. In contrast to this, in many countries, the current Directives regulating genetically modified organisms have been established more than 25 years ago, especially in the European Union being based on clear differentiation between transgenic plants and conventional breeding. Therefore, the question arises if these Directives are suitable to face the new challenge of genetic engineering or if there is a need for updated regulations.

The Endophyte Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens Reduces Symptoms Caused by Xylella fastidiosa in Catharanthus roseus

Lacava, Paulo Teixeira,Li, Wenbin,Araujo, Welington Luiz,Azevedo, Joao Lucio,Hartung, John Stephen The Microbiological Society of Korea 2007 The journal of microbiology Vol.45 No.5

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is a disease of the sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.)], which is caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, a phytopathogenic bacterium that has been shown to infect all sweet orange cultivars. Sweet orange trees have been occasionally observed to be infected by Xylella fastidiosa without evidencing severe disease symptoms, whereas other trees in the same grove may exhibit severe disease symptoms. The principal endophytic bacterial species isolated from such CVC-asymptomatic citrus plants is Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens. The Madagascar periwinkle [Citrus sinensis (L.)] is a model plant which has been used to study X. fastidiosa in greenhouse environments. In order to characterize the interactions of X. fastidiosa and C. flaccumfaciens, periwinkle plants were inoculated separately with C. flaccumfaciens, X. fastidiosa, and both bacteria together. The number of flowers produced by the plants, the heights of the plants, and the exhibited disease symptoms were evaluated. PCR-primers for C. flaccumfaciens were designed in order to verify the presence of this endophytic bacterium in plant tissue, and to complement an existing assay for X. fastidiosa. These primers were capable of detecting C. flaccumfaciens in the periwinkle in the presence of X. fastidiosa. X. fastidiosa induced stunting and reduced the number of flowers produced by the periwinkle. When C. flaccumfaciens was inoculated together with X. fastidiosa, no stunting was observed. The number of flowers produced by our doubly- inoculated plants was an intermediate between the number produced by the plants inoculated with either of the bacteria separately. Our data indicate that C. flaccumfaciens interacted with X. fastidiosa in C. roseus, and reduced the severity of the disease symptoms induced by X. fastidiosa. Periwinkle is considered to be an excellent experimental system by which the interaction of C. flaccumfaciens and other endophytic bacteria with X. fastidiosa can be studied.

Visual Motion and the Perception of Surface Material

Doerschner, Katja,Fleming, Roland ,W.,Yilmaz, Ozgur,Schrater, Paul ,R.,Hartung, Bruce,Kersten, Daniel Elsevier 2011 Current biology Vol.21 No.23

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Many critical perceptual judgments, from telling whether fruit is ripe to determining whether the ground is slippery, involve estimating the material properties of surfaces. Very little is known about how the brain recognizes materials, even though the problem is likely as important for survival as navigating or recognizing objects. Though previous research has focused nearly exclusively on the properties of static images [<ce:cross-refs refid='bib1 bib2 bib3 bib4 bib5 bib6 bib7 bib8 bib9 bib10 bib11 bib12 bib13 bib14 bib15 bib16'>1–16</ce:cross-refs>], recent evidence suggests that motion may affect the appearance of surface material [<ce:cross-refs refid='bib17 bib18 bib19'>17–19</ce:cross-refs>]. However, what kind of information motion conveys and how this information may be used by the brain is still unknown. Here, we identify three motion cues that the brain could rely on to distinguish between matte and shiny surfaces. We show that these motion measurements can override static cues, leading to dramatic changes in perceived material depending on the image motion characteristics. A classifier algorithm based on these cues correctly predicts both successes and some striking failures of human material perception. Together these results reveal a previously unknown use for optic flow in the perception of surface material properties.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Image motion determines surface material appearance ► Optic flow characteristics predict surface material illusions</P>

Hsp70 and HSF-1 expression is altered in the tissues of pigs transported for various periods of times

Miao Zhang,Zhenhua Yue,Zhijun Liu,Ali Islam,Buriro Rehana,Shu Tang,Jörg Hartung,Endong Bao 대한수의학회 2012 JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE Vol.13 No.3

The aim of this study was to assess changes of Hsp70 and HSF-1 protein and mRNA expression in stress-sensitive organs of pigs during transportation for various periods of time. Twenty pigs were randomly divided into four groups (0 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h of transportation). A significant increased activity of AST and CK was observed after 1 h and 2 h of transportation. Histopathological changes in the heart, liver, and stomach indicated that these organs sustained different degrees of injury. Hsp70 protein expression in the heart and liver of transported pigs did not change significantly while it increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the stomach. Hsp70 mRNA levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the heart after 4 h of transportation. However, mRNA expression increased significantly in the liver after 1 (p < 0.05) and 4 h (p < 0.01) of transportation, and increased significantly in the stomach of the transported pigs after 1, 4 (p < 0.01), and 2 h (p < 0.05). HSF-1 levels were reduced at 1 and 4 h (p < 0.05) only in the hearts of transported pigs. These results indicate that Hsp70 mediates distinct stress-related functions in different tissues during transportation.