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Enzymatic Synthesis of Theanine with L-glutamine-Zn(II) Complexes
Hao-Qi Wang,Zhong Yao,Zhi Zhou,Yun Sun,Ping Wei,Ping-Kai Ouyang 한국생물공학회 2012 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.17 No.6
Theanine, a unique amino acid found in tea plants, has many important physiological functions. Theanine can be enzymatically synthesized via the γ-glutamyltranspeptidation reaction. In this study, we described a new method of theanine synthesis using the L-glutamine-Zn(II)(Zn(Gln)2) complex instead of glutamine as the donor,which successfully reduced the side autotranspeptidation reaction and led to higher yield of theanine. We prepared the Zn(Gln)2 complexes and showed that they are stable in liquid bulk under 9.0 pH. After using the Zn(Gln)2 in the γ-glutamyltranspeptidation reaction, we utilized HPLC and Mass spectrometry analysis to demonstrated that Zn(Gln)2was an more effective γ-glutamyl donor than glutamine. The autotranspeptidation reaction was restrained effectively. As a result, the theanine yield and the conversion rate for glutamine were vastly improved. In a reaction mixture containing 48 mM of Zn(Gln)2, 1.6 M ethylamine, and 0.5 U/mL GGT, the final concentration of theanine obtained was 61.3 mM after incubation at 37oC for three hours. The conversion rate for glutamine was 63.8%, which showed a 16.9% increase as compared to when using glutamine alone as the donor substrate.
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Hao Wang,Qi Zong,Haibo Wang 대한토목학회 2024 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.28 No.4
To investigate the protective effect of glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) pipes on cement mortar, dynamic splitting tests were carried out on cement mortar and GFRP-mortar pipe specimens by using a 74 mm diameter Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test device combined with a high-speed video camera device to obtain the crack expansion process and rupture and fragmentation morphology of the specimens. The results show that the tensile strength of cement mortar rings is lower and that the stress?strain curve is single-peaked. Compared with cement mortar rings, the tensile strength of GFRP-mortar ring specimens increases significantly, and the stress-strain curve is bimodal. For 0.5 MPa air pressure and wall thicknesses of 0, 2, 3, and 4 mm, the hollow rate of the 0.187 specimen peak stress is 3.21, 1.02, 1.05, and 1.26 times that of the 0.292 specimen. For 0.5 MPa air pressure and a hollow rate of 0.187, the wall thickness of the 2, 3, and 4 mm specimen peak stress is 1.06, 1.31, and 1.69 times that of the 0 mm specimen. The increase in the wall thickness, the decrease in the hollow rate and the increase in the strain rate make the dynamic tensile strength of the specimens increase. The dynamic modulus of elasticity of the GFRP-mortar pipe specimens was lower than that of the mortar specimens, and the increase in strain rate and the thickness of the GFRP pipe wall resulted in an increase in the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the specimens. The cement mortar specimen under impact load was split and tensile damage occurred; the GFRP-mortar specimen suffered tensile damage at the two ends of the applied force, and the upper and lower ends were crushed. With the increase in the strain rate, the GFRP-mortar specimens transitioned from cracks to the formation of “V” area damage, and the specimen crushing degree increased, but the existence of GFRP pipe can have a protective effect on the mortar, reducing the degree of specimen rupture and crushing. The increase in the hollow ratio reduces the ability of the specimen to resist the external load, and the degree of specimen rupture and fragmentation increases.
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Qi’ang Wang,Zhi-Jun Liu,Hao-Bo Wang,Zhanguo Ma,Yi-Qing Ni,Jian Jiang,Rui Sun,Hao-Wei Zhu 국제구조공학회 2023 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.32 No.4
Data modelling and interpretation for structural health monitoring (SHM) field data are critical for evaluating structural performance and quantifying the vulnerability of infrastructure systems. In order to improve the data modelling accuracy, and extend the application range from data regression analysis to out-of-sample forecasting analysis, an improved most likely heteroscedastic Gaussian process (iMLHGP) methodology is proposed in this study by the incorporation of the outof- sample forecasting algorithm. The proposed iMLHGP method overcomes this limitation of constant variance of Gaussian process (GP), and can be used for estimating non-stationary typhoon-induced response statistics with high volatility. The first attempt at performing data regression and forecasting analysis on structural responses using the proposed iMLHGP method has been presented by applying it to real-world filed SHM data from an instrumented cable-stay bridge during typhoon events. Uncertainty quantification and correlation analysis were also carried out to investigate the influence of typhoons on bridge strain data. Results show that the iMLHGP method has high accuracy in both regression and out-of-sample forecasting. The iMLHGP framework takes both data heteroscedasticity and accurate analytical processing of noise variance (replace with a point estimation on the most likely value) into account to avoid the intensive computational effort. According to uncertainty quantification and correlation analysis results, the uncertainties of strain measurements are affected by both traffic and wind speed. The overall change of bridge strain is affected by temperature, and the local fluctuation is greatly affected by wind speed in typhoon conditions.
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Xiaocui Wang,Haijun Zhang,Hao Wang,Jing Wang,Shugeng Wu,Guanghai Qi 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.3
Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protein sources (soybean meal, SBM; low-gossypol cottonseed meal, LCSM; double-zero rapeseed meal, DRM) on laying performance, egg quality, and plasma parameters of laying hens. Methods: A total of 432 32-wk-old laying hens were randomly divided into 6 treatments with 6 replicates of 12 birds each. The birds were fed diets containing SBM, LCSM100, or DRM100 individually or in combination with an equal amount of crude protein (CP) (LCSM50, DRM50, and LCSM50-DRM50). The experimental diets, which were isocaloric (metabolizable energy, 11.11 MJ/kg) and isonitrogenous (CP, 16.5%), had similar digestible amino acid profile. The feeding trial lasted 12 weeks. Results: The daily egg mass was decreased in the LCSM100 and LCSM50-DRM50 groups (p<0.05) in weeks 41 to 44. The LCSM50 group did not affect egg production compared to the SBM group in weeks 41 to 44 (p>0.05) and showed increased yolk color at the end of the trial (p<0.05). Compared to the SBM group, the LCSM100 and LCSM50-DRM50 groups showed decreased albumen weight (p<0.05), CP weight in the albumen (p<0.05) and CP weight in the whole egg (p<0.05) at 44 weeks. Plasma total protein (TP) levels were lower in the LCSM100 group than in the SBM group at 44 weeks (p<0.05); however, TP, albumin, and globulin levels were not significantly different between the LCSM50 group and the SBM group or between the DRM50 group and the SBM group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Together, our results suggest that the LCSM100 or DRM100 diets may produce the adverse effects on laying performance and egg quality after feeding for 8 more weeks. The 100.0 g/kg LCSM diet or the148.7 g/kg DRM diet has no adverse effects on laying performance and egg quality.
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Wang, Hao,Duan, Xiang-Long,Qi, Xiao-Li,Meng, Lei,Xu, Yi-Song,Wu, Tong,Dai, Peng-Gao Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2017 Molecules and cells Vol.40 No.1
Aberrant hypermethylation of Wnt antagonists has been observed in gastric cancer. A number of studies have focused on the hypermethylation of a single Wnt antagonist and its role in regulating the activation of signaling. However, how the Wnt antagonists interacted to regulate the signaling pathway has not been reported. In the present study, we systematically investigated the methylation of some Wnt antagonist genes (SFRP2, SFRP4, SFRP5, DKK1, DKK2, and APC) and their regulatory role in carcinogenesis. We found that aberrant promoter methylation of SFRP2, SFRP4, DKK1, and DKK2 was significantly increased in gastric cancer. Moreover, concurrent hypermethylation of SFRP2 and DKK2 was observed in gastric cancer and this was significantly associated with increased expression of ${\beta}-catenin$, indicating that the joint inactivation of these two genes promoted the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Further analysis using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that DKK2 methylation was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival, and the predictive value was markedly enhanced when the combined methylation status of SFRP2 and DKK2 was considered. In addition, the methylation level of SFRP4 and DKK2 was correlated with the patient's age and tumor differentiation, respectively. In conclusion, epigenetic silencing of Wnt antagonists was associated with gastric carcinogenesis, and concurrent hypermethylation of SFRP2 and DKK2 could be a potential marker for a prognosis of poor overall survival.
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Qi Zhang,Xiao-Ping Zhang,Hao-Jie Wang,Quan-Sheng Liu,Dan Xu,Shao-Hui Tang 대한토목학회 2022 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.26 No.8
The full-face shield tunnel boring machine (TBM) has been widely used to build tunnels in urban area. Ground deformations usually occur during tunnelling processes, which is closely related to engineering geological property. A large ground deformation may lead to large-scale surface settlement or ground collapse, especially for shallow buried tunnels. In general, synchronous grouting is adopted to reduce the ground deformation. The temporal and spatial distribution of the grout pressure and consolidation processes of grouting have a significant influence on the deformation. For a better understanding the relationship between the grout material type and the ground deformation, the present study models a complex numerical model in FLAC3D based on the Guangzhou Metro line 18. A numerical method is proposed to reproduce the tunnelling process and the consolidation process of grout material. The effect of grouting material on ground deformation is discussed, i.e., immediately solidified type, quick hardening type, and good mobility type. The ground deformation of the numerical simulation are compared to those monitored in the field. The results indicate that the immediately solidified type grout can reduce the ground settlement effectively and is mainly applicable to secondary grouting. The quick hardening type can make the ground upheaval, which is smaller than that induced by immediately solidified type. The good mobility type can reduce the ground settlement and well control the ground deformation. The good mobility type recommends using in the numerical study for simulating the synchronous grouting.
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Hao Wang,Xiang-Long Duan,Xiao-Li Qi,Lei Meng,Yi-Song Xu,Tong Wu,Peng-Gao Dai 한국분자세포생물학회 2017 Molecules and cells Vol.40 No.1
Aberrant hypermethylation of Wnt antagonists has been observed in gastric cancer. A number of studies have focused on the hypermethylation of a single Wnt antagonist and its role in regulating the activation of signaling. However, how the Wnt antagonists interacted to regulate the signaling pathway has not been reported. In the present study, we systematically investigated the methylation of some Wnt antagonist genes (SFRP2, SFRP4, SFRP5, DKK1, DKK2, and APC) and their regulatory role in carcinogenesis. We found that aberrant promoter methylation of SFRP2, SFRP4, DKK1, and DKK2 was significantly increased in gastric cancer. Moreover, concurrent hypermethylation of SFRP2 and DKK2 was observed in gastric cancer and this was significantly associated with increased expression of -catenin, indicating that the joint inactivation of these two genes promoted the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Further analysis using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that DKK2 methylation was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival, and the predictive value was markedly enhanced when the combined methylation status of SFRP2 and DKK2 was con-sidered. In addition, the methylation level of SFRP4 and DKK2 was correlated with the patient’s age and tumor differentiation, respectively. In conclusion, epigenetic silencing of Wnt antagonists was associated with gastric carcinogenesis, and concurrent hypermethylation of SFRP2 and DKK2 could be a potential marker for a prognosis of poor overall survival.
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Tian‐Hao Tu,Ji-Rui WANG,Jian-Qiang GU,Tian-Qi LI,Kun LV,Guo-Xin ZHOU,Zhi-Hong XU 한국곤충학회 2019 Entomological Research Vol.49 No.2
Due to habitat fragmentation, the loss of species diversity has been extensively studied. On the contrary, the effects of habitat fragmentation on functional diversity is still poorly understood. In the Thousand Island Lake, we conducted studies of insect functional diversity on a set of 29 isolated islands. We used 10 functional diversity indices from three aspects (functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence) to respectively describe functional diversity of insects on sample islands. We found the following results: (i) The functional indices selected could reflect the functional diversity of sample islands and it is further proved that in general, three components of functional diversity were independent of each other; (ii) Sample islands could be divided into two categories, island JSD and the remaining islands; (iii) Functional richness increased with island area and shape index, but had no significant correlation with isolation. Likewise, both functional evenness and functional divergence had no significant correlation with island attributes. The conclusion to emphasize from our research is that: (i) habitat fragmentation reduced the biological functional diversity to some extent, further demonstrating the importance of habitat continuity in biodiversity protection; and (ii) for functional diversity protection of insects in a fragmented landscape, an island which has high approximate shape index values of at least hundred hectare magnitude order has a critical promoting effect.
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