Valuation of ecosystem services in the organic carbon of the Pinus densiflora forest at Mt. Namsan, Seoul Metropolitan City

Lee, Eung-Pill,Lee, Soo-In,Jeong, Heon-Mo,Han, Young-Sub,Lee, Seung-Yeon,Park, Jae-Hoon,Jang, Rae-Ha,Hong, Youg-Sik,Jung, Young-Ho,Kim, Eui-Joo,Lee, Sang-Hun,You, Young-Han The Ecological Society of Korea 2019 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.43 No.4

Background: Standing biomass, litter production, rate of litter decomposition, amount of litter on forest floor, and amount of soil organic carbon distribution were investigated from March 2016 to November 2018 in order to evaluate the ecosystem value through organic carbon distribution in the Pinus densiflora forest at Namsan, Seoul Metropolitan City. Results: The amount of organic carbon in the Pinus densiflora forest was 261.09 ton C ha^-1 during the research period, and fixed organic carbon in plant through net photosynthesis was 3.2 ton C ha^-1 year^-1. The organic carbon in plant was 62.77 ton C ha^-1 (24.04%), in litter on the forest floor was 3.65 ton C ha^-1 (1.40%), and in soil was 194.67 ton C ha^-1 (74.56%). The value of plant, litter on forest floor, and soil organic carbon distribution were each 6,277,000 won ha^-1, 365, 000 won ha^-1, and 19,467,000 won ha^-1. The value per ton of fixed organic carbon in plant through net photosynthesis was 320,000 won ha^-1 year^-1 and the value of ecosystem services stored in carbon in the Namsan forest ecosystem was about 26.1 million won ha^-1 for 3 years. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the pine forests of Namsan rapidly decompose leaves due to the high atmospheric temperature and accumulate a large amount of organic carbon in the soil to provide climate control regulatory service function.

연구논문 : 만성 바이러스간질환에서 간섬유화의 다양한 비침습 혈청표지자검사의 비교

김선민 ( Sun Min Kim ),손주현 ( Joo Hyun Sohn ),김태엽 ( Tae Yeob Kim ),노영욱 ( Young Wook Roh ),은창수 ( Chang Soo Eun ),전용철 ( Yong Cheol Jeon ),한동수 ( Dong Soo Han ),오영하 ( Young Ha Oh ) 대한간학회 2009 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.15 No.4

목적: 만성 바이러스간질환에서 병의 경과와 예후를 평가하고 치료반응을 예측함에 있어 간섬유화의 진단은 중요하다. 최근 간섬유화 평가에 표준방법이지만 침습적 간생검을 대신하여 여러 가지 비침습적 진단법이 이용되고 있고, 또한 새로운 검사법들이 개발되고 있다. 저자들은 만성 B형 및 C형간염 환자를 대상으로 임상에서 광범위하게 흔히 시행하는 혈액검사와 임상 소견을 이용한 아래와 같은 진단법들만으로 간섬유화를 얼마나 정확하게 평가할 수 있는지 알아보고, 단일 검사로 간섬유화를 평가하는 데 유용하다고 알려져 있는 hyaluronic acid(HA)와 IV형 콜라겐 농도와 비교하여 그 임상적 유용성을 평가하였다. 대상과 방법: 2002년 3월부터 2007년 2월까지 만성 바이러스간 질환으로 간생검을 시행받은 225명의 환자(HBV 180명, HCV 43명, HBV+HCV 2명)를 대상으로 분석하였다. 간생검을 시행하는 날에 말초혈액검사, 혈액응고검사, 혈청생화학검사를 시행하고, 혈중 HA, IV형 콜라겐 농도를 측정하였다. 간섬유화의 정도는 F0(섬유화가 없음), F1(문맥역 섬유화), F2(문맥주변부 섬유화), F3(섬유성 격막) 및 F4(간경변증)의 4단계로 구분하였다. 대상 환자를 F0-1, F2-4 혹은 F0-2, F3-4의 두 집단으로 분류하여 두 집단을 구분하고자 할 때 AAR(AST/ALT ratio), API(age-platelet index), APRI(AST to platelet index), CDS(cirrhosis discriminant score), platelet count, HA, IV형 콜라겐의 예측능을 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC)값을 이용하여 비교하였다. 결과: 대상환자의 섬유화의 단계는 F0 집단은 17명, F1 집단은 40명, F2 집단은 61명, F3 집단은 74명, F4 집단은 33명이었다. 의미 있는 간섬유화를 F2 이상으로 판단할 때, 의미 있는 섬유화의 예측에 대한 AUROC 값은 APRI=0.822, CDS=0.776, platelet count=0.773, API=0.756, HA=0.749, IV형 콜라겐=0.718, AAR=0.642 순이었고, F3 이상의 광범위한 섬유화 예측에 대한 AUROC값은 CDS=0.835, platelet count=0.795, API=0.794, HA=0.766, AAR=0.711, IV형 콜라겐=0.697, APRI=0.691 순으로 관찰되었다. 결론: 만성 바이러스간질환에서 간섬유화를 평가하는 데 임상 소견 및 혈액검사를 이용한 방법들이 비침습적 진단법 중 단독 검사로도 유용한 것으로 알려져 있는 혈중 HA와 IV형 콜라겐 농도와 비교하여 우월하거나 대등하였다. 특히 APRI는 다른 인자들에 비해 F2 이상의 의미 있는 섬유화를 예측하는 데 가장 유용하였고, CDS는 F3 이상의 광범위한 섬유화를 예측하는 데 가장 유용하였다. Background/Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical performances of noninvasive serum markers for the prediction of liver fibrosis in chronic viral liver diseases. Methods: We analyzed a total of 225 patients with chronic viral liver diseases (180 with hepatitis B virus, 43 with hepatitis C virus, and 2 with hepatitis B+C virus) who underwent a liver biopsy procedure at the Hanyang University Guri Hospital between March 2002 and February 2007. Serum was also obtained at the time of liver biopsy. Liver fibrosis was staged according to the scoring system proposed by the Korean Study Group for the Pathology of Digestive Diseases. Various noninvasive serum markers were evaluated, including the aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR), age-platelet (AP) index, AST/platelet ratio index (APRI), cirrhosis discriminant score (CDS), platelet count, hyaluronic acid (HA), and type IV collagen. Results: There were 17, 40, 61, 74, and 33 patients at stages F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4, respectively. The overall diagnostic accuracies of each marker, as determined by the area under receiver operating characteristics curves, were APRI=0.822, CDS=0.776, platelet count=0.773, AP index=0.756, HA=0.749, type IV collagen=0.718, and AAR=0.642 for predicting significant fibrosis (≥F2); and CDS=0.835, platelet count=0.795, AP index=0.794, HA=0.766, AAR=0.711, type IV collagen=0.697, and APRI=0.691 for predicting extensive fibrosis (≥F3). Conclusions: Conclusions: All noninvasive serum markers evaluated in this study were useful for predicting significant or extensive liver fibrosis in chronic viral liver diseases. In particular, APRI was most useful for the prediction of significant fibrosis, and CDS was most useful for the prediction of extensive fibrosis. (Korean J Hepatol 2009;15:454-463)

갈대 생육지에서 질소 시비가 사초의 생육과 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향

서성,박진길,김원호,김맹중,이상학,정종성,박형수,성하균,이종경,Seo, Sung,Park, Jin Gil,Kim, Won Ho,Kim, Meing Jooung,Lee, Sang Hak,Jung, Jong Sung,Park, Hyung Soo,Sung, Ha Guyn,Lee, Joung Kyong 한국초지조사료학회 2013 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.33 No.2

본 연구는 질소(N) 시비가 부존 조사료자원인 갈대(Phragmites communis)의 생육과 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 2012년에 충남 천안과 경기 안산지역에서 실시되었다. 천안 국립축산과학원 갈대 재배지에서는 N 무시비구, N 50 kg/ha구, N 100 kg구 등 3처리를 두고 4월 30일 시비, 6월 21일 수확하였으며, 안산 시화간척지 갈대 자생지에서는 N 무시비구, N 60 kg/ha구 등 2처리를 두고 5월 1일 시비, 8월 1일 수확하였다. 갈대의 초장과 엽색은 N 시비구에서, 그리고 N 시비수준이 높을 때 양호하였다. 건물률은 N 시비구에서 약간 낮아지는 경향으로 천안지역은 무시비구 39.8%, N 시비구 37.6%, 36.7%, 안산지역은 무시비구 39.4%, N 시비구 37.6%였다. 천안지역의 건물수량, 조단백질 수량 및 가소화 건물수량은 무시비구에서 ha당 각각 4,026 kg, 235 kg, 1,850 kg, N 50 kg 시비구는 각각 4,658 kg, 306 kg, 2,388 kg, N 100 kg 시비구는 각각 5,622 kg, 446 kg, 3,143 kg으로 유의적으로 증가하였으며 (p<0.05), 안산지역은 무시비구에서 각각 2,802 kg, 177 kg, 1,288 kg, N 60 kg 시비구는 각각 3,876 kg, 294 kg, 1,853 kg으로 유의적으로 증가하였다 (p<0.05). 천안지역의 조단백질 함량, 건물 소화율 및 상대사료가치 (RFV)는 무시비구에서 각각 5.85%, 45.96%, 64.0 (품질 5등급), N 50 kg 시비구는 각각 6.58%, 51.27%, 72.3 (5등급), N 100 kg 시비구는 각각 7.94%, 55.91%, 72.7 (5등급)로 높아졌으며, 안산지역도 무시비구에서 각각 6.30%, 45.98%, 70.2 (5등급), N 60 kg 시비구는 각각 7.59%, 47.80%, 78.3 (4등급)으로 높아지는 경향이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 갈대 생육지는 시비가 가능한 조건이라면(하천변이나 강변 등 수질오염이 우려되는 지역이 아닌), ha당 N 60~100 kg을 생육기에 시용해 주는 것이 생산량과 사료가치를 크게 개선시켜줄 수 있어 바람직하였다. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the forage growth, production and quality of native reed (Phragmites communis) grasses. Field experiments were conducted in Cheonan and in Ansan, 2012. Treatments were control (no N fertilization), 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha in Cheonan plots (fertilization on April $30^{th}$, and harvest on June $21^{st}$). Treatments in Ansan plots were control (no N fertilization) and 60 kg/ha (fertilization on May first, and harvest on August first). Forage growth and leaf colors were improved in N fertilized plots. However, the drymatter (DM) percentage was slightly decreased with N fertilization. Forage yields, in terms of DM, crude protein (CP) and digestible DM (DDM), were significantly increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 4,026 kg, 235 kg and 1,850 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 4,658 kg, 306 kg and 2,388 kg, respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 5,622 kg, 446 kg and 3,143 kg, respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 2,802 kg, 177 kg and 1,288 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 3,876 kg, 294 kg and 1,853 kg, respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. Forage quality in terms of CP content, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) were also increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 5.85%, 45.96% and 64.5 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, 6.58%, 51.27% and 72.3 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 7.94%, 55.91% and 72.7 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 6.30%, 45.98% and 70.2 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, and 7.59%, 47.80% and 78.3 (grade 4), respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. In conclusion, N fertilization of 60~100 kg/ha was desirable for greater forage production, with a higher quality of native Phragmites communis achievable. This should only be applied if the fertilization area is not located at a riverside/streamside or in riparian land where there is a high risk of water pollution by fertilization.

RapidEye 영상을 활용한 대형산불피해지의 온실가스 배출량 추정

원명수 ( Myoung Soo Won ),김유승 ( You Seung Kim ),김경하 ( Kyong Ha Kim ) 한국지리정보학회 2014 한국지리정보학회지 Vol.17 No.3

본 연구는 RapidEye 영상을 활용하여 2013년 발생한 대형산불 피해지역(울주, 포항, 봉화)을 대상으로 온실가스 배출량 추정하였다. 온실가스 배출량 추정은 2006 IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 가이드라인에서 제시하는 추정식을 이용하였다. 본 연구에서는 최대우도법을 기반으로 한 감독분류를 실시하여, 산불피해지역의 강도등급 및 피해면적을 산출하였으며, 현장정보와 비교하여 정확도 검증을 실시하였다. 산불피해 등급별 정확도 평가 결과는 평균적으로 전체정확도 73.93%과 Kappa 계수 0.67로 나타났다. 2013년 대형산불피해지의 온실가스 배출량 추정은 울주지역 CO2 63,260, CO 5.207, CH4 360, N2O 28.0, NOx 4.4 g/kg-1·ha-1, 포항지역 CO2 28,675, CO 2.359, CH4 163, N2O 12.7, NOx 1.9 g/kg-1·ha-1 그리고 봉화지역 CO2 53,086, CO 1,655, CH4 114, N2O 23.5, NOx 3.6 g/kg-1·ha-1로 나타났다. This study was performed to estimate Greenhouse gases(GHGs) emissions from biomass burning at large forest fire(Ulju, Pohang and Bonghwa) in 2013. The extended methodology to estimate GHGs adopted the IPCC(Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines(2006) equation. For classifying fire damaged area and analyzing burn severity of total three large-fire area damaged, this study used post-fire imagery from Rapideye imagery to compute the Maximum Likelihood Classifiction (MLC). The result of accuracy assessment on burn severity from imagery showed that average overall accuracy was 75.93% and Kapp coefficient was 0.67 Finally, GHGs emissions from biomass burning in the three large-fire area 2013 were estimated as follows: Ulju CO2 63,260, CO 5.207, CH4 360, N2O 28.0 and NOx 4.4 g/kg-1·ha-1, Pohang CO2 28,675, CO 2.359, CH4 163, N2O 12.7 and NOx 1.9 g/kg-1·ha-1 and Bonghwa CO2 53,086, CO 1,655, CH4 114, N2O 23.5 and NOx 3.6 g/kg-1·ha-1.

Bloodstream Infections and Clinical Significance of Healthcare-associated Bacteremia: A Multicenter Surveillance Study in Korean Hospitals

Son, Jun Seong,Song, Jae-Hoon,Ko, Kwan Soo,Yeom, Joon Sup,Ki, Hyun Kyun,Kim, Shin-Woo,Chang, Hyun-Ha,Ryu, Seong Yeol,Kim, Yeon-Sook,Jung, Sook-In,Shin, Sang Yop,Oh, Hee Bok,Lee, Yeong Seon,Chung, Doo The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences 2010 JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE Vol.25 No.7

<P>Recent changes in healthcare systems have changed the epidemiologic paradigms in many infectious fields including bloodstream infection (BSI). We compared clinical characteristics of community-acquired (CA), hospital-acquired (HA), and healthcare-associated (HCA) BSI. We performed a prospective nationwide multicenter surveillance study from 9 university hospitals in Korea. Total 1,605 blood isolates were collected from 2006 to 2007, and 1,144 isolates were considered true pathogens. HA-BSI accounted for 48.8%, CA-BSI for 33.2%, and HCA-BSI for 18.0%. HA-BSI and HCA-BSI were more likely to have severe comorbidities. <I>Escherichia coli</I> was the most common isolate in CA-BSI (47.1%) and HCA-BSI (27.2%). In contrast, <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I> (15.2%), coagulase-negative <I>Staphylococcus</I> (15.1%) were the common isolates in HA-BSI. The rate of appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy was the highest in CA-BSI (89.0%) followed by HCA-BSI (76.4%), and HA-BSI (75.0%). The 30-day mortality rate was the highest in HA-BSI (23.0%) followed by HCA-BSI (18.4%), and CA-BSI (10.2%). High Pitt score and inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy were the independent risk factors for mortality by multivariate analysis. In conclusion, the present data suggest that clinical features, outcome, and microbiologic features of causative pathogens vary by origin of BSI. Especially, HCA-BSI shows unique clinical characteristics, which should be considered a distinct category for more appropriate antibiotic treatment.</P>

PC를 이용한 소아과 퇴원환자 관리시스템

하태선,이태수,차은종,박범수,한헌석,채수일 충북대학교 의과대학 충북대학교 의학연구소 1993 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.3 No.1

본원 소아과 입원환자의 퇴원요약 기록을 전산관리하는 시스템을 개발하였다. 소아과 환자관리에 적합하도록 퇴원요약지를 설계하였고 개인용 컴퓨터를 사용하여 관리하도록 구성하였다. 주 기억장치 4MB와 보조기억 장치 120MB HDD을 장착한 PC-386DX 시스템을 기반으로 개발하였고 소프트웨어로는 FoxPro v2.0을 사용하였다. pull-down menu 방식과 window방식을 적용하여 비전문가라 할지라도 손쉽게 사용할수 있도록 하였고 정보입력 및 수정시 사용자 편의를 최대한 반영하고자 하였다. "AND"와 "OR"연산자를 사용하여 다양한 검색이 가능하였다. 본 시스템은 현재 본원 소아과에서 실무에 적용하고 있으며 향후 통계분석과 임상연구에 크게 활용할 수 있으리라 생각된다. A PC-based system was developded to manage discharge summary records of pediatric patients. It is based on a PC-386DX system equipped with 4MB memory and 120MB HDD, and its software was written in FOXPRO V2.0. Any users unfamiliar with computer can make an easy access to the data through pull-down menu and windows system. Logical operators of "AND" and/or "OR" enabled a flexible and various search conditions. The present system is being under clinical use in the Department of Pediatrics, and warrants future applications to statistical analysis as well as clinical research projects.

Fabrication and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite/Mullite and Tricalcium Phosphate/Al₂O₃ Composites Containing 30 wt% of Bioactive Components

Ha, Jung-Soo The Korean Ceramic Society 2015 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.52 No.5

Mullite-matrix and $Al_2O_3$-matrix composites were fabricated with 30 wt% hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP), respectively, as additives to give bioactivity. A diphasic gel process was employed to lower the densification temperature of the mullite matrix to $1320^{\circ}C$. A polymer complexation process was used to synthesize a TCP powder that was fully densified at $1250^{\circ}C$, for application to the matrix. For the HA/mullite composite, HA decomposed during sintering by reactions with the matrix components of $Al_2O_3$ and $SiO_2$, resulting in a mixture of $Al_2O_3$, TCP, and other minor phases with a low densification of less than 88% of the theoretical density (TD). In contrast, the TCP/$Al_2O_3$ composite was highly densified by sintering at $1350^{\circ}C$ to 96%TD with no reaction between the components. Different from the TCP monolith, the TCP/$Al_2O_3$ composite also showed a fine microstructure and intergranular fracture, both of which characteristics are advantageous for strength and fracture toughness.

Microstructure‑Strengthening Interrelationship of an Ultrasonically Treated Hypereutectic Al–Si (A390) Alloy

Soo‑Bae Kim,Young‑Hee Cho,Jae‑Gil Jung,Woon‑Ha Yoon,Young‑Kook Lee,Jung‑Moo Lee 대한금속·재료학회 2018 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.24 No.6

Ultrasonic melt treatment (UST) was applied to an A390 hypereutectic Al–Si alloy in a temperature range of 750–800 °Cand its influence on the solidification structure and the consequent increase in strength was investigated. UST at such a hightemperature, which is about 100 °C above the liquidus temperature, had little effect on the grain refinement but enhanced thehomogeneity of the microstructure with the uniform distribution of constituent phases (e.g. primary Si, α-Al and intermetallics)significantly refined. With the microstructural homogeneity, quantitative analysis confirmed that UST was found tosuppress the formation of Cu-bearing phases, i.e., Q-Al5Cu2Mg8Si6, Al2Cuphases that form in the final stage of solidificationwhile notably increasing the average Cu contents in the matrix from 1.29 to 2.06 wt%. A tensile test exhibits an increasein the yield strength of the as-cast alloy from 185 to 208 MPa, which is mainly associated with the solute increment withinthe matrix. The important role of UST in the microstructure evolution during solidification is discussed and the mechanismcovering the microstructure-strengthening interrelationship of the ultrasonically treated A390 alloy is proposed.

Fabrication and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite/Mullite and Tricalcium Phosphate/Al2O3 Composites Containing 30 wt% of Bioactive Components

Jung-Soo Ha 한국세라믹학회 2015 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.52 No.5

Mullite-matrix and Al2O3-matrix composites were fabricated with 30 wt% hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP), respectively, as additives to give bioactivity. A diphasic gel process was employed to lower the densification temperature of the mullite matrix to 1320oC. A polymer complexation process was used to synthesize a TCP powder that was fully densified at 1250oC, for application to the matrix. For the HA/mullite composite, HA decomposed during sintering by reactions with the matrix components of Al2O3 and SiO2, resulting in a mixture of Al2O3, TCP, and other minor phases with a low densification of less than 88% of the theoretical density (TD). In contrast, the TCP/Al2O3 composite was highly densified by sintering at 1350oC to 96%TD with no reaction between the components. Different from the TCP monolith, the TCP/Al2O3 composite also showed a fine microstructure and intergranular fracture, both of which characteristics are advantageous for strength and fracture toughness.

Kim,Seong-soo : Possiblity of Low Salting Process in Gae-Woo Jeot(Salted and Fermented Gastrophoda) and Changes in Fatty Acid Composition during Fermntation 低鹽化 可能性 檢討 및 熱成중 脂肪酸 組成의 變化

姜永周,河璡桓,金永東,宋大鎭,金洙賢,金成洙 제주대학교 1990 논문집 Vol.30 No.-

To establish the way of processing of Gae-Woo jeot which used abalone intestine that has not been systematically used compare to its characteristic taste and fame as main ingredient and to develop as a local tourist good, the change of constituents the quality of salted fish products suring Gae-Woo jeot fermentation were examined. The results are as follows. 1. In the organoleptic test, Gae-Woo jeot which fermented through 65 days were dominant and the group of 105 salkt concentration were better than that of 20%. It was the best of 10% salted products to add small abalone. Both law salted(10%) and high salted (20%) Gae-Woo jeot were similar in general constityents, nutrients and texture. 2. Compositions of highly unsaturated acid were farely high to 45.6% and 46.1% in small abalone added froup and top sheel added group respectively. during 3 months fermentation low decreasing rate of 3~4% was shown. EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid) was approximately 7~8% and DHA(docosahexaenoic acid) was extremely low to be less than 0.3%. 3. In the changes General composition and pH, pH was within range of 4~5.5, 9~12% in protein, 3~5% in total sugar, 0.5~1% in lipid and approximately 1% in ash. 4. Gae-Woo jeot can be made with 10% low salting method, and 10% group gets all the better for taste, small abalone adding is recommended. 5. When low salt fermented fish of 10% is processed, it is highly recommended to put sorbitol, ethyl alcohol, lactic acid or other humectant for better taste and longer storage and good quality food additives must be developed for tourist and presently applied mil ordering transportation must be sought.