地域中心都市開發水準의 分析的 考察과 發展模型 形成에 關한 硏究

李鐘益,金秀信,高秉浩 청주대학교 사회과학연구소 1985 한국사회과학연구 Vol.3 No.-

Ⅰ. Introduction : Recognition of Problems and the Schematic framework of the Study. During the last two decades, the policies and strategies of urban and regional development have changed gradually in accordance with the shift of the economic and social environment, which is mainly distinguished by economic growth, rapid urbanization, spatial polarization and differentiation of the social structure in Korea. The early stage of the national development was marked by economic rationalism based on efficiency strategies and quantitative growth, and then the resultant outcome was the achievement of an accelerated economic growth. But we have confronted with many kinds of negative problems such as regional disparity, inequality of opportunities and public facilities for local regions, population concentration and industrial polarization to the metropolitan areas, depression in the rural areas, urban congestion, environmental pollution and so on. Recognizing those problems, recently the trends and strategies of urban and regional development have directed to equity-oriented development policies. To deal with the negative problems, most of all, it is necessary to establish on the principle of well balanced socio-economic development between growth region (center) and depressed region (periphery). The Idea of developing regional-centers, which may be expressed variously as regional city, regional capital, local service center, local city, secondary city, or regiopolis, is attributed to the necessity of revitalizing intermediate cities and improving depressed regions at local-level. And now officials and planners contemplate how to cope with encountered problems concomitant with regional disparities, and then they consider regional center (regional city) development policy as a desirable countermeasure for the future development. However, few steps have taken to grow regional center at local-level and to improve their environment, and also methodologies of regional center development almost have not evolved. Therefore, it is necessary to take proper measures and to evolve methodologies for the regional-center development. Regional city must be recognized as a countermagnet to cope with regional imbalance and spatial polarization in the process of national development. Thus, this paper aims at searching for desirable strategies and methodologies to develop regional centers in Korea. For the purpose, at first, it may begin by following the existing theories and policies relative to regional center development. Second, it is to formulate the definition of the regional center concept and similar terminologies. Third, central function analysis is required. Two aspects may be distingushed in the analysis of central function of cities; one is economic function index and the other is service function index. Fourth,this paper is intended to establish a development model of regional centers for the future development. Finally, this paper also suggests the synopsis of the considerations outlined in this study, and which policies and strategies to take. Ⅱ. Toward a Theoretical Base of Regional Center. The regional center concept derives its origin from basic theories relevant to regional development policies and spatial explanation theory. Especially it has based on central place theory, equilibrium and non-equilibrium theory, growth pole theory, center-periphery model, the strategies of integrated settlement area, basic needs approach and other devices of urban development policies. (1) Central place theory is related to the more general theory of spatial hierarchy in urban system. The main concept that a certain central place has its own complementary area and may carry out central functions for it is the most important theoretical base for developing regional center (regional city) theory. Most discussions of central place theory begin with a detailed account of the classical model as formulated by christaller (1933) and subsequently refined by Lo?ch (1954), and by Isard (1956). Elaborators of central place studies suggest 'population thresholds' and 'the range of good' as the two basic concepts which determine the spatial organization of tertiary activities (one of central functions). 'The range of good' is said to delineate the market area of a central place, and the 'population thresholds' is defined as the minimum amount of purchasing power necessary to support the supply of a central good from a place. (2) The Equilibrium and non-equilibrium theories are based on the recognition that development and underdevelopment are found together in a dialectical process, whereby development of the core creates and accentuates underdevelopment of the periphery. Karl G. Myrdal, the first elaborator, of non-equilibrium theory, pointed out an extreme polarized development and uneven development in the process of national development may bring about the phenomena of regional imbalance and ineqrality, Those theories may offer some theoretical consideration to regional center development strategies to reverse uneven development between growth region and depressed region. (3) The Growth pole theory was introduced by Francois Perroux (1950). He defined growth poles as economic spaces and now the term means growing cities with development potentials in spatial context. Considering regional center is potential growth point to execute central functions to promote an integrated development of the surrounding area, the growth pole theory could be applied to the regional city development model. But the theory has a limitation in a respect that it could not suggest sufficiently methodologies to improve the peripheral area of growth pole in regional context. (4) The Center-periphery Model is also an important theoretical base for developing regional centers. John Friedmann (1966) implies that economic development is closely related to the emergence of a highly developed and interconnected functional hierarchy of cities, and that growth is in some way proportional to the size of an aglcomeration. In terms of encouraging overall development he, therefore, advocates such a hierarchy of cities as a means of integrating the periphery with the center. Coming to think of regional center development, it is desirable to pursue the integrated development between regional center and its surrounding area through the application of center-periphery model. (5) Development strategy of integrated settlement area' has its origin in the trends toward equity-oriented development since 1970's. This is not a urban policy, but it means an endeavour to improve regional environment and to take spatial integration at the local-level. According to the traditional, cultural, economic and homogeneous factors, the 2nd Comprehensive National Development plan divided the country into 28 units of integrated settlement area. (6) The idea of basic needs approach has evolved out of growing concern about increasing poverty, unemployment, and inequality in developing countries. Furthermore, this approach emphasizes the importance of sufficient supply of inhabitants' felt needs. And so, considering regional center development, it is a key point how to catch hold of their basic needs and to meet the requirements. Ⅲ. Definition of Regional Center and its similar terminologies. (1) Regional Center is a central place of a certain regional area composed of homogeneous and functional territories. it is a centripetal point to execute central functions, that is to say, a place to accomplish social, economic, cultural and administrative activities, and a core city to provide public facilities and services for its peripheries. In general, it is called local city, regional servrice center, regional city and so forth. (2) Regional city by S.C. Stein (1964) is defined as a constellation of moderately sized communities found closely together by natural environment. (3) Regiopolis is a pattern of comfining center and periphery within a single unit. The emergence of this entity is a consequence of the spontanceus and directed forces which are currently operating. It can be viewed as the last stage of development, after the backwash and spread effects. (4) Spontaneous growth urban centers in city system termed in this paper is similar with the cities which are conceptualized as the 'growth urban centers.' Ⅳ. Central Function Analysis with Reference to Development Level In order to catch hold of the present situation and to make guidelines for selecting regional centers, this paper attempts to analize central functions with special reference to the development level of those cities. Especially, in central function analysis the main analytical tools are economic function index, and service function index. The results of analysis are as follows. (1) The central function analysis by W.K.D. Davies method is generally applicable. Conridering locational coefficient with the portion of industrial firm, 22 cities with a economic function index above 4 points fall within an economic growth pole functions as the regional center. They are Seoul, pusan, Taegu, Inchon, Taejeon, Kwangju, Suwon, Sungnam, Anyang, Buchon, Chunchon, Chongju, Jeonju, Kunsan, Iri, Mokpo, Yeosu, Pohang, Masan, Ulsan, Jinju and Jeju. (2) In the aspect of service function, 25 cities with a service function index above 5 points fall within a service center with sufficient facilities functions as the regional center. They are Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Inchon, Taejeon, Kwangju, Suwon, Chunchon, Wonju, Kangnung, Chongju, Chungju, Jeonju, Kunsan, Iri, Mokpo, Yeosu, Sunchon, Pohang, kyungju, Andong, Masan, Ulsan, Jinju, and Jeju. Ⅴ. Formation of Regional Center Development Model Regional center development model is an alternative to guide the future development. In this paper, two kinds of model are made in regard to regional city development. One is a systematic model, the other is development model. (1) In the systematic model, regional centers are divided into 3 types of city: regional capital; regional center; local service center. And sufsbquently the intermediate-sized regional centers are divided again into 'regional growth urban center’ and industrial growth pole.' (2) In the development model, the strategies of regional center development may invovue seven stages: the inventory model of regional problems; regionalization and selection of regional centers; systematic hierarchy of regional centers; policy formation model; establishment of basic policies and strategies; urban development model; regional development model. Ⅵ. Concluding Remark : Synopsis and Policy - oriented Comments (1) It appears that there are many negative problems such as regional disparities and inequality between growth regions and depressed regions involved in the existing spatial organization, especially in the urban system. Those problems come from the fact that Korean urbanization is now in the acceleration stage, and many of the larger urban centers have already confronted conditions of over-population and industrial concentration. Now it is a time to reverse regional imbalance and inequality. (2) the strategies of regional center development are proper alternatives to cope with those problems. And so it is necessary to establish the methodologies of regional center growth. (3) At first, the existing theories and policies relevant to regional center must be scrutinized. That may throw some light on the theoretical framework of regional center development. (4) Considering the results of Central function analysis, cities identified as growth pole in the respect of economic potentials and service facilities could be developed into regional centers. (5) The model of regional center development is an alternative to guide future development. In the process of development, the methodologies and basic strategies suggested in the model must be considered sufficiently, but it needs some revision over time. (6) It is necessary to systematize the regional center hierarchy. And so it might be desirable to divide regional centers into 3 types of cities: regional capital; regional center; local service center. (7) In general to maintain self-contained development of regional center, the following aspects must be considered: (ⅰ) strengthening economic base; (ⅱ) increase of urban functions; (ⅲ) expansion of private sector through citizen participation; (ⅳ) improvement of living environment; (ⅴ) sufficient supply of urban facilities. (8) To reduce concentration into the national metropolitan area, especially Seoul region, regional center must be fostered as a countermagnet. For the purpose, possible methodologies are as follows: (ⅰ) improvement of living and production environment; (ⅱ) utilizing and exploiting the regional economic resources including socio-cultural resources; (ⅲ) conservation of traditional culture; (ⅳ) fostering a sound regionalism; (ⅴ) increasing investments and establishing a local fund for local industries, finance, education and transportation; (ⅵ) economic specialization; (ⅶ) revitalization of communities. (9) Regional development must, therefore, be approached in full cognizance of the problems across the whole of the national territory, and the equity-oriented policies and strategies are to be pursued through regional center development.

복합레진과 Glass Ionomer Cement수복물에 대한 Bracket의 접착전단강도

한재익(Jae-Ik Han),이병태(Byung-Tae Rhee) 대한치과교정학회 1990 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.20 No.3

If the bond strength is sufficient to resist orthodontic force, orthodontic brackets can be bonded to restorations. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to composite resin and glass ionomer cement restorations wtih no-mix adhesive or glass ionomer cement. The shear bond strength of adhesives bonded to restorations was studied in vitro. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to 10 extracted natural teeth, 40 composite resin restorations and 40 glass ionomer restorations. The surfaces of composite resin restorations were roughened or applied with bonding agent (Scothbond) after surface roughening. The surfaces of glass ionomer cement restorations were conditioned with acid etching or applied with Scotchbond to etched surface. The adhesive was no-mix resin or glass ionomer cement. The shear bond strength was measured. The results were as follows: 1. Orthodontic brackets could be bonded to composite resin restorations effectively as they could be bonded to acid etched enamel with no-mix adhesive. The shear bond strength was sufficient to resist orthodontic force and was not affected by bonding agent greatly. 2. The shear bond strength of no-mix adhesive bonded to acid etched glass ionomer cement restorations was sufficient to resist orthodontic force. However, the fracture risk of glass ionomer cement restorations was increased during debonding. The bonding agent couldn´t increase the shear bond strength greatly. 3. The shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement bonded to glass ionomer cement restorations was lower than that of no-mix adhesive. The shear bond strength was sufficient to resist orthodontic force and was greatly decreased by bonding agent. 4. The shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement bonded to composite resin restorations was too low to resist orthodontic force.

Effects of Gintonin-enriched fraction on the gene expression of six lysophosphatidic receptor subtypes

Rami Lee,Byung-Hwan Lee,Sun-Hye Choi,Yeon-Jin Cho,Han-Sung Cho,Hyoung-Chun Kim,Hyewhon Rhim,Ik-Hyun Cho,Man Hee Rhee,Seung-Yeol Nah 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.5

Background: Gintonin, isolated from ginseng, acts as a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand and elicits the [Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]i transient through six LPA receptor subtypes (LPARSs). However, the long-term effects of gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on the gene expression of six LPARSs remain unknown. We examined changes in the gene expression of six LPA receptors in the mouse whole brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, small intestine, colon, and testis after long-term oral GEF administration. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: control vehicle and GEF (100 mg/kg, p.o.). After 21-day saline or GEF treatment, total RNA was extracted from nine mouse organs. Quantitative-real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were performed to quantify changes in the gene and protein expression of the six LPARSs, respectively. Results: qRT-PCR analysis before GEF treatment revealed that the LPA6 RS was predominant in all organs except the small intestine. The LPA2 RS was most abundant in the small intestine. Long-term GEF administration differentially regulated the six LPARSs. Upon GEF treatment, the LPA6 RS significantly increased in the liver, small intestine, colon, and testis but decreased in the whole brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys. Western blot analysis of the LPA6 RS confirmed the differential effects of GEF on LPA6 receptor protein levels in the whole brain, liver, small intestine, and testis. Conclusion: The LPA6 receptor was predominantly expressed in all nine organs examined; long-term oral GEF administration differentially regulated LPA3, LPA4, and LPA6 receptors in the whole brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and testis.

Development of Application Technique of Aluminum Sandwich Sheets for Automotive Hood

Kim, Kee-Joo,Rhee, Meung-Ho,Choi, Byung-Ik,Kim, Cheol-Woong,Sung, Chang-Won,Han, Chang-Pyung,Kang, Ki-Weon,Won, Si-Tae 한국정밀공학회 2009 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.10 No.4

Objective of this study was to develop basic techniques in order to apply aluminum sandwich sheets for an automotive hood part. The aluminum sandwich sheet is the material fabricated by adhering two aluminum skins to one polypropylene core. When it has the same bending stiffness as a steel sheet, it is 65% lighter than the steel sheet and 30% lighter than an aluminum alloy sheet. Therefore, it is notified exclusively as good substitutive materials for a steel body to improve the fuel efficiency. Through aluminum sandwich sheet, however, it has relatively lower formability than that of the steel sheet for automotive application. In this study, we developed application techniques of the aluminum sandwich sheet for automotive hood. The various formability evaluations were carried out in order to secure the fundamental data for the measurement of sheet metal forming and the establishment of optimum application conditions of the sandwich sheet. From these results, it was found that the sandwich sheet could reduce the weight and maintain the flexural rigidity simultaneously comparing to the steel sheet.

Acute Pulmonary Edema Associated with Upper Airway Obstruction after Endotracheal Extubation: A case report

Wha Ja Kang,Byung Ik Rhee,Keon Sik Kim,Ok Young Shin Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine 1998 Acute and Critical Care Vol.13 No.1

Pulmonary edema is a recognized complication of acute airway obstruction, laryngospasm, especially after endotracheal extubation. It usually follows relief of the obstruction and is likely to be of noncardiogenic origin. The mechanism by which an upper airway obstruction causes pulmonary edema is likely due to the combination of the increased reduction of intrapulmonary pressure, increased capillary permeability and hypoxia. We present a case of pulmonary edema that occurred in an adult patient after upper airway obstruction following extubation of the trachea.

Development of Transgenic Pepper with Functional Genes

Min Jung,Yun Hee Lee,Hae Ik Rhee,Ji Hee Lee,Byung Dong Kim,Sun Hee Shin,Soon Ho Choi,Chee Hark Harn,Dong Bo Shim 한국육종학회 2007 한국육종학회 학술발표회 발표요지 Vol.39 No.-

알코올 및 바이러스성 간경변증에서 세균성 감염 빈도의 비교

박정식(Jeong Sik Park),조용균(Yong Kyun Cho),이은정(Eun Jung Rhee),정수석(Soo Suk Jeong),김시영(Si Young Kim),김창섭(Chang Seop Kim),박창영(Chang Young Park),손정일(Chung Il Sohn),전우규(Woo Kyu Jeon),김병익(Byung Ik Kim),정을순(Eul 대한내과학회 2002 대한내과학회지 Vol.62 No.2

N/A Background: Liver cirrhosis may be considered one of the most common cause of acquired immunodeficiency. Alcohol abuse may be predisposing factor to infections in patients with liver cirrhosis, so we compared the rate of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and other bacterial infections in alcoholic and viral liver cirrhosis. Methods: We studied 188 patients who had been diagnosed with liver cirrhosis from January 1995 to June 2000 and evaluated the frequency of bacterial infections (SBP, pneumonia, urinary track infection, bacteremia, infectious colitis) retrospectively according to cause and degree of cirrhosis. Results: Among 188 patients (alcoholic 76, viral 112), 64 patients (34%) presented with bacterial infection at hospitalization, 33 (43%;33/76) of 64 subjects were alcoholic and 31 (28%;31/112) of 64 subjects were viral liver cirrhosis. The rate of bacterial infections was higher in alcoholic liver cirrhosis than viral cirrhosis (p<0.05). The rate of SBP and other bacterial infections were more frequent in patients of Child-Pugh class C than in those of Child-Pugh class A and B (p<0.01, p<0.05) respectively. Patients of alcoholic liver cirrhosis were more susceptible to bacterial infection than those of viral liver cirrhosis with Child-Pugh class A/B (p<0.05), but no difference was noted in patients of Child-Pugh class C (p>0.05). Conclusion: This results suggest that the rate of bacterial infections are more common in alcoholic than viral liver cirrhosis in relatively early stage and it may be influence the prognosis of liver cirrhosis.(Korean J Med 62:159-164, 2002)

Lidocaine, Verapamil 및 Lidocaine-Verapamil 혼합 사용이 기관내 튜브 발관시 혈압과 심박수에 미치는 영향

김건식,이봉재,신옥영,강화자,이병익,신광일 대한마취과학회 1999 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.36 No.2

Background : Tracheal extubation, as well as intubation, causes hypertension and tachycardia. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of verapamil, lidocaine to lidocaine-verapamil combination in attenuating the cardiovascular changes following tracheal extubation and emergence from anesthesia. Methods : Eighty patients (ASA physical status 1) were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n=20 each) ; saline (control), 1 mg/kg lidocaine, 0.05 mg/kg verapamil and lidocaine-verapamil combination. These medication were given intravenously 2 min before tracheal extubation. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate were measured following tracheal extubation. Results : Lidocaine, verapamil and their combination all attenuated the changes of heart rate and blood pressure. The inhibitory effect on changes of heart rate and blood pressure were miximum in group of the combination of lidocaine and verapamil. Conclusion : We conclude that the verapamil 0.05 mg/kg and lidocaine 1 mg/kg given iv concomitantly 2 min before tracheal extubation is a more effective prophylaxis than verapamil or lidocaine for attenuating the cardiovascular changes associated with tracheal extubation. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1999; 36: 250∼255)