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The Need for Green Sourcing in Free Trade Agreements
박명섭(Myong-Sop Pak),신수용(Soo-Yong Shin) 한국무역연구원 2013 貿易 硏究 Vol.9 No.3
오늘날 자유무역협정은 전 세계적으로 이루어지고 있는 추세이다. 자유무역협정은 협정을 맺은 양 국가들 간에 관세 혜택을 부여함으로 세금에 대한 부담이 줄어들어 기업들의 활발한 무역활동을 촉진시킬 수 있다. 자유무역협정에서 관세에 대한 혜택을 부여받기 위해서는 원산지규정에 따른 원산지 증명이 반드시 이루어져야하는데 원산지 증명에 대한 국가별 규정이 각기 상이하고 절차가 복잡하여 규모가 큰 기업뿐 아니라 규모가 다소 작은 기업들도 혜택을 부여받는데 어려운 실정이다. 기존의 자유무역협정이 가지고 있는 관세 혜택의 장점을 살리지 못하는 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 원산지규정 간편화를 통해 기업들의 자발적이고 접근성을 용이하게 해야 비용 및 시간을 절감할 수 있다는 연구들은 기존에 다수 존재하고 있다. 하지만 비용 및 시간 절감 이외에도 환경적 인 부분을 고려해야 한다고 생각한다. 자유무역협정으로 맺어진 양 국가간의 무역활성화는 경제적인 측면에서 두 국가에게 이득을 제공할 수 있지만 경제적 발전을 위한 개발과 산업화는 지속적으로 환경을 파괴함으로써 전 세계가 공통적으로 문제점을 삼고 있는 온난화를 촉진 시킬 우려가 있다. 따라서 자유무역협정을 통한 경제적 이득과 환경적인 측면을 고려한 그린소싱과 같은 녹색 전략이 자유무역협정 규정에 정책적으로 다가갈 수 있는 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다. 본 연구에서는 관세혜택을 바탕으로 이루어지는 무역활동에 있어 비용적 측면 이외에도 환경적 측면을 고려한 녹색 자유무역협정에 대해 연구를 하고자 한다. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) connect countries to major economies and new markets through eliminations of tariffs, import quotas, and preferences on most goods and services between agreed members. Increased number of such agreements worldwide has led to an increased interest in Rules of Origins (ROOs) which is necessary for identifying a nationality of a product in order to receive the benefit under FTAs. However, complex characteristics of ROOs damage the principle benefit of FTAs which leaves cost burdens to companies. Because of such complexity, harmonization of ROOs has long been argued. Harmonizing the complex ROOs may benefit many countries and businesses. However, the current issues related to FT As or use of ROOs rather seem to pay most attention only on reducing costs while the current century is faced with ever-challenging environmental issues. Environment should never be neglected. Considering green efforts in FTAs would be necessary. FTAs could consider strategies that accompany green efforts namely green sourcing, for example. Applying green sourcing in FTAs should allow companies to focus on their supply chains with sustainability to give positive effects on the environment. Such efforts should also provide them with further cost benefits. This paper aims to study FTAs with related issues of ROOs in order to argue for the need of green sourcing in them.
한국의 대 일본 무역에서 산업내무역 결정요인에 관한 실증분석
최원익 한국무역연구원 2010 貿易 硏究 Vol.6 No.4
This paper aims to measure the level of intra-industry trade(IIT) by using Korea-Japan trade and macroeconomic data from 1991 to 2008 and on the basis of this result analyzes the determinants of the intra-industry trade. By using the Newey-West estimation method to overcome the shortcomings of OLS and kernel regression methods we draw the following conclusions:First, the portion of vertical intra-industry trade(VIIT) within IIT is very high. This reflects the change and stream of Korea⋅Japan's income difference as it is the pattern appearing at the trade between the countries having different income levels. Second, high quality vertical intra-industry trade(HQVIIT) within VIIT is very high. This is different from the theory that home country exports low quality products in the case that trade partner's income level is higher than home country's, vice versa. Third, only the variable, "the difference between two countries market sizes", among the determinants of all three types of IIT, affects positively all three types of IIT.
선사와 화주 간 협력증진을 위한 한국해양진흥공사의 역할
김창수(Chang-Soo Kim) 한국무역연구원 2018 貿易 硏究 Vol.14 No.5
It is generally admitted that adversarial relationships between shipping companies and shippers have existed. Nevertheless, this study attempts to reveal how the Korea Ocean Business Corporation plays a pivotal role to increase cooperation between shipping companies and shippers. Although classification of vessel types vary according to nations and international organizations such as UNCTAD and IMO, the types of vessels are simply re-classified according to UK criterion to categorize shippers by the different kinds of ships. This study underpins that shippers can vary according to vessel types. The shippers of a container ship, a bulk carrier, and a tanker are presented and how to improve the registration system of marine cargo transportation services is supplementally suggested. Examining the reasons why shipping industry of South Korea is in peril, the importance and necessity of the cooperation between shipping companies and shippers are also proposed. Finally, three stepwise roles of Korea Ocean Business Corporation which was established on 5th July 2018 for the enhancement of the cooperation between the parties are discussed. Additionally, this study can be a fundamental research for revealing differences of cooperative attitudes of shippers according to different vessel types. Further researches regarding cooperation between a shipping company and shippers are expected.
패널VAR를 이용한 무역, 인적자본과 경제성장의 인과관계
최봉호(Bong-Ho Cho) 한국무역연구원 2019 무역연구 Vol.15 No.1
The purpose of this study is to analyze the causal relationship between trade, human capital accumulation and economic growth and to provide implications for Korean manufacturing industry. The results of panel Granger causality analysis using panel VAR model are as follows. The export, human capital, ‘export and human capital interaction term’ have a causal relationship to economic growth. Economic growth, human capital is the cause of exports. However, Economic growth has no causal on human capital, and exports have causality to human capital but have low statistical significance. Import has Grnager causal relationship with economic growth. Economic growth also has a causal relationship with imports. Therefore, there is a bi-directional causal relationship between import and economic growth. Imports have a causal relationship with human capital and have a higher significance level than those of exports. And the interaction terms of exports and imports with human capital have causal relations with economic growth. This implies that trade can affect human capital and ultimately economic growth through income distribution. But economic growth does not cause human capital accumulation. These results show that human capital is a major causal factor for export, import, and economic growth, and policy efforts are needed to foster human capital for economic growth.
블록체인 기술 개발의 국제 무역시스템 연동으로 국제무역 및 국제금융거래 활성화에 대한 연구*
한수범(Soo-Beom Han) 한국무역연구원 2021 무역연구 Vol.17 No.1
Purpose This study aimed to study how well blockchain technology is operating in conjunction with trade and financial transactions in the international trade system as it develops;and what challenges should be solved in commercializing digital assets;a means of payment. Design/Methodology/Approach The data used in this study sets the scope of utilization around digital asset exchanges. It also wants to analyze the applicability of trade finance by focusing on the examples of companies that are currently engaged in financial transactions. Findings The result of the study is that blockchain technology is still in the early stages of development;so it should be free from various regulations. Research Implications In order to standardize blockchain technology;there remains a task to quantify. And since there is still a lot of inaccurate data;research on the use of blockchain technology in trade finance is likely to take place after standardization-based statistics are established.
김미아(Mi-Ah Kim) 한국무역연구원 2020 貿易 硏究 Vol.16 No.2
Purpose– The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of Korea’s outward foreign direct investment(FDI) on trade flows in EU countries and to investigate whether FDI and home country trade are complements or substitutes. Design/methodology/approach–This study analyses the trade effects of Korea’s outward FDI, using a panel data set consisting of 10 EU countries over a period covering 25 years (1994—2018). Findings–First, outward FDI to EU countries positively influence Korea’s trade flows. The results show that FDI was statistically significant and had a substantial effect on export and import flows. Second, GDP positively affects Korea’s trade flows, indicating that Korea’s exports depend on demand in both the importing country and the exporting country, Third, the FTA promotes Korea’s import flows from EU countries. Furthermore, currency fluctuations is also important factors for home country trade. Research implications or Originality– This study provides an analysis of the links between outward FDI and trade flows of home country on a macroeconomic level. Our results suggest that outward FDI and home country trade are complements. It must be noted that the most important determinant of trade flows is market size, implying the importance of demand factors in trade flows.
중국 우한 코로나 사례를 통한 재난지역 긴급물류의 성과에 미치는 요인에 관한 연구 : 한국 긴급물류 운영에 대한 시사점 도출
왕멍난(Mengnan Wang),이언승(Eon-Seong Lee) 한국무역연구원 2021 무역연구 Vol.17 No.4
Purpose - This study, against the backdrop of the city of Wuhan, China, where COVID-19 first appeared, examines the factors that affect the effectiveness and efficiency of emergency logistics through empirical research on relief organizations that support Wuhan, China, during the fight against COVID-19. This study also studies how the government’s control situation affects the effectiveness and efficiency of emergency logistics. Design/Methodology/Approach - We employed a quantitative research method using survey data collected in Wuhan, China. This paper tested five hypotheses which assumes the effect of transportation system, inter-organizational cooperation, emergency logistics center location and demand and inventory management on the emergency logistics performance. In addition, we also examined a moderating role of government control on those hypothesized relationships. Findings - We found that transportation system, inter-organizational cooperation, emergency logistics center location and demand and inventory management affected the emergency logisitcs performance positively, and government control have moderated those reloationships partially. Research Implications - This findings may give meaningful insights on successful management of emergency logistics in Korea.
한국 조선기자재 산업의 對중국·일본 수출경쟁력 실증 연구
박창민(Chang-Min Park) 한국무역연구원 2020 무역연구 Vol.16 No.1
Purpose- The purpose of this study was to analyze the export competitiveness of the Korean marine equipment industry against China and Japan. Design/methodology/approach- The analysis used the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), which indicates the degree of comparative advantage, and the Trade Specialization Index(TSI), which indicates the specialization of import or export. The items of marine equipment for analysis were defined according to the MTI classification system, and data corresponding HS codes were collected through the International Trade Centre. The analysis subjects are the main five items of anchor, compression ignition engine and parts, propeller blades and measuring instruments. Findings- The result of RSCA showed that Japan has strongest export competitiveness than others, and then Korea has stronger than China. The result of MSCA, Korea has a comparative advantage in two items, such as compression ignition engine and measuring instruments, against China, and has a comparative advantage in ignition engine parts against Japan. Research implications or Originality- Through research, In order to enhance Korea’s export competitiveness, it is necessary to has a product differentiation strategy against China’s technological strengthening policy. And also need technology development and manpower support policies for high value added engineering fields.
김미아(Mi-Ah Kim) 한국무역연구원 2018 貿易 硏究 Vol.14 No.4
This paper focuses on the effect of Korea’s outward FDI on trade flows in Asian countries. Using cross-country time series data for the period 1992-2016, we analyze by panel estimation the trade effects of Korea’s outward FDI. Particularly, we investigate whether outward FDI and trade flows are complements or substitutes. Major empirical findings are as follows. First, outward FDI to Asian countries plays a positive role in increasing Korea’s trade flows, supporting the hypothesis that outward FDI and home country trade are complements. Our finding indicates that outward FDI to Asian countries may help promote Korea’s export and import flows. This results are consistent to the vertical FDI model in which home country exports intermediate goods to host country and imports finished goods from host country. Second, upon estimating the influence of GDP on trade flows, we find that there is a positive relationship between GDP and trade flows, implying that Korea’s trade flows with Asian countries increase as market size get larger. Finally, our study offers some policy implications: 1) The governments should continue to support outward FDI to Asian countries. 2) It would be pertinent to build virtuous relationship of outward FDI and exports for sustainable growth of korea’s exports.
중국의 대외무역대리제도하에서 한국기업의 대중국 수출계약상의 유의점 : 중국 신통일계약법의 적용을 중심으로
한상현 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.3
According to the increasing trade with China, the trend of business dispute is growing rapidly with respect to trade and investment between Korea and China. Specially, regarding international business disputes over Chinese foreign trade management rights, the dispute related to trade agent can be conducted. The foreign trade agency system of China is a result of foreign trade policy, not a system regarding legal factors. Therefore, Chinese scholars present various opinion whether foreign trade agency is considered as a consignment agency relationship or consignment dealing relationship, or dealing relationship. However this kind of confusion aroused different conclusion about similar cases related to foreign trade agency. Therefore, this study is systematically analyzing the problem of Chinese trade agent system, applying revised contract law article 402. Furthermore, based on this analysis, the implications for a plan and alternatives for Korean exporter are elicited.