Projections of summertime ozone concentration over East Asia under multiple IPCC SRES emission scenarios

Lee, Jae-Bum,Cha, Jun-Seok,Hong, Sung-Chul,Choi, Jin-Young,Myoung, Ji-Su,Park, Rokjin J.,Woo, Jung-Hun,Ho, Changhoi,Han, Jin-Seok,Song, Chang-Keun Elsevier 2015 Atmospheric environment Vol.106 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We have developed the Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling System (ICAMS) through the one-way nesting of global–regional models to examine the changes in the surface ozone concentrations over East Asia under future climate scenarios. Model simulations have been conducted for the present period of 1996–2005 to evaluate the performance of ICAMS. The simulated surface ozone concentrations reproduced the observed monthly mean concentrations at sites in East Asia with high R<SUP>2</SUP> values (0.4–0.9), indicating a successful simulation to capture both spatial and temporal variability. We then performed several model simulations with the six IPCC SRES scenarios (A2, A1B, A1FI, A1T, B1, and B2) for the next three periods, 2016–2025 (the 2020s), 2046–2055 (the 2050s), and 2091–2100 (the 2090s). The model results show that the projected changes of the annual daily mean maximum eight-hour (DM8H) surface ozone concentrations in summertime for East Asia are in the range of 2–8 ppb, −3 to 8 ppb, and −7 to 9 ppb for the 2020s, the 2050s, and the 2090s, respectively, and are primarily determined based on the emission changes of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC. The maximum increases in the annual DM8H surface ozone and high-ozone events occur in the 2020s for all scenarios except for A2, implying that the air quality over East Asia is likely to get worse in the near future period (the 2020s) than in the far future periods (the 2050s and the 2090s). The changes in the future environment based on IPCC SRES scenarios would also influence the change in the occurrences of high-concentrations events more greatly than that of the annual DM8H surface ozone concentrations. Sensitivity simulations show that the emissions increase is the key factor in determining future regional surface ozone concentrations in the case of a developing country, China, whereas a developed country, Japan would be influenced more greatly by effects of the regional climate change than the increase in emissions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Change in ozone level is determined by the combination of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC emissions. </LI> <LI> Ozone level over East Asia would get worse in the near future (the 2020s) than far future. </LI> <LI> A high-concentration event generally increases and more frequently occurs in the future. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developing country depends more on emissions change. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developed country depends more on climate change. </LI> </UL> </P>

X-ray Irradiation Induced Reversible Resistance Change in Pt/TiO₂/Pt Cells

Chang, Seo Hyoung,Kim, Jungho,Phatak, Charudatta,D’Aquila, Kenneth,Kim, Seong Keun,Kim, Jiyoon,Song, Seul Ji,Hwang, Cheol Seong,Eastman, Jeffrey A.,Freeland, John W.,Hong, Seungbum American Chemical Society 2014 ACS NANO Vol.8 No.2

<P>The interaction between X-rays and matter is an intriguing topic for both fundamental science and possible applications. In particular, synchrotron-based brilliant X-ray beams have been used as a powerful diagnostic tool to unveil nanoscale phenomena in functional materials. However, it has not been widely investigated how functional materials respond to the brilliant X-rays. Here, we report the X-ray-induced reversible resistance change in 40-nm-thick TiO<SUB>2</SUB> films sandwiched by Pt top and bottom electrodes, and propose the physical mechanism behind the emergent phenomenon. Our findings indicate that there exists a photovoltaic-like effect, which modulates the resistance reversibly by a few orders of magnitude, depending on the intensity of impinging X-rays. We found that this effect, combined with the X-ray irradiation induced phase transition confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, triggers a nonvolatile reversible resistance change. Understanding X-ray-controlled reversible resistance changes can provide possibilities to control initial resistance states of functional materials, which could be useful for future information and energy storage devices.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2014/ancac3.2014.8.issue-2/nn405867p/production/images/medium/nn-2013-05867p_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn405867p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Rat의 복강내에 투여한 5-fluorouracil-polyglycolic acid 제형이 장기에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

강대영,송규상,최정목,노승무,정경수,오정연,김진향,양준묵,최선웅,이진호,조준식,민병무,김용백,김창식,박근성,김승영,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

For more effective intraperitoneal chemotherapy, the authers made 5-fluorouracil-polyglycolic acid composite disks(FU-PGA disks) with 5-fluorouracil and polyglycolic acid, a biodegradable polymer. We inserted the FU-PGA disk into the peritoneal cavites of Sprague-Dawley male rats, the control and three experimental groups; one FU-PGA disk insert group(300mg/kg), two FU-PGA disk insert group(600mg/kg), and three FU-PGA disk insert group(900mg/kg). The control group received a similar number of PGA disk inserts. A pharmacokinetic study was performed to measure the 5-fluorouracil concentration in the peritoneal fluid, blood, and tissues(liver, kidney and heart) at 24 hours, 72hours and 168 hours after insertion of the FU-PGA disk. Light and electron microscopic studies were done. The results were as follows: 1) The number of white blood cells and platelets decreased after FU-PGA insertion. The degree was proportional to the duration and amounts inserted. The change in the number of red blood cells varied slightly. 2) Light microscopically, slight changes were noted at 168 hours in the 3 disk insert group (900mg/kg). Mild fatty change and hepatocyte degeneration around the central veins of the liver were noted, with vacuolar degeneration in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. 3) Electron microscopically,the liver showed focal increases of lipid droplets in the hepatocytes, and irregular nuclear membrane with focal nucleolar segregation of the fibrillar and granular elements. Also the double membranous structure of the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells was widened with bleb formation. The kidney showed wide separation of the nuclear double membrane in the proximal convoluted tubular cells and mesangial cells, with vacuolation and myelin figure formation in the mitochondria of the proximal convoluted tubular cells, at 72 hours and 168 hours in the 2 to 3 FU-PGA insert groups. The heart showed focal loss of cristae,vacuolation and myelin figure formation in the mitochondria of the 2 to 3 FU-PGA insert groups. In conclusion, despite the large amont of FU-PGA inserted, the histopathological changes in the liver, kidney and heart were slight, and consonant with the very low amount of 5-fluorouracil concentrations detected in the liver, kidney and heart. The above results suggest that the FU-PGA composite can serve as a new device for releasing drugs in a controlled manner and easily targeted to intraperitoneal organs. This device can improve the efficacy of intraperitoneal chemotherapy for gastric cancer.

Finding key vulnerable areas by a climate change vulnerability assessment

Kim, Ho Gul,Lee, Dong Kun,Jung, Huicheul,Kil, Sung-Ho,Park, Jin Han,Park, Chan,Tanaka, Riwako,Seo, Changwan,Kim, Ho,Kong, Wooseok,Oh, Kyusik,Choi, Jinyong,Oh, Young-Ju,Hwang, Gangseok,Song, Chang-Keun Springer Netherlands 2016 Natural hazards Vol.81 No.3

<P>Extreme climate events such as typhoons, heat waves, and floods have increased in frequency with climate change. Many municipalities within the Republic of Korea (ROK) have experienced damage from these events, necessitating countermeasures. Vulnerability assessment has been suggested in the implementation of a national plan for reducing damage resulting from climate change. Thus, in this study, we assess the vulnerability of the ROK and identify key vulnerable municipalities in support of the national adaptation plan. We create a framework for assessing the vulnerability of all 232 municipalities of the ROK with respect to 32 items in 7 fields. The framework regards decision makers' comprehension and availability of data as important factors. We assess the vulnerability index of each municipality by using variables of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capacity. The weights of variables are determined by the Delphi method. We used the representative concentration pathways 8.5 climate scenario to reflect future climate exposure for the vulnerability assessment. From the analysis, vulnerability maps are prepared for the 32 items of 7 fields, and key vulnerable municipalities are identified by aggregating the maps. The distribution of vulnerable municipalities changes with the future climate conditions. These maps provide a scientific and objective basis for the ROK government to establish adaptation plans and allocate resources. The ROK government can utilize the results to identify the characteristics of highly vulnerable areas, and municipalities can use the results as a basis for requesting support from the national government.</P>

Diagnostic Significance of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Microvascular Decompression of Patients with Hemifacial Spasm or Trigeminal Neuralgia

Park, Sang-Koo,Lim, Sung-Hyuk,Park, Chan-Woo,Park, Jin-Woo,Chang, Sung-Ho,Park, Keun-Hye,Park, Hae-Ja,Song, Ji-Hye,Uhm, Dong-Ok,Kim, Ki-Bong 대한임상검사과학회 2011 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.43 No.1

The purpose of this study was to analyse brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) wave change data during microvascular decompression (MVD). The nerve function of Cranial Nerve VIII is at risk during MVD. Intraoperative monitoring of BAEP can be a useful tool to decrease the danger of hearing loss. Between January and December 2009, 242 patients had MVD for hemifacial spasm (HFS) and trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Among intraoperative BAEP changes, amplitude of V-V' was the most frequently observed during cerebellar retraction and decompression step of the MVD procedure. 138 patients (57%) had no BAEP change while 104 patients (42.98%) had BAEP change. 69 patients (28.5%) had Type A-I, 16 patients (6.6%) had Type A-II, 5 patients (2.1%) had Type B, and 13 patients (5.37%) had Type C. MVD is a surgical procedure to relieve the symptoms (e.g. pain, muscle twitching) caused by compression of a nerve by an artery or vein. During BAEP intraoperative monitoring, the surgical step is important in interpreting the changes of wave V. Several potential mechanisms of injury may affect the cochlear nerve, and complete loss of BAEP is often associated with postoperative hearing loss. Intraoperative BAEP monitoring may provide an early warning of hearing disturbance after MVD.

Diagnostic Significance of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Microvascular Decompression of Patients with Hemifacial Spasm or Trigeminal Neuralgia

( Sang-koo Park ),( Sung-hyuk Lim ),( Chan-woo Park ),( Jin-woo Park ),( Sung-ho Chang ),( Keun-hye Park ),( Hae-ja Park ),( Ji-hye Song ),( Dong-ok Uhm ),( Ki-bong Kim ) 대한임상검사과학회 2011 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.43 No.1

The purpose of this study was to analyse brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) wave change data during microvascular decompression (MVD). The nerve function of Cranial Nerve VIII is at risk during MVD. Intraoperative monitoring of BAEP can be a useful tool to decrease the danger of hearing loss. Between January and December 2009, 242 patients had MVD for hemifacial spasm (HFS) and trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Among intraoperative BAEP changes, amplitude of V-V’ was the most frequently observed during cerebellar retraction and decompression step of the MVD procedure. 138 patients (57%) had no BAEP change while 104 patients (42.98%) had BAEP change. 69 patients (28.5%) had Type A-I, 16 patients (6.6%) had Type A-II, 5 patients (2.1%) had Type B, and 13 patients (5.37%) had Type C. MVD is a surgical procedure to relieve the symptoms (e.g. pain, muscle twitching) caused by compression of a nerve by an artery or vein. During BAEP intraoperative monitoring, the surgical step is important in interpreting the changes of wave V. Several potential mechanisms of injury may affect the cochlear nerve, and complete loss of BAEP is often associated with postoperative hearing loss. Intraoperative BAEP monitoring may provide an early warning of hearing disturbance after MVD.

공공서비스의 민간 위탁 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인

송근원,강대창,허남식 한국행정연구원 2003 韓國行政硏究 Vol.12 No.3

이 연구에서는 민간 위탁에 관한 이론적 배경과 경험적 사례를 통해서 공공서비스의 민간 위탁 성과에 영향을 미치는 여덟 개 요인들을 추출하여 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수가 무엇인가를 밝혀내고 이를 바탕으로 어떠한 여건 하에서 어느 요인들이 민간위탁의 성과에 유의한 영향을 미치는가를 알아보기 위해 군집분석 결과 제공된 자료들을 가지고 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 민간 위탁의 성공에 영향을 미치고 있는 유의한 요인들로는 전체적으로 볼 때 저항성, 측정가능성, 비용효율성, 서비스 중단시 파급효과라는 네 가지 조건들임을 찾아냈으며, 이 가운데 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 요인은 비용효율성이고, 그 다음이 저항성, 측정가능성, 서비스 중단시 파급효과의 순서이다. 한편, 이들 요인 이외의 경쟁성, 전문 기술적 복잡성, 기관장의 추진 의지, 행정지원체계의 적절성 요건 등은 공공서비스의 유형에 따라 민간 위탁 성과에 영향을 미치고 있음을 밝혀냈다. 이러한 분석 결과를 논의하면서 제시한 행정적 시사점을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 민간 위탁 여건의 정확한 파악 없이 같은 종류의 공공서비스라는 이유로 민간 위탁을 무리하게 추진하는 것은 현실적합성이 결여될 수 있다. 따라서, 민간 위탁 여건에 따른 공공서비스의 분류 유형에 따라 민간 위탁의 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 달라지는 까닭에 민간 위탁 이전에 여기에서 제시한 여덟 가지 민간 위탁 조건들을 점검함으로써 어느 유형에 속하는지를 판단하고 난 후 민간 위탁 여부를 결정할 것을 제안한다. 둘째, 기술적 전문성이 요청되는 공공서비스의 경우, 민간부문에 위탁하는 것이 좀더 적은 비용으로 양질의 공공서비스를 공급할 수 있다는 것을 시사한다. 셋째, 경쟁성이 낮다고 판단되는 공공서비스의 경우 민간 위탁을 통해 비용 절감을 추구하기 위해서는 적절한 성과 평가지표의 개발이 선행되어야 할 것을 주장한다. 넷째, 서비스 공급 중단으로 인한 사회적 파급효과가 큰 공공서비스의 경우, 신뢰할 만한 책임감 있는 수탁자를 경쟁적으로 선정한 후 적절히 지도, 감독하는 일이 매우 중요하다. 왜냐하면, 서비스 공급이 중단되는 경우, 서비스 공급을 다시 시작하려면 많은 시간과 노력 비용이 소요되고 여론이 악화되기 때문이다. 이 이외에도 위탁 조건 중 저항성은 민간 위탁의 성과에 가장 부정적인 영향을 미치는 요인으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 조직내외의 저항성이 강하게 나타나는 공공서비스는 민간 위탁에 신중을 기할 필요가 있다. 곧 민간위탁을 무리하게 추진하기보다는 저항을 완화, 극복할 수 있는 제도적 방안을 마련한 후, 경험적 학습화를 거쳐 점진적으로 민간에 넘겨주는 방안을 적용해야 한다. constituents. Ultimately, the vision of Young Weol Gun was established as 'Pro-Environmental and Cultural Tourist and Relaxation City. The OECD countries have been practicing a series of government reform programs in order to cope with the pressures of the environmental change. These programs are basically aimed at enhancing public sector productivity and customer satisfaction through the adoption of result-oriented management system. The development of accounting system is an indispensable step toward a successful result-oriented management in government. Especially the cash-based governmental accounting system makes it hardly provide accurate information on the status and soundness of governmental financial management. Thus, many OECD countries are transforming the accounting system from cash accounting to accrual accounting. This study explores the causes, consequences, performance, and limitations of Australian governmental accounting system reform for the successful adoption of the new accounting system in Korea. This study shows the successful Australian experience with its decentralization and strengthened accountability of the public bureaucracy, and the new system provides valuable information for better management decisions. Continuous efforts based on active participation of private and public sector, an official's will and capability to apply new information can play an important role in the system. But to reform the governmental accounting system successfully, it needs to clarify the limitation of financial information that new system products. And finally, under this circumstances, this study implies that supplemental measures like budget system reform and performance management system of measuring policy effects should be accompanied. This paper investigates the factors which have influenced on the local public services contracting-out outcomes. This study aims to provide the theoretical grounds of the factors improving local public services. Based not only on the theoretical backgrounds and empirical case study, but also on the interviewing results with public servants who deal with contracting-out, eight criteria are selected. With this conditions cluster analysis is done for the public services and the groups newly classified are discussed in terms of their characteristics. The variables influencing these newly classified five groups of the services are examined by multiple regression analysis. The research findings suggest as follows: The success in contracting-out is highly dependent on the higher cost-efficiency, on the lower resistance, on the higher measurability of outcomes, and on the higher spill-over effect in discontinued services when the services are stopped to be supplied with. Alongside introducing "research councils" in public R&D governance system, the Korean government has carried out the evaluation of member research institutes under research councils every year since 2000. However, the current evaluation system strongly needs to be improved, mainly due to both some deficits of system itself and unfavourable effects arose from the actual implementation process. Therefore, this paper aims to suggest some policy implications for the development of the Korean institute evaluation system, taking the Institute Assesment Exercise (IAE) of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) in the UK as a bench-marking model. As a result, the IAE practice of the BBSRC will be a good reference when three Korean research councils in S&T sector intend to develop their current institute evaluation system. In particular, the UK case will provide useful policy implications for the improvement of some limitations of the Korean system, including the focus of managerial performance, one year interval between evaluation exercises, lower expertise in both evaluation manpower and evaluation unit, the adoption of ranking system among the institutes and budget adjustment-focused utilisation, which have been regarded as main problems in the Korean case.

법적인 문제를 일으키는 응급환자

송근정,장문준,이한식 대한응급의학회 1993 대한응급의학회지 Vol.4 No.2

Recently, number of legal problems beside of malpractice is increasing in hospital, especially in ED, with a social economic development. A retrospective study of consecutive 72 patients who visited YDSH ED profiled legal problems due to stab wound, D.O.A. patient caused by violent crime, patient had been arrested by lawfal agent, rape, gun-shot wound, hopeless person and organ donor were included in this study. The purpose of this article is due to prevent and prepare for the such legal problem by understanding legal aspect of problems listed above. The results were as follows : 1. There was 59 patients of stab wound with male/female ratio of 2.7 to 1, admission/discharge was 23 to 36 patients. 2. Five D.O.A. patients were caused by violent crime, 3 patients by blunt trauma and 2 patients by stab injury. 3. Three patients were related with arrest. 4. Two patients were related with rape. 5. There was I patient in hopeless, gun-shot wound and donor respectively.

진동대 모형 실험과 3차원 수치해석을 통한 농업용 저수지의 내진안정성 분석

송창섭, 김명환, 우제근 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2017 農業科學硏究 Vol.33 No.1

The object of this paper was to determine seismic safety of agricultural reservoir. This study was carried out to analysis for the displacement characteristic and seismic acceleration characteristic. This study compare and evaluated the results of shaking table tests and 3-D Numerical analysis. As a result of the shaking table test, acceleration increased 10% after the installation in the short period seismic wave toward the center of levee, The maximum displacement was 11.98 mm in long - term seismic wave, and the permissible shipment variation was corrected to be less than 1% and 220 mm in ‘Assessment and improvement of seismic performance of existing dam’. As a result of 3-D Numerical analysis by combined load of railway vibration load and ground acceleration, the acceleration increased by maximum 2.97 times from bedrock acceleration 0.154 g in short period and long period seismic wave, The displacement was found to be 79.6 mm above the bank in the long - term seismic wave after construction, and the permanent displacement was 11.5 mm in the railway. 3-D Numerical analysis results showed ‘Assessment and improvement of seismic performance of existing dam’ as well as shaking table model test. Further research is needed on the combined action of railway and seismic loads for the seismic stability of agricultural reservoirs.

반월, 시화공단 악취물질의 안산지역 확산 연구

송동웅,송창근,김영노 漢陽大學校 環境科學硏究所 2003 環境科學論文集 Vol.24 No.-

안산지역은 인근 반월, 시화공단에서 발생하는 악취 및 부유물질로 인한 민원이 그치지 않고 있으며 그 동안 지속적인 악취저감대책에도 불구하고 근원적 해결이 안 되고 있다. 특히, 안산지역은 구지풍인 해륙풍의 영향을 강하게 받는 연안도시로 해풍의 유입과 관련한 오염물질의 이동과 확산과정을 시뮬레이션함으로써 악취민원 발생지역의 범위 예측과 고농도 발생일의 원인규명들을 위한 과학적이고도 정확한 분석이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 반월, 시화공단에서 배출되는 악취물질이 해륙풍등의 국지순환에 의하여 이동, 확산되는 과정을 규명하기 위해 대기확산모델링을 실시하였으며 모니터링자료를 이용하여 모델의 재현성을 평가하였다. There have been persistent civil appeals in Ansan area against the odor and aerosols emitted from nearby Banwol/Sinhwa industrial complex. A fundamental solution for the good air quality has not been addressed yet in spite of the continuous counterplan to reduce odor emission. A systematic and scientific study is needed to examine the reason for the odor episode and to predict the impact coverage of odor pollution. An approach by computational simulation is considered to be adequate to investigate the transportation and the dispersion processes of air pollutants blown by sea breeze toward the coastal city, Ansan. This study has employed various dispersion models to simulate the transportation and the dispersion processes of odor pollutants by a local circulation between land/sea breeze using the data set of emission rates of odorous species from the Banwol/Sihwa industrial complex.