약국서비스 만족에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석 : 환자체감시간과 실 조제시간 비교를 중심으로

박성희,서준규,윤혜설,홍진영,박군제 한국의료QA학회 1998 한국의료질향상학회지 Vol.5 No.2

Purpose : To shorten processing time for variety of medical affairs of the patient at the outpatient clinic of a big hospital is very important to qualify medical care of the patient. Therefore, patient's waiting time for drug delivery after doctor's prescription is often utilized as a strong tool to evaluate patient satisfaction with a medical care provided. We performed this study to investigate factors influencing patient satisfaction related with waiting time for drug delivery. Methods : The data were collected from July 21 to August 12, 1998. A total 535 patients or their families who visited outpatient clinics of Inha University Hospital were subjected to evaluate the drug delivery time and the level of their satisfaction related, which were compared with those objectively evaluated by Quality Improvement Team. The reliability of the scale was tested with Cronbach's alpha, and the data were analyzed using frequency, t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis and multiple regression. Results : The mean drug delivery time subjectively evaluated by the patient (16.1 13.0 min) was longer than that objectively evaluated (10.9 7.6 min) by 5.2 min. Drug delivery time objectively evaluated was influenced by the prescription contents, total amount or type of drug dispensed, etc, as expected. The time discrepancy between two evaluations was influenced by several causative factors. One of those proved to be a patient's late response to the information from the pharmacy which the drug is ready to deliver. Interestingly, this discrepancy was found to be more prominent especially when waiting place for drug delivery was not less crowded. Other factors, pharmaceutical counseling at the pharmacy, emotional status or behavior of a patient while he waits for the medicine, were also found to influence the time subjectively evaluated. Regarding the degree of patient satisfaction with the drug delivery, majority of patients accepted drug delivery time with less than 10 min. It was also found to be influenced by emotional status of the patient as well as kindness or activity of pharmaceutical counselor. Conclusion : The results show that, besides prescription contents, behavior pattern or emotional status of a patient, environment of the waiting place, and quality of pharmaceutical counseling at the pharmacy, may influence the patient's subjective evaluation of waiting time for drug delivery and his satisfaction related with the service in the big hospital. In order to improve patient satisfaction related with waiting time for drug delivery, it will be cost effective to qualify pharmaceutical counseling and information system at the drug delivery site or waiting place rather than to shorten the real processing time within the pharmacy.

체질량지수와 간기능 이상과의 관련성

윤혜은,류소연,강명근,박종,김기순 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2005 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.30 No.1

Objective: To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and liver function abnormalities in the general population in Korea. Methods: The study subjects were 5765 persons who were received questionnaire survey and health examination of national health and nutrition survey in 1998, 20-59 years in age and had no history of viral hepatitis. BMI was categorized by quartile and abnormal liver functions were defined aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >30 U/L or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >35 U/L in serum level. In order to identify the association of BMI and abnormal liver function, chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Results: The abnormality rates of AST were 35.0% in male and 13.4% in female. The abnormality rates of ALT were 35.8% in male and 11.1% in female. After controlling for the other covariates, the multivairate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI was the significant related factor of abnormal AST (male; odds ratio=1.25; 95% confidence interval=1.15-1.36, female; odds ratio=1.14; 95% confidence interval=1.02-1.26) and abnormal ALT (male; odds ratio=1.87; 95% confidence interval=1.71-2.04, female; odds ratio=1.56; 95% confidence interval=1.38-175). Conclusions: We identify that BMI was the significant risk factor of non-viral liver disease with abnormal liver functions. A large-scale investigation will be suggested in the future to demonstrate the causal-effect issue between abnormal liver function and obesity.

남성소비자들의 상표충성도와 쾌락적ㆍ효용적 의복가치

서문숙;김건수;박재옥;이규혜 한양대학교 2007 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.27 No.1

Many recent research reported that men, different from the past, want to represent their individualities through clothing and become important shoppers. The market for men is gradually extended. In this study, a well known relationship between clothing values and brand orientation were tested for male consumers. Data from 334 adult male consumers living in a metropolitan area were collected and analyzed. Results indicated that male consumers with various demographic characteristics such as age, marital status, income, and clothing expense showed different level of clothing values. Regression analysis results indicated that among hedonic clothing value factors, confidence in clothing and fashion orientation had significant influence on brand loyalty. Among utilitarian factors symbolic values expressed through clothing had a strong influence on brand loyalty of male consumers.

Lidocaine, Thrombin, Epinephrine 의 항균효과

김진우,이동건,전혜선,김승준,김석찬,안중현,김치홍,권순석,김영균,김관형,문화식,신완식,송정섭,박성학 대한감염학회 2005 감염과 화학요법 Vol.37 No.6

목적 : 기관지내시경 검사에서 흔히 사용되는 국소마취제인 lidocaine과 내시경시 지혈목적으로 사용되는 thrombin과 epinephrine이 각종 균주에 미치는 항균효과에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 균주는 가톨릭대학교 성모병원에서 2004년 3월부터 2004년 9월까지 임상검체 에서 동정된 S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa 각각 42, 42, 42, 43주를 대상으로 하였다. Lidocaine, thrombin, epinephrine 감수성 검사는 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS, 2002)의 기준에 따랐다. 결과 : Lidocaine은 S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa에서 MIC_(50), MIC_(90) 모두 20,000 ㎍/mL 이었다. K. pneumoniae는 각각 10,000 ㎍/mL이었다. Thrombin은 S. aureus와 P. aeruginosa에서 MIC50 500 lU/mL 과 MIC_(90) 500 IU/mL 이상이었고, K. pneumoniae에서는 MIC_(50)과 MIC_(90)이 모두 500 lU/mL이상이었으나 S. pneumoniae에서는 MIC_(50)과 MIC_(90)은 125 IU/mL이었다. Epinephrine은 K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae에 대한 MIC_(50), MIC_(90)가 모두 >500 ㎍/mL이었고, S. aureus와 P. aeruginosa에 대한 MIC_(50), MIC_(90)가 모두 500 ㎍/mL이었다. 결론 : 기관지 내시경 검사에서 흔히 쓰이는 lidocaine, thrombin, epinephrine 등의 약제들이 호흡기 질환의 흔한 병원균인 S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa 균주들에 대해 항균 효과가 있을 수 있어 세균배양검사에 영향을 미칠 수 있겠다. Background : We performed this stody to find out about antimicrobial effect of lidocaine which is commonly used local anesthetic, and thrombin and epinephrine used for hemostasis during bronchoscopic procedures. Materials and Methods : The microorganisms that were cultured from specimens obtained during bronchoscopy were Staphylococcus aureus (n=42), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=42), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=42), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=43) collected from St. Mary's Hospital, from March to Sep 2004 were used for susceptibity testing. Susceptibility to lidocaine, thrombin, and epinephrine were tested according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Result : MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) of lidocaine for S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa were all 20,000 ㎍/mL and that for K. pneumoniae were 10,000 ㎍/mL. MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) of thrombin for both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was 500 IU/mL and above 500 IU/mL, respectively; that for K. pneumoniae were all above 500 IU/mL and for S. pneumoniae they were 125 IU/mL, MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) of epinephrine for K. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae were above 500 ㎍/mL; that for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were 500 ㎍/mL. Conclusion : We observed possible antimicrobial effect of lidocaine, thrombin, and epinephrine in vitro against pathogens such as S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, which are common respiratory microorganisms. The use of these agants could affect the result of bacterial culture.

알부민이 첨가된 시험관내 약역학 감염모델을 이용한 폐렴알균 치료에서 Ceftriaxone 일일 1회 요법

허지안,전혜선,박선희,최수미,김시현,이동건,최정현,유진홍,신완식 대한감염학회 2006 감염과 화학요법 Vol.38 No.6

배경 : Penicillin 내성 폐렴알균이 증가하는 지역에서 대안 중의 하나로 사용되는 ceftriaxone (CTR)의 적절한 용법, 용량을 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 임상에서 분리된 폐렴알균을 대상으로 시험관내 약역학 감염모델을 이용하여 알부민이 첨가된 경우와 첨가되지 않은 경우 CTR의 일일 1회 요법의 효과를 비교해 보고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : Penicillin 감수성(SM24), 중간내성(SM47), 내성(SM60)주를 대상으로 2-구획 시험관내 약역학 감염모델을 적용하였다. CTR 주입은 2 g씩 24시간마다로 사람의 약동학을 모의하였다. 알부민은 모델에서 4g/ dL가 유지되도록 하였다. 살균효과는 0, 2, 4, 6, 24, 30, 48시간째 집락수 변화로 측정하였다. 결과 : 모든 균주에서 알부민이 첨가되지 않은 경우 6시간 이내에 살균력이 관찰되었다. 최저억제농도 및 알부민 첨가유무에 관계없이 3주 모두 24시간째 살균력이 관찰되었고, 48시간째는 모두 측정한계 이하의 집락수로 감소하였다. 전 실험과정에서 CTR에 대한 내성주는 출현하지 않았다. 결론 : CTR의 일일 1회 요법은 알부민이 첨가되었을 때, 감수성, 중간내성, 내성주 모두에서 살균력 발현이 지연되었으나 최종효과는 알부민이 없을 때와 다르지 않았다. 앞으로 알부민 결합효과와 관련된 기초적인 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Background : During the era of increasing penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, it is important to have knowledge about adequate dosage and dosing interval of ceftriaxone (CTR). We examined efficacies of once-daily CTR and compared results in an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model (IVPDIM) supplemented with albumin and those without albumin. Methods : Using three clinically isolated S. pneumoniae that were susceptible (SM24), intermediate (SM47) and resistant (SM60) against CTR, we utilized a two-compartment IVPDIM. CTR 2 g was administered intravenously every 24 h. Human albumin was added with concentration of 4 g/dL. Samples were removed at multiple time points over a 48-h period to determine the colony counts. Results : In SM24 and SM60, bactericidal effects were observed within 6 hours in groups without albumin. The number of colonies during 1st 6 hours were more decreased in albumin-free groups than in albumin-supplemented groups (P<0.05). In SM47, similar results were found during 1st 6 hours (P=0.03). But, regrowth was observed in albumin supplemented group at 30 h. Irrespective of results of minimal inhibitory concentrations and albumin supplementation, bactericidal effects were shown at 24 h in all 3 strains. All groups were decreased below the detection limit at 48 h. Development of resistance was not detected throughout the entire study period in either strain. Conclusions : Although extents of killing in albumin supplemented broth of once-daily CTR dosing were delayed in all 3 strains compared with those of albumin free broth, final efficacies were not different between the two groups.

공동주택 주차장의 축적먼지 중 미량원소성분 분석과 오염원 평가

배건호(Gun Ho Bae),정철수(Cheol Su Jung),박규태(Kyu Tae Park),이명숙(Myoung Sook Lee),신동찬(Dong Chan Shin),김용혜(Yong Hye Kim),윤민혜(Min Hye Yoon),한영진(Young Jin Han),최혁(Hyuek Choi),백성옥(Sung Ok Baek) 大韓環境工學會 2011 대한환경공학회지 Vol.33 No.10

공동주택 주차장의 먼지오염실태를 연구하기 위하여 2010년 3월말에서 6월초까지 대구지역 공동주택 36곳의 지상주차장(36지점)과 지하주차장(36지점)을 대상으로 채취한 총 72개의 시료를 100 μm 이하로 체거름하고 산추출한 후 ICP로 14개원소를 분석하였다. 농축계수를 이용한 미량원소성분의 발생원 평가결과는 지상주차장과 지하주차장 모두 Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, V의 성분은 자연적인 발생원에 의한 영향을 받고 있는 반면에 Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn의 성분은 인위적인 발생원에 의한 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 Ca은 지상주차장의 경우에는 자연적인 발생원의 영향을 받았고, 지하주차장의 경우에는 인위적인 발생원의 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났다. 미량원소성분의 농도분석 결과는 자연적인 발생원과 관련된 성분이 인위적인 발생원과 관련된 성분보다 매우 높은 농도를 보였다. 인위적인 발생원성분의 기여도는 지하주차장이 지상주차장보다 높았으며, 미량원소성분의 평균농도 또한 지하주차장이 지상주차장보다 높았다. 오염지수를 이용한 중금속성분의 오염도를 평가한결과는 지하주차장이 지상주차장보다 5.5배정도 높게 오염된 것으로 나타났다. 미량원소성분간의 상관성 분석결과는 지상주차장이 지하주차장에 비해 유의한 상관성을 나타내는 항목이 많았으며, 특히 자연적 발생원 성분간 유의한 상관성이 더욱 크게 나타났다. 또한 유해 중금속성분과 지하주차장의 영향인자간의 상관성을 분석한 결과는 주차대수(공간)가 적은 지점이 큰 지점보다, 환기장치를 가동하지 않은 지점이 가동한 지점보다, 그리고 최근 도색년도와 청소일이 오래된 지점이 상대적으로 유해중금속을 많이 함유하고 있었다. In order to investigate the degree of apartment parking lot dust contamination, total 72 samples of parking lot dust (36 from ground parking lots and 36 from the underground parking lots) were collected in Daegu city from the end of March to the early June 2010. The dust samples were sieved below 100 μm, and analysed by ICP for 14 elements after an acid extraction. Results obtained from the source assessment of trace element using enrichment factor showed that Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and V were influenced by natural sources, while Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were influenced by anthropogenic sources in both the ground parking lot and the underground parking lot. And results showed that Ca were influenced by natural sources in the ground parking lot, but influenced by anthropogenic sources in the underground parking lot. The measured values were remarkably higher in components from natural sources than in components from anthropogenic sources. Underground parking lot dust was more affected by anthropogenic sources and contaminated compared with the ground parking lot dust. Pollution index of heavy metals revealed that underground parking lot dust was 5.5 times more contaminated with heavy metal components than the ground parking lot dust. The results of correlation analysis among trace elements indicated that components in the ground parking lot were more correlated than those in the underground parking lot, and especially more correlated with natural sources-natural sources. Analysis for correlations between components and influencing factors in the underground parking lot showed that concentrations of heavy metals were higher with smaller number of parking spaces and no ventilation system, and older apartments in last paint and cleaning had relatively higher contents of heavy metals than those of recently painted and cleaned.

Anti-oxidative, Whitening and Anti-microbial Effects of Rosa multiflora Root

Gun Hye Park,Sok Jun Hyun,Han Hyuk Kim,Dong Hee Kim,Kang Soo Park,Tae Soon Park,Jin Young Lee,Chang Eon Lee,Se Gie Kim,Young Je Cho,Won Dae Ji,Bong Jeun An 한국응용생명화학회 2008 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.51 No.5

Immune-enhancing effects of <i>Portulaca oleracea</i> L.- based complex extract in cyclophosphamide-induced splenocytes and immunosuppressed rats

Park, Young Mi,Lee, Hak Yong,Kang, Yang Gyu,Park, Sang Hoon,Lee, Bong Gun,Park, Yeon Ju,Oh, Hong Geun,Moon, Dae In,Kim, Young Pill,Park, Deuk Seon,Lee, Hyang Man,Kim, Ok jin,Yang, Hye-Jeong,Kim, Min J CARFAX PUBLISHING CO 2019 FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL IMMUNOLOGY Vol.30 No.1

Induction of Thioredoxin Reductase 1 by Korean Red Ginseng Water Extract Regulates Cytoprotective Effects on Human Endothelial Cells

Park, Hye Rim,Lee, Seung Eun,Yang, Hana,Son, Gun Woo,Jin, Young-Ho,Park, Yong Seek Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2015 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2015 No.-

<P>Korean Red Ginseng is a popular herbal medicine and is widely used in many food products. KRG has biological benefits related to vascular diseases including diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and other cardiac diseases and KRG has antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic actions. KRG decreases the level of oxidative stress and suppresses proinflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules, thus protecting endothelial dysfunction. Mammalian Thioredoxin reductase 1 is an NADPH-dependent selenoprotein, essential for antioxidant defense and DNA synthesis and repair, that regulates the redox system by modulating redox-sensitive transcription factors and thiol-containing proteins. Here, we show that KRG water extract increases the expression of TrxR1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via the p38 and PKC-<I>δ</I> signaling pathways. The induction of TrxR1 expression by KRG was confirmed by Western blot analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. However, the increase in TrxR1 expression was abolished by specific silencing of the p38 and PKC-<I>δ</I> genes. In addition, we demonstrated that auranofin, a TrxR1 inhibitor, weakens the protective effect of KRG against H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>-induced cell death as measured by the terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. These results suggest that KRG may have protective effects in vascular diseases by upregulating TrxR1 in endothelial cells, thereby inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species and cell death.</P>

Microarray analysis of gene expression in 3-methylcholanthrene-treated human endothelial cells

Park, Hye Rim,Yang, Hana,Kim, Gun-Dong,Son, Gun Woo,Park, Yong Seek 대한독성유전단백체학회 2014 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.10 No.1

Cigarette smoke has many toxic components that can lead to the disruption of various cellular processes. Increase in oxidative stress due to cigarette smoke causes production of reactive oxygen species, which induce vascular disease. 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) is an environmental contaminant derived from the incomplete combustion of cigarette smoke and is one of the major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 3MC activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and contributes to carcinogenesis and vascular disease. The present study investigated gene expression in 3MC-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells by microarray gene expression profiling. We found 1,279 and 717 genes with altered gene expression within 24 h of 100 nM and $1{\mu}m$ 3MC treatment, respectively; these genes were distributed into distinct functional groups. Some of the genes including ICAM1, PTGS2, APOL3, and GPX-1, were related to cardiovascular disease. Our results support the hypothesis that 3MC-stimulated gene expression in endothelial cells may play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease.