The Antecedent Factors Influencing Long-term Relationship Orientation in Overseas B2B Markets

Hao Zhang(Hao Zhang),Yeung-Kurn Park(Yeung-Kurn Park),Xueting Zhang(Xueting Zhang) 한국무역연구원 2022 무역연구 Vol.18 No.6

Purpose – Based on the past overseas business experiences of China Business to Business (B2B) enterprises, this study focuses on the influence of relationship marketing factors on the long-term relationship orientation of trading partners. First, this study discusses whether the relationship marketing factors in B2B environment-information sharing, customer orientation and interdependence will lead to the relationship satisfaction of enterprise customers. Then, it discusses whether relationship satisfaction leads to long-term relationship orientation of corporate customers. Finally, the mediating role of relationship satisfaction between relationship marketing factors and long-term relationship orientation is analyzed. Design/Methodology/Approach – The data were collected through questionnaires, and the persons in charge of sales and purchases of 350 B2B enterprises in China were investigated. Finally, 296 valid questionnaires were used for research and analysis. Findings – The analysis results of this study are summarized as follows: First, this study reveals the positive influence of relationship marketing factors such as information sharing, customer orientation and interdependence on relationship satisfaction. Second, relationship satisfaction is confirmed to have a positive impact on long-term relationship orientation. Third, the analysis of the mediating effect of relationship satisfaction shows that “relationship marketing factors lead to long-term relationship orientation through relationship satisfaction. Research Implications – This study confirms that information sharing, customer orientation, and interdependence are key factors that shape relationship satisfaction. Managers of B2B companies should have a clear understanding of relationship marketing. All policies and behaviors of an enterprise must be guided by the interests and needs of enterprise customers and ran through the entire process of production and marketing. Enterprises should strengthen two-way communication with corporate customers to understand each other’s needs and gradually form interdependent relationships with corporate customers. They should provide customers with comprehensive and thoughtful services, so that they can have a sense of identity and belonging to the enterprise, and then achieve relationship satisfaction and be willing to maintain a long-term relationship.

Preparation of Octadecylamine-Graphene/MgCl₂-Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalyst and Its Application in Ethylene Polymerization

Zhang, Hao,Liu, Jing-Sheng,Zhang, He-Xin,Ko, Eun-Bin,Park, Jae-Hyeong,Moon, Young-Kwon,Shin, Byeong-Kwang,Zhang, Xue-Quan,Yoon, Keun-Byoung American Scientific Publishers 2018 Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology Vol.18 No.4

<P>A facile coagglomeration method for preparing a long alkyl chain modified graphene oxide (MGO)/MgCl2-supported Ti-based Ziegler-Natta catalyst was reported. The effects of MGO on the catalyst morphology and activity for ethylene polymerization were examined. The resultant polyethylene (PE)/MGO nanocomposites exhibited a layered morphology, with the MGO fillers being well dispersed and exhibiting strong interfacial adhesion to the PE matrix. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the PE were significantly enhanced with the introduction of a small amount of the MGO filler. Thus, this work provides a facile approach to the production of high-performance PE.</P>

Supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid and rumen-protected methionine increased growth performance and meat quality of Tan lambs

Zhang Jian Hao,Li Hai Hai,Zhang Gui Jie,Zhang Ying Hui,Liu Bo,Huang Shuai,Guyader Jessie,Zhong Rong Zhen 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.10

Objective: Tan lambs (n = 36, 3 mo old, 19.1±0.53 kg) were used to assess effects of dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and serum parameters. Methods: Lambs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, with 6 pens per group and 2 lambs per pen. Dietary treatments were: basal diet alone (I); basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM (II); and basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.08% RPM (III). Diets were provided three times a day for 90 d. Intake per pen was recorded daily and individual lamb body weight (BW) was measured monthly. Carcass traits were measured after slaughter and meat quality at the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken on a subgroup of lambs for analysis of indicators mostly related to protein metabolism. Results: Final BW and average daily gain for the first and second month, and for the entire experiment were greater in Treatment II compared to Treatment I (p<0.05), whereas feed to gain ratio was lower (p<0.05). Treatment II had the optimal dressing percentage and net meat weight proportion, as well as crude protein and intramuscular fat concentrations in muscles. Treatment II improved meat quality, as indicated by the greater water holding capacity, pH after 45 min and 48 h, and lower shear force and cooking loss. Dietary supplementation of GAA and RPM also increased the meat color a* and b* values at 24 h. Finally, Treatment II increased total protein, and serum concentrations of albumin and creatinine, but decreased serum urea nitrogen concentrations, indicating improved protein efficiency. Conclusion: In this study, 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM supplementation improved growth performance and meat quality of Tan lambs. Objective: Tan lambs (n = 36, 3 mo old, 19.1±0.53 kg) were used to assess effects of dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and serum parameters.Methods: Lambs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, with 6 pens per group and 2 lambs per pen. Dietary treatments were: basal diet alone (I); basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM (II); and basal diet supplemented with 0.08% GAA+0.08% RPM (III). Diets were provided three times a day for 90 d. Intake per pen was recorded daily and individual lamb body weight (BW) was measured monthly. Carcass traits were measured after slaughter and meat quality at the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken on a subgroup of lambs for analysis of indicators mostly related to protein metabolism.Results: Final BW and average daily gain for the first and second month, and for the entire experiment were greater in Treatment II compared to Treatment I (p<0.05), whereas feed to gain ratio was lower (p<0.05). Treatment II had the optimal dressing percentage and net meat weight proportion, as well as crude protein and intramuscular fat concentrations in muscles. Treatment II improved meat quality, as indicated by the greater water holding capacity, pH after 45 min and 48 h, and lower shear force and cooking loss. Dietary supplementation of GAA and RPM also increased the meat color a* and b* values at 24 h. Finally, Treatment II increased total protein, and serum concentrations of albumin and creatinine, but decreased serum urea nitrogen concentrations, indicating improved protein efficiency.Conclusion: In this study, 0.08% GAA+0.06% RPM supplementation improved growth performance and meat quality of Tan lambs.

Facile preparation of functionalized MoS₂/polyethylene nanocomposites through in situ polymerization with MoS₂ containing Ziegler–Natta catalyst

Zhang, Hao,Moon, Young-Kwon,Zhang, Xue-Quan,Liu, Jing-Sheng,Zhang, He-Xin,Yoon, Keun-Byoung Pergamon Press 2017 European polymer journal Vol.87 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A facile method for preparing polyethylene (PE)/octadecylamine-functionalized MoS<SUB>2</SUB> (ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB>) nanocomposites through in situ polymerization with an ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB>-MgCl-TiCl<SUB>4</SUB> catalyst was developed. The catalyst was synthesized simply by the treatment of ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> with a Grignard reagent, followed by anchoring of a TiCl<SUB>4</SUB> catalyst. The resulting catalyst exhibited higher activity toward ethylene polymerization than did an ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB>-free catalyst. After polymerization, the resultant PE/ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> nanocomposites reproduced the catalyst morphology, showing a flaked morphology. In addition, the thermal stability and mechanical properties of PE were significantly enhanced by the introduction of ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> fillers. These properties could result from the good dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion of ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> fillers and the PE matrix.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PE/ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> nanocomposites were successful synthesized through in-situ polymerization. </LI> <LI> The resultant nanocomposites had a layered morphology. </LI> <LI> The ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB> fillers well dispersed in the PE matrix with strong interfacial adhesion. </LI> <LI> The thermal stability and mechanical properties of PE were significantly enhanced with the addition of ODA-MoS<SUB>2</SUB>. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

The Impact of Public Pension on Chinese Household Consumption

Ya-Hao LI(Ya-Hao LI),Fan YANG(Fan YANG),Shuang ZHANG(Shuang ZHANG) 한국웰빙융합학회 2024 웰빙융합연구 Vol.7 No.1

Purpose: The improvement of the social security system can greatly affect residents' future uncertainty, and it is important to study the relationship between public pensions and household consumption. Research design, data and methodology: Using the 2018 China Household Panel Survey (CFPS) data, the instrumental variable method is used to analyze the impact of pension insurance on urban residents' consumption. Results: The results of the study show that there are differences in the impact of three different pension insurance systems on household consumption. The pension insurance for public sector significantly boosts household consumption, and having a pension insurance for public sector can increase household consumption by 7.7%. The pension insurance for enterprise employee will reduce household consumption, but this is only significant for urban households. The pension insurance for urban and rural residents has a negative impact on household consumption. For the 16- to 39-year-old group, having a pension insurance for urban and rural residents will reduce household consumption by 5.7%. At the same time, household income, assets, scale, and education level will positively stimulate household consumption. Conclusions: The study reveals varying impacts among different pension types, highlighting the need for optimizing social security schemes to incentivize higher consumption rates.

Study on Phase-Segregated Active Power Filter using PLECS

Ying-Hao Zhang,Hyoung-Lok Oh,Han-Jun Lim,Wen-Hao Zhang,Du-Sik Kim 전력전자학회 2013 전력전자학술대회 논문집 Vol.2013 No.7

A 2 GS/s, 6-bit DAC for UWB Applications In 0.18 ㎛ CMOS Technology

Yi Zhang,Zhonghua Liu,Changchun Zhang,Yufeng Guo,Ying Zhang,Xiaopeng Li,Youtao Zhang,Hao Gao 대한전자공학회 2019 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.19 No.6

To satisfy higher and higher transmission rate and broadband requirement of modern communication, high-speed, low-resolution Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) becomes the key element. In this paper, the design of a 2 GS/s, 6 bit DAC without calibration for Ultra-wideband (UWB) applications, is presented. The DAC is based on current steering architecture and is segmented with 4 bit unary and 2 bit binary. To realize larger linear range and fast switching, the source degeneration switch is designed instead of the traditional differential switch. The DAC is designed and taped-out in SMIC 0.18 ㎜ CMOS technology and the area is 975 ㎛´ 775 ㎛. The wafer bonding measurement results shows that the DNL is 0.11 LSB, INL is 0.25 LSB. Under a clock frequency of 2 ㎓, the DAC can achieve a SFDR of 51 ㏈ for input signal of 6㎒, and a SFDR of 32.4 ㏈ for Nyquist input while the power consumption is 79 ㎽.

Occlusal deviations in adolescents with idiopathic and congenital scoliosis

Zhang Hao,Ma Jingbo,Zhang Zhicheng,Feng Yafei,Cai Chuan,Wang Chao 대한치과교정학회 2022 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.52 No.3

Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the characteristics of malocclusions in scoliotic patients through clinical examinations. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) and 48 patients with congenital scoliosis (CS) participated in the study. A randomly selected group of 152 orthopedically healthy children served as the control group. Standardized orthodontic and orthopedic examination protocols were used to record the occlusal patterns and type of scoliosis. Assessments were made by three experienced orthodontists and a spinal surgery team. The differences in the frequency distribution of occlusal patterns were evaluated by the chi-squared test. Results: In comparison with patients showing IS, patients with CS showed a higher incidence of Cobb angle ≥ 45° (p = 0.020) and included a higher proportion of patients receiving surgical treatments (p < 0.001). The distribution of the Angle Class II subgroup was significantly higher in the IS (p < 0.001) and CS (p = 0.031) groups than in the control group. In comparison with the healthy controls, the CS and IS groups showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) frequencies of asymmetric molar and asymmetric canine relationships, upper and lower middle line deviations, anterior deep overbite, unilateral posterior crossbite, and canted occlusal plane, with the frequencies being especially higher in CS patients and to a lesser extent in IS patients. Conclusions: Patients with scoliosis showed a high frequency of malocclusions, which were most obvious in patients with CS.

The Influences of Customer Equity Drivers on Customer Equity and Loyalty in the Sports Shoe Industry

Hao Zhang,Eunju Ko,Kyung Hoon Kim 한국마케팅과학회 2010 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.1 No.2

The concept of customer equity brings together customer value management, brand management, and relationship/ retention management. However, the model put forth by Rust, Lemon, and Zeithaml (2000) does not include a consideration of the concept of loyalty, as in Vogel, Evanschitzky, and Ramaseshan (2008). In contrast to customer equity, customer loyalty involves an intention to engage in future purchase behavior with the same firm or brand. Its drivers are complex and dynamic, usually changing over time. Although plenty of researchers have studied those factors, the present study follows that of Johnson, Herrmann, and Huber (2006) and Vogel et al. (2008), which suggest that customer equity drivers can also drive customer loyalty. Thus, the present paper sets out to support this conclusion in the sports shoes industry, and to discover the differences in the influence customer equity drivers have on customer loyalty in Korea and China. This is because the product choices of consumers and their preferences for a particular product or brand are generally influenced by complex social factors (Yau, 1994).From 450 respondents in the countries’ capitals who answered the study questionnaire, the Korean sample included 125 university students and 75 fashion industry employees from Seoul, while the Chinese sample included 150 university students and 59 fashion industry employees from Beijing. To test the hypotheses, we first employed structural equation modeling with the maximum likelihood estimation method using the model without moderator. Then, for testing the differences between the two groups, a multi-group analysis with AMOS 7.0 was used to assess the moderating variable effects on the structural model (Byrne, 2001). Our research extends the literature on the outcomes of the three drivers of customer equity: value equity, relationship equity, and brand equity. The survey data of the study were used to examine their effects on customer loyalty, and the effect of customer loyalty on customer equity. The study’s focus on a specific industry, sports shoes, also extends the customer equity research into a different area. Our findings show that the customer equity model can be only partly supported. Relationship equity and brand equity can drive customer equity in the sports shoes industry. Results also show that value equity, relationship equity, and brand equity positively influence customers’ loyalty toward sports shoes brands, whereas customer loyalty has a positive effect on customer equity in that industry. Thus, value equity, relationship equity, and brand equity are not only the drivers of customer equity, but can drive customer loyalty as well. In the sports shoe industry, firms should keep investing in marketing activities targeted toward increasing the perceived equity of value, relationships, and brand. However, different nationalities can show different relationships among the customer equity drivers, customer loyalty and customer equity. Our study, though subject to several limitations, can provide several managerial implications for sports shoe firms. First, findings from testing customer equity in the sports shoe market show that value equity, relationship equity, and brand equity are the drivers of customer loyalty, suggesting that a sports shoes firm must meet customer expectations, create better relationships with customers, and increase the equity of the brands. Second, when managers make decisions about how to enter a new market, or how to improve customer loyalty, cultural and market differences should be considered.

Protectability Evaluation for Overcurrent Relay based on a Probabilistic Method

Zhang, Wen-Hao,Lee, Seung-Jae,Choi, Myeon-Song The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2011 The Journal of International Council on Electrical Vol.1 No.1

This paper proposes a probability measure for evaluation of relay performance from two aspects - correct trip and no-unwanted trip. They are developed based on the relationship between relay settings and relay measurements which follows a Gaussian probability model. The proposed method is applied to protection capability evaluation of overcurrent relays.