중국 화폐수요에 대한 부동산 및 주식시장의 영향력

조생량(Shengliang Zhao),박정일(Jung Il Park),장병기(Byoung Ky Chang) 한국아시아학회 2015 아시아연구 Vol.18 No.3

본 연구는 중국의 화폐수요에 대한 부동산 가격 및 주식 가격의 변동으로 인한 자산효과를 분석하였다. 자료의 한계를 극복하기 위해 ARDL 한계검정법을 적용하여 분석한 결과, 화폐수요에 대한 장기균형관계에 있어서 자산시장(특히 부동산시장)의 중요성을 확인할 수 있었다. 한계검정법을 적용한 결과 자산가격을 포함하는 경우에만 공적분관계(장기균형관계)가 존재하며 자산가격을 포함하지 않을 경우에는 공적분관계가 존재하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 보다 정확한 장기 영향력을 확인하기 위해 DOLS와 FMOLS를 이용하여 공적분 벡터를 추정한 결과, 부동산가격은 모든 모형에서 유의한 정(+)의 영향력을 보이는 것으로 나타나 화폐수요에 대한 부동산 시장의 소득효과를 다시 한번 확인할 수 있었다. 한편 주식시장의 경우 화폐수요에 대한 효과가 부동산시장보다 미약한 것으로 나타났다. M1에 대해서는 하나의 모형에서만 유의한 정(+)의 영향력이 확인되었고 M2에 대해서는 두 개의 모형에서 유의한 부(-)의 영향력이 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 통화정책 수립 시 자산시장(특히 부동산시장)의 영향을 고려하여야 함을 암시한다. This research aims to analyze the effect of stock and real estate prices on the demand for money in China. We assessed the demand for money1 (M1) and money2 (M2) units in China through using Johansen``s cointegration and ARDL-bounds test. In addition, not only Stock and Watson``s DOLS but Phillips and Hansen``s FMOLS methods were applied to estimate long-run cointegration vectors. The result of ARDL-bounds test shows that asset markets, especially the real estate market, are critical in the long-run equilibrium relationship. There are no cointergration relationships among money demand, real GDP, interest rate and exchange rate in both M1 and M2 models. By adding asset prices in the tested models, we could find strong cointegration relationships on the other hand. Additionally, the results of DOLS and FMOLS confirmed that both real estate and stock price are a valuable factor influencing upon the demand for money. Particularly, the coefficient of real estate price is statistically significant in all the models. These research results imply that the monetary policy should take into account asset price changes.

Functional Characterization of Mammary Gland of Holstein Cows under Humid Tropical Summer Climates

Lu, C.H.,Chang, C.J.,Lee, P.N.,Wu, C.P.,Chen, M.T.,Zhao, X. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.7

Physiological parameters were measured on six primiparous, non-pregnant Holstein cows prior to peak lactation over a 3-month summer season in southwestern Taiwan. The objectives were to characterize heat stress-induced change in functionality of mammary gland under natural climates of tropical summer and to establish physiological indices applicable to this environment in referring to this change. Environmental and physiological readings, milk and blood samples were taken at 15:00 h biweekly for totally five time points during the study. Climate readings showed that the afternoon humidex value reached the highest (53.5) around mid summer. Rectal temperature of cows taken simultaneously varied between $38.26^{\circ}C$ and $40.02^{\circ}C$ in parallel to humidex. Milk production declined drastically from 29.2 to 22.2 kg/d the first month entering summer but leveled up at end of the summer season suggesting effects exerted by heat stress rather than stages of lactation. Lactose content decreased linearly (p<0.05) with times in summer, from 4.69 to 4.38%. On the other hand, activity of N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase) in milk increased linearly to over two folds (p<0.05) during the same intervals. Elevations of fractional constituent of BSA in whey protein and serum cortisol level were also noticed in the course. Measurement of arteriovenous concentration (A-V) difference across the mammary gland demonstrated net uptake of glucose and net release of urea throughout the study period. The amount of urea released from mammary gland increased (p<0.05) progressively from 1.54 to 7.76 mg/dl during summer. It is concluded that gradual regression of mammary gland occurred along the humid tropical summer season. This regression is likely initiated through elevation of body temperature, which is irreversible above certain point. The increased release of urea from mammary gland during heat stress suggests its potential role as an early indicator of suboptimal mammary function.

중국거주 조선족 여성의 영적 안녕정도가 정신건강에 미치는 영향

정성덕,이종범,김진성,서완석,배대석,박순재,주열,염형욱,김승원,김구묘,안영록,황대홍,표미자,조창열,정태길 영남대학교 의과대학 2004 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.21 No.2

자아초월 정신의학이 체계화되면서 영성(spirituality)은 인성의 한 부분이라는 이론이 대두되었는데 이 영성은 정신건강에 큰 영향을 미친다고 했다. 인간의 성향 중 영적 안녕 정도를 파악하여 그 정도가 정신건강 중 허위성 경향, 정신병적 경향 및 불안과 우울 경향 등에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 조사하고저 본 연구를 실시하였다. 대상은 중국의 연변 조선족 자치구에 거주하는 여성 400명을 대상으로 하여 한국판 영적 안녕척도를 사용하여 영적 안녕정도를 파악하였다. 영적 안녕척도의 총점과 이 척도의 2개 하위 척도인 종교적 안녕과 실존적 안녕 척도 양자로 평가한 성적이 불안-우울통합척도와 정신분열증 척도 및 허위성 척도로 평가한 성적에 미치는 영향을 검증하기 위하여 상관관계분석 및 회기분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 영적 안녕척도로 평가한 조선족 여성의 총점은 68.29로 한국의 기독교 여성이 평가한 100.65보다 훨씬 낮은 점수였다. 2) 불안·우울통합척도로 평가한 총점은 44.88로 연변노인이 평가한 점수와 일개지역의 한국농촌주민이 평가한 점수와 비슷한 결과였다. 3) 허위성 척도로 평가한 성적은 평균 74.57로 70점 이상이 86%(344명)이었으나 영적 안녕 성적과 허위성 성적 간에는 유의한 상관이 없었다. 4) 영적 안녕총점은 정신분열증 척도로 평가한 정신병적 경향에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았으나 종교적 안녕하위척도의 성적은 정신병적 경향을 높여준데 비하여 실존적 안녕하위척도의 성적은 정신병적 경향을 낮게 해주었다. 5) 영적 안녕척도의 총점 및 두 하위척도인종교적 안녕과 실존적 안녕은 불안과 우울에유의한 상관을 보였는데 영적 안녕총점이 높을수록 불안·우울 총점이 다소 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 6) 종교적 안녕 하위척도와 불안과 우울과의 관계는 종교적 안녕점수가 높을수록 불안과 우울을 각각 다소 유의하게 높여주었으며 이에 비하여 실존적 안녕하위척도와 불안과 우울과의 관계는 실존적 안녕정도가 높을수록 불안 및 우울점수는 유의하게 낮아졌다. 이와 같은 성적을 미루어볼 때 연변에 거주하는 조선족 여성이 평가한 영적 안녕정도는 정신병적 경향과 불안 및 우울에 유의한 상관을 보였으면 이 척도의 하위 척도인 종교적 안녕정도는 정신건강에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 반면 실존적 안녕정도는 정신건강에 긍정적 영향을 미친 결과로 평가되었다. 이러한 결과는 공산주의 사회에서 실존적 안녕은 긍정적인 가치관으로 평가되는 반면 종교적 안녕은 정신건강에 부정적으로 작용한 것을 입증해 주었다고 하겠다. Background: Spirituality has been an important part of Transpersonal Psychology and is believed to have a large effect on the mental health because it has been systematized. The aim of this study was to determine the level of spiritual disposition on human beings along with its effects on one's mental health. Materials and Methods: The study targeted 400 women residing in Youn-Gil city of JiLin Prov., which is a district of the Cho-Sun tribe in China. Their spiritual well-being was studied using the Spiritual Well-being Scale-Korean Version. The spiritual well-being scale consists of 2 sub-scales of religious well-being and existential well-being. The study was evaluated using a lie scale, psychotic trend, and a combined anxiety-depression scale. The results were considered to be factors of one's mental health. The correlation between the spiritual well-being and each tendency was analyzed by regression analysis. Results: The total score of the Cho-Sun tribal women according to the spiritual well-being scale was 68.29 which was much less than the 100.65 of Korean Christian women. There was no significant correlation between the spiritual well-being and the Lie trend. However, it was found that 86%(344) of Cho-Sun tribal women scored above 70 in the Lie trend with a mean score of 74.57 which is higher than normal populations. Regarding the correlation between the spiritual well-being and psychotic trend, the psychotic trend became significantly higher when the religious well-being was at a high level. On the other hand, the psychotic trend became significantly lower when the existential well-being was at a high level. Regarding the correlation between the spiritual well-being and anxiety, the anxiety was significantly higher when the religious well-being was at a high level. However, the anxiety level was significantly low when the existential well-being was at a high level. Regarding the correlation between the spiritual well-being and depression, the depression level was somewhat significantly high when the religious well-being was at a high level. However, the depression level was significantly low when the existential well-being was at a high level. Conclusion: This study evaluated the effects of spiritual well-being on a person's mental health among Cho-Sun tribal women in Youn-Gil city of JiLIn Prov., P.R. of China. The results found that the religious well-being, which is a sub-scale of spiritual well-being, had negative effects while the existential well-being had positive effects on the mental health. These results proved that a person's religious disposition had negative effects on their mental health in a communitarian society.

清代文化专制与鸦片战争前后中国政治思想的变迁

?立新(Zhao Lixin),金昌?(Kim, Chang-Gyeong) 동북아시아문화학회 2014 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.41

The cultural despotism of the Qing Dynasty suffocated progressive ideas, corrupted the “intelligentsia”, and hampered social progress. After “the Period of Kangxi and Qianlong’s Prosperity” vanished, the corruption of the “Heaven” and western aggression became increasingly intense, some people under the rule of the Qing Dynasty and the literati class began to change their style of study, paying attention to the social problems in reality. Lin Zexu, the representative of the landlord- class reformers, turned sight to the western capitalist culture, transmitted capitalist cultural information to the Chinese people at the same time, unconsciously sounded the death knell for the feudal society in China, and became the enlightenment of new ideas in the beginning period of modern Chinese times, brought about changes in modern political thought of China.

인휠구동 전기차의 차량운동제어를 위한 기준모델적응제어

조일범(Yi-Fan Zhao),이창노(Chang-Ro Lee),김영렬(Young-Ryul Kim) 한국산학기술학회 2021 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.22 No.10

최근 전기차는 인휠모터에 의해 각 바퀴를 독립적으로 구동함으로서 차량제어성능을 대폭 향상키고 있다. 차량운동제어의 관점에서 보면 전기차는 전기모터의 빠른 응답성과 제어의 용이성으로 인해 차량의 운동성능을 대폭 향상시킬 수 있는 잠재력이 있다. 특히 최근에 도입된 인휠모터 구동은 각 바퀴를 독립적으로 구동할 수 있으므로 차량운동제어에 필요한 능동요모멘트를 내기 위하여 모터제어로 구동바퀴의 휠토크를 증감할 수 있으므로 제어의 폭이 넓다. 다양한 차량운동제어기술 중에서도 차량의 파라미터나 주행환경 변화에도 강인성과 안정성을 확보하는 적응제어기의 적용사례가 많다. 적응이란 새로운 환경에 순응하도록 거동을 변화시키는 것이므로 적응제어기는 차량의 동역학이나 외란의 변화에 대하여 응답을 수정할 수 있는 제어기이다. 본 논문에서는 인휠모터로 구동하는 전기차의 차량운동제어 (VDC)를 위하여 기준모델적응제어 (MRAC)를 적용하였다. 이를 위해 운전자의 조향입력에 대하여 원하는 차량응답을 갖는 1차계로 기준모델을 정의하였으며 적응기재로 Lyapunov 함수를 사용하여 제어기를 설계하였다. 제안된 제어기의 차량제어성능을 검증하기 위해 타이어-노면 마찰계수의 변동에 대한 J-Turn, Sine Steer, 이중차선변경에 대한 차량주행 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. Recently, electric vehicles have been significantly improving vehicle control performance by independently driving each wheel by an in-wheel motor. This is because the in-wheel motor has a faster response and a wider range of control compared to an existing mechanical drivetrain. Vehicles usually accompany changes in vehicle parameters, and an adaptive controller that adjusts control parameters is effective to secure control robustness. In this study, reference model adaptive control (MRAC) was applied for vehicle dynamics control (VDC) of an electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors. To this end, the desired vehicle response to a driver"s steering input was defined as a reference model, and a controller was designed using a Lyapunov function as an adaptation mechanism. In order to verify the performance of the proposed controller, vehicle driving simulations for a J-turn, sine steering, and double lane change were performed with changes of the friction coefficient between the tires and road.

Retrograde Analysis of Clinical Characteristics of Bone Metastasis in 1,031 Cases of Preliminarily Diagnosed Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Zhao, Chang-Lin,Qian, Guo-Qiang,Chen, Xiao-Yin,Chen, Chao Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.8

Purpose: To explore the clinical characteristics of bone metastasis (BM) in a large sample of preliminarily diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs). Methods: The sample consisted of 1,031 patients diagnosed with NPC at first visitg clinics between October 1989 and June 2012. Several parameters including metastasis locus, T/N staging, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of BM were analyzed retrospectively. Results: In 70 patients who had been preliminarily diagnosed with BM, the incidence of BM in N0, N1, N2 and N3 stage was 5.7%, 17.2%, 50.2%, and 25.7%, respectively, while the incidence in T0, T1, T2 and T3 stage was 0%, 23.8%, 47.6% and 28.6% respectively. BM occurred in most common in vertebral column, rib, sternum, ilium and femur. Positive rate of Epstein-Barr virus antibody was 77.6%. The median survival time was 12 months. Conclusion: The incidence of BM in NPC preliminarily diagnosed is about 7% and it is related to N classification but not T classification.

A Qualitative Case Study on the Academic Experience of Overseas Chinese College Students under Academic Probation in Korea

Zhao, Long-fei(조용비),Chang, Seok-jin(장석진) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2018 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.18 No.20

본 연구는 학사경고를 받은 재한 중국인 유학생들의 대학생활 경험을 심층적으로 탐색함으로써 중국유학생들의 대학생활 적응과 관련된 요인을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 A대학교에 재학 중인 중국유학생 8명을 대상으로 2017년3월 중순부터 2017년6월 중순까지 심층면담 후, 녹음 자료를 전사하고 그 내용에 대한 질적 사례분석을 실시한 결과, 중국인 유학생들이 대학생활 동안 경험하게 되는 핵심적인 어려움을 문화 및 환경의 변화, 언어적 장벽, 심리적 어려움, 새로운 대인관계이라는 네 가지 주제로 범주화할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 중국인 유학생들이 한국의 대학생활 동안 어떤 경험을 하게 되는지 그들의 목소리를 통해 보여주었으며, 이러한 연구결과가 재한 중국인 유학생들이 대학생활에 효과적으로 적응하도록 돕는 교육 및 상담적 접근에 시사하는 바를 논의하였다. The study aims to explore the underlying experience of Chinese college students receiving academic probation in Korea. To this end, the paper conducted a qualitative case study on eight overseas Chinese students being placed on academic probation at A University in Seoul from mid-March, 2017 to mid-June 2017, with the method of in-depth interviews on their academic experience. The results of the analysis are clarified into four major themes: cultural and environmental changes, language barriers, psychological difficulties, and new interpersonal relationships. The research provides a reliable frame for understanding the differences between Chinese and Korean education, as well as the fundamentals for overseas students adaptation to a foreign culture and academic life. Besides, it provides a basic reference for developing relevant countermeasures and programs to help future overseas college students in their adaptation in Korea.

Manual Acupuncture at PC6 Ameliorates Acute Restraint Stress-Induced Anxiety in Rats by Normalizing Amygdaloid Noradrenergic Response

Zhao, ZhengLin,Kim, Sang Chan,Liu, HongFeng,Zhang, Jie,Wang, YuHua,Cho, Il Je,Lee, Bong Hyo,Song, Chang Hyun,Lee, Chul Won,Yang, Chae Ha,Zhao, RongJie,Wu, YiYan Hindawi 2017 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2017 No.-

<P>Acupuncture improves ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety in rats in an acupoint-dependent manner. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of acupuncture on acute restraint stress- (ARS-) induced anxiety. Male rats were exposed to ARS for 3 h followed by acupuncture at either PC6 (Neiguan), HT7 (Shenmen), or a nonacupoint (tail) once a day for three consecutive days. Five minutes after the third acupuncture treatment, anxiety-like behavior was evaluated in an elevated plus maze (EPM). Additionally, plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay and the concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Acupuncture at PC6, but not HT7 or a nonacupoint, attenuated anxiety-like behavior, but this attenuation was abolished by a postacupunctural intra-CeA infusion of NE. Acupuncture at PC6 also reduced the oversecretion of plasma CORT and inhibited increases in amygdaloid NE and MHPG induced by ARS. Further, Western blot analyses and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays revealed that acupuncture at PC6 prevented ARS-induced enhancements in the protein and mRNA expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase in the CeA. These results suggest that acupuncture performed specifically at acupoint PC6 reduces ARS-induced anxiety-like behavior by dampening amygdaloid noradrenergic responses.</P>

Optimization of Drying Process for Squid-Laver Snack by a Combined Method of Fuzzy Synthetic and Response Surface Methodology

Zhao, Chang-Cheng,Jiang, Gui-Hun,Eun, Jong-Bang Hindawi Limited 2017 Journal of food quality Vol.2017 No.-

<P>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drying temperature (50–70°C) and drying time (3–5 h) on the physical properties and quality of squid-laver snack (SLS) using response surface methodology combined with a synthetic evaluation method to optimize the drying process conditions. Moisture content, water activity, color (<SUP>L⁎</SUP>, <SUP>a⁎</SUP>, <SUP>b⁎</SUP>), shear force, and overall acceptability were evaluated as responses. Increased drying times and higher temperatures significantly reduced the moisture content and water activity of SLS from 9.07% to 4.76% and 0.136 to 0.056, respectively (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the <SUP>L⁎</SUP> and <SUP>a⁎</SUP> values under different drying conditions. The quadratic effect of temperature and time was observed for the <SUP>b⁎</SUP> value and overall acceptability of SLS. For shear force, a quadratic and interaction term for drying temperature and time on shear force was observed. In conclusion, the recommended optimal hot air-drying conditions for SLS are temperature and time of 70°C and 3 h, respectively.</P>

ON OPIAL INEQUALITIES INVOLVING HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

Zhao, Chang-Jian,Cheung, Wing-Sum Korean Mathematical Society 2012 대한수학회보 Vol.49 No.6

In the present paper we establish some new Opial-type inequalities involving higher order partial derivatives. The results in special cases yield some of the recent results on Opial's inequality and provide new estimates on inequalities of this type.