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- 저자 : ( Thomas Hartung ) (검색결과 2 건)
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( Thomas Hartung ) 한국동물실험대체법학회 2007 한국동물실험대체법학회 학술대회집 Vol.2007 No.1
ECVAM was created in 1991further to Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes which prescribes to use alternative methods whenever possible. As a service of the EU Joint Research Centre, ECVAM has pioneered the validation process and became a proactive facilitator for effective animal protection, especially in the field of regulatory toxicology. The field of alternatives in Europe is currently driven by the expectations from both cosmetics and chemicals policies: The 7th amendment to the Cosmetics Directive published in 2003 foresees to phase out animal experiments completely within 10 years. A timetable for the phasing out of the individual animal tests published by the European Commission in September 2004 had been supported by a taskforce of stakeholders chaired by ECVAM. The legislation is reinforced by an immediate testing ban for finished products and for all the human health effects, for which alternative methods have been validated by ECVAM. Furthermore, a testing ban and a marketing ban, which cannot be postponed, apply in 6 years for topical and acute systemic toxicity, while the animal tests for all the other human health effects should be phased out in 10 years with a possible postponement by codecision procedure. The legislation for chemicals (REACH) is only emerging. It foresees data requirements for more than 30.000 substances produced at levels above 1 ton per year. Extensive in vivo data requirements are expected for a core of about 6.000 substances with highest production and concern. Alternative methods shall first be considered throughout the testing and be predominantly used for the largest group of chemicals, namely those produced between 1-10 tons per year. A Commission proposal as to the legislation has been handed to the European Parliament and Council, and is currently under consultation. ECVAM has restructured its services directly targeting the animal tests to be replaced by in vitro and in silico approaches. Given the short time-lines to make available and implement validated methods, ECVAM is offering to steer the process of making validated alternatives available by bundling the inputs of stakeholders and by involving regulators in the process at an early stage. Steering groups composed of ECVAM`s senior staff and complemented by external experts carry out the project management, which co-ordinates the various inputs. At this moment, 170 tests are under validation, 37 of them in late stages of ring trials. The collaboration with various stakeholders has also been reinforced. ECVAM is promoting the concept of an evidence-based toxicology, which aims to quality control toxicological tests in a structured manner. A series of activities including the initiation ofand participation in research projects involving 300 partners and more than 80 million € of funding have put the tailored development and validation of alternative methods on a new scale. The activities of ECVAM are embedded in the European Commission Action Plan for Animal Welfare published in January 2006. Furthermore, the EU is currently revising their animal welfare directive. The ECVAM activities are also closely linked to the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), which was initiated at the 2005 Conference "Europe goes alternative".
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Kim, Han Geun,Gim, Min Geun,Kim, Joo Yun,Jin Hwang, Hyun,Ham, Min Seok,Lee, Jung Min,Hartung, Thomas,Park, Jung Woo,Han, Seung Hyun,Chung, Dae Kyun Oxford University Press 2007 FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Vol.49 No.2
<P>In this study, the stimulatory effects of different lactic acid bacteria strains, and their subcellular fractions, on the THP-1 cell line were evaluated. Lactobacillus plantarum was found in particular to induce high levels of IL-23p19 mRNA, but it moderately induced TNF-alpha production. IL-10 production was not entirely affected by L. plantarum stimulation. When subcellular fractions of L. plantarum were used to treat THP-1 cells, IL-23p19 mRNA expression was enhanced in a dose-responsive manner, specifically by lipoteichoic acid (LTA). The cotreatment of THP-1 cells by both L. plantarum and Staphylococcus aureus LTA resulted in decreased IL-10 production when compared with cells treated by S. aureus LTA alone. Taken together, these data suggest that LTA isolated from L. plantarum elicits stimulatory effects upon the expression of IL-23p19 and inhibitory effects on pathogen-mediated IL-10 production.</P>
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