백두산 화산 폭발시 화산성 지진에 의한 조적조 건축물의 피해예측: 백두산 인근지역부터 국내 서울지역까지

백은림,김정현,Xiuming Cui,오상훈,이상호 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2014 국제지역연구 Vol.18 No.3

Recently, some researchers have raised the possibility of volcanic eruption for Mt. Baekdu and theresearches about the evaluation and prediction of volcanic damage have been conducted. Volcaniceruption of Mt. Baekdu can accompany the volcanic earthquake. In that case, many buildings couldbe damaged by the earthquake from nearby area of the mountain to Seoul area in South Korea. Especially, many low-rise masonry buildings have been settled on nearby area of it and that kind ofbuildings are very vulnerable for earthquake load. If the earthquake happens, it is predicted thatextensive losses related with human life and property would be caused as masonry buildings aredamaged. And it will affect northeast asia economy. So it is important to predict damage by thevolcanic earthquake. In this study, the volcanic earthquake was assumed and damage probability ofthe masonry buildings by the earthquake depending on distance from the epicenter was evaluated. For this, the seismic fragility curves at the regions(Kirin area in China and Seoul in Korea) werepresented. And the damage cost by the earthquake was estimated using the fragility curve. As theresult, it was estimated that if large earthquake more than M 8 happens, the great part of thebuildings on the nearby area of the mountain would be destroyed and the building in Seoul would bedamaged a little. 최근 백두산 화산 폭발의 가능성이 제기되고 있는 가운데, 화산 폭발시 예상되는 피해를최소화하기 위한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 백두산 화산이 폭발할 경우, 그로 인한 화산성 지진이 발생하게 되고 이 지진에 의해 백두산 인근 지역 및 원거리에 위치한 국내의 서울·인천 지역까지도 피해가 발생할 것으로 예상되고 있다. 특히 백두산 인근지역은 중국 길림성 및 북한북부 근처로 지진에 취약한 구조형식인 조적조 건축물이 주로 건축되어져 있어 화산성 지진발생시 막대한 인명 및 재산피해가 발생할 것으로 예상된다. 이들 피해는 동북아 국제경제에도 큰 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있으므로, 화산성 지진으로 인한 조적조 건축물의 피해를 예측하는 것은 매우 중요하다 하겠다. 본 연구에서는 백두산 화산폭발 시나리오를 가정하여, 화산성지진의 거리감쇠에 따른 거리별 도달 지진 강도를 예상하고, 그에 따른 조적조 건축물의 피해정도를 예측하였다. 중국 및 국내 조적조 건축물의 지진취약도 함수를 제시하고, 그에 따라 손상정도에 따른 피해확률 및 피해금액을 예측하였다. 그 결과 규모 8 이상의 화산성 지진이 발생할 경우, 백두산 근교의 조적조 건축물은 대부분이 파괴될 것으로 예측되었다. 또한 백두산으로부터 약 500km 가량 떨어진 국내 서울지역에서도 조적조 건축물에 경미한 손상이 다수발생할 것으로 예측되었다.

A transcriptome analysis uncovers Panax notoginseng resistance to Fusarium solani induced by methyl jasmonate

Diqiu Liu,Qin Zhao,Xiuming Cui,Rui Chen,Xin Li,Bingling Qiu,Feng Ge 한국유전학회 2019 Genes & Genomics Vol.41 No.12

Background Panax notoginseng is a famous Chinese herbal medicine, but the root rot disease mainly caused by Fusarium solani severely reduces the yield and quality of its medicinal materials. Objective The defense priming in P. notoginseng through exogenous application of signaling molecule will supply theoretical support for the exogenous regulation of disease resistance in P. notoginseng. Methods In this study, the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) increased P. notoginseng’s resistance to F. solani. Furthermore, the P. notoginseng transcriptome during F. solani infection was investigated through next-generation sequencing to uncover the resistance mechanism of P. notogingseng induced by MeJA. Results The de novo assembly of transcriptome sequences produced 80,551 unigenes, and 36,771 of these unigenes were annotated by at least one database. A differentially expressed gene analysis revealed that a large number of genes related to terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and plant–pathogen interactions were predominantly upregulated by MeJA. Moreover, jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis-related genes and the JA signaling pathway genes, such as linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase, allene oxide cyclase, allene oxide synthase, TIFY, defensin, and pathogenesis-related proteins, showed increased transcriptional levels after inoculation with F. solani. Notably, according to the gene expression analysis, JA and ethylene signaling pathways may act synergistically to positively regulate the defense responses of P. notoginseng to F. solani. Conclusion JA signaling appears to play a vital role in P. notoginseng responses to F. solani infection, which will be helpful in improving the disease resistance of P. notoginseng cultivars as well as in developing an environmentally friendly biological control method for root rot disease.

Effect of Different Varieties, Processing Methods, Harvesting Times, and Storage Periods on the Quality of Maca

Tingting Xu,Xiaoya Chen,Xiuming Cui,Chengxiao Wang,Lisha Qiu 한국원예학회 2023 원예과학기술지 Vol.41 No.4

Maca, Lepidium meyenii Walpers (Brassicaceae), has been the subject of much research due to its unique biological activity. Maca is widely distributed in Yunnan Province, China, but is not well recognized in the market. In this study, through a chemical analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and principal component analysis (PCA), the nutritional and bioactive components of different varieties, processing methods, harvesting times, and storage periods of maca were determined and analyzed. The results indicated that whole maca when dried at 35°C, harvested around the winter solstice and planted at an altitude of about 3,000 meters was favorable for the production of nutrients and bioactive components. Compared to black maca, yellow maca had higher levels of glucosinolates, flavonoids, alkaloids and macamides. In addition, a shorter storage period (less than one year) of maca leads to a higher content of bioactive components. The findings here provide a scientific basis for the cultivation and origin processing of maca

Transcriptome analysis reveals putative pathogenesis genes in Alternaria panax during infecting Panax notoginseng leaves

Shah Taif,Liu Diqiu,Cui XiuMing 한국유전학회 2022 Genes & Genomics Vol.44 No.7

Background: Alternaria panax is the causative agent of black spot disease in Panax notoginseng, which causes significant yield loss. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenicity remain mostly unknown. Objective: We sequenced the transcriptome of A. panax during infecting P. notoginseng leaves using next-generation RNA-seq to understand the molecular aspects of black spot disease. Methods: In this study, we sequenced the A. panax transcriptome during infecting P. notoginseng leaves through next-generation sequencing to explore the pathogenesis genes that may be responsible for black spot disease on P. notoginseng. Result: The de novo transcriptome assembly of A. panax produced 23,036 unigenes, of which 18,096 genes were functionally annotated by at least one protein database. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathways of differentially up-regulated genes suggest that most genes are associated with metabolic processes, catalytic activity, starch, and sucrose metabolism during infection. Many pathogenesis-associated genes, including genes encoding secreted proteins, candidate secreted effectors, cell wall degrading enzymes, transcription factors, and transporters, were up-regulated in A. panax during infection. In addition, the secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes, including cytochrome P450, and nonribosomal peptide synthetases, were also identified in this study. Conclusions: Differential gene expression analysis has confirmed that A. panax infection was mainly present in the middle and final stages. The findings show that these pathogenesis-associated genes in A. panax may be critical for the P. notoginseng black spots disease.

Study on the grading standard of Panax notoginseng seedlings

Chen, Lijuan,Yang, Ye,Ge, Jin,Cui, Xiuming,Xiong, Yin The Korean Society of Ginseng 2018 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.42 No.2

Background: The quality differences in seedlings of medicinal herbs often affect the quality of medicinal parts. The establishment of the grading standard of Panax notoginseng seedlings is significant for the stable quality of medicinal parts of P. notoginseng. Methods: To establish the grading standard of P. notoginseng seedlings, a total of 36,000 P. notoginseng seedlings were collected from 30 producing areas, of which the fresh weight, root length, root diameter, bud length, bud diameter, and rootlet number were measured. The K-means clustering method was applied to grade seedlings and establish the grading standard. Results: The fresh weight and rootlet number of P. notoginseng seedlings were determined as the final indices of grading. P. notoginseng seedlings from different regions of Yunnan could be preliminarily classified into four grades: the special grade, the premium grade, the standard grade, and culled seedlings. Conclusion: The grading standard was proven to be reasonable according to the agronomic characters, emergence rate, and photosynthetic efficiency of seedlings after transplantation, and the yields and contents of active constituents of the medicinal parts from different grades of seedlings.

Chemical and bioactive comparison of Panax notoginseng root and rhizome in raw and steamed forms

Yin Xiong,Lijuan Chen,Jinhui Man,Yupiao Hu,Xiuming Cui 고려인삼학회 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.3

Background: The root and rhizome are historically and officially utilized medicinal parts of Panaxnotoginseng (PN) (Burk.) F. H. Chen, which in raw and steamed forms are used differently in practice. Methods: To investigate the differences in chemical composition and bioactivities of PN root and rhizomebetween raw and steamed forms, high-performance liquid chromatography analyses and pharmacologiceffects evaluated by tests of anticoagulation, antioxidation, hemostasis, antiinflammation, and hematopoiesiswere combined. Results: With the duration of steaming time, the contents of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rd, and notoginsenosideR1 in PN were decreased, while those of ginsenosides Rh1, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rh4, and Rk3were increased gradually. Raw PN samples steamed for 6 h at 120 C with stable levels of most constituentswere used for the subsequent study of bioeffects. Raw PN showed better hemostasis, anticoagulation,and antiinflammation effects, while steamed PN exhibited stronger antioxidation andhematopoiesis activities. For different parts of PN, contents of saponins in PN rhizome were generallyhigher than those in the root, which could be related to the stronger bioactivities of rhizome comparedwith the same form of PN root. Conclusion: This study provides basic information about the chemical and bioactive comparison of PNroot and rhizome in both raw and steamed forms, indicating that the change of saponins may have a keyrole in different properties of raw and steamed PN.

Chemical and bioactive comparison of Panax notoginseng root and rhizome in raw and steamed forms

Xiong, Yin,Chen, Lijuan,Man, Jinhui,Hu, Yupiao,Cui, Xiuming The Korean Society of Ginseng 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.3

Background: The root and rhizome are historically and officially utilized medicinal parts of Panax notoginseng (PN) (Burk.) F. H. Chen, which in raw and steamed forms are used differently in practice. Methods: To investigate the differences in chemical composition and bioactivities of PN root and rhizome between raw and steamed forms, high-performance liquid chromatography analyses and pharmacologic effects evaluated by tests of anticoagulation, antioxidation, hemostasis, antiinflammation, and hematopoiesis were combined. Results: With the duration of steaming time, the contents of ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, Rd, and notoginsenoside $R_1$ in PN were decreased, while those of ginsenosides $Rh_1$, $20(S)-Rg_3$, $20(R)-Rg_3$, $Rh_4$, and $Rk_3$ were increased gradually. Raw PN samples steamed for 6 h at $120^{\circ}C$ with stable levels of most constituents were used for the subsequent study of bioeffects. Raw PN showed better hemostasis, anticoagulation, and antiinflammation effects, while steamed PN exhibited stronger antioxidation and hematopoiesis activities. For different parts of PN, contents of saponins in PN rhizome were generally higher than those in the root, which could be related to the stronger bioactivities of rhizome compared with the same form of PN root. Conclusion: This study provides basic information about the chemical and bioactive comparison of PN root and rhizome in both raw and steamed forms, indicating that the change of saponins may have a key role in different properties of raw and steamed PN.

The transcription factor PjERF1 enhances the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in Panax japonicus

Chen Qin,Yu Yilin,Zhang Xiang,Zhao Ren,Zhang Jinyu,Liu Diqiu,Cui Xiuming,Ge Feng 한국식물생명공학회 2021 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.15 No.5

The ERF-type transcription factors (TFs) play vital roles in plant secondary metabolism. ERF TFs simultaneously regulate the expression levels of key enzyme genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites due to its “multi-point control” function. In this study, one gene of ERF TFs from Panax japonicus (PjERF1) was cloned. The open reading frame of PjERF1 was 801 bp and encoded 266 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PjERF1 belonged to ERF subfamily with a typical conserved domain. Subcellular localization found that PjERF1 protein might be located in eukaryotic cell nucleus. Yeast one-hybrid assay demonstrated that PjERF1 could bind to the promoters of PjβAS, PjCAS, and PjSE specifically and regulate the expression levels of such key enzyme genes involved in the triterpene saponins biosynthesis. Therefore, in the PjERF1 overexpression cell lines, the expression levels of some key enzyme genes involved in the triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis were significantly increased compared with those in non-transgenic cell line. As a result of it, the biosynthesis of chikusetsusaponin IV and IVa, and other ginsenosides (Rd, Rb1, Re, and R0) were also promoted in the PjERF1 over- expression cell lines. This study indicated that PjERF1 could regulate the biosynthesis of saponins in P. japonicus through controlling the expression levels of key enzyme genes related to the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins.