Tritrophic Interactions of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata subsp unguiculata(L.)], Aphids [Aphis craccivora (Koch)] and Coccinellids [Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fab.)] under eCO2 and eTemp

M. Srinivasa Rao,O. Shaila,P. Sreelakshmi,S. Vennila,M. Vanaja,A.V.M. Subba Rao,M. Maheswari,K. Sammi Reddy 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.2

Experiments were conducted to understand the direct and indirect effects of temperature and elevated CO2 (eCO2), on tritrophic interactions of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata L.), legume aphid Aphis craccivora Koch and coccinellid predator Menochilus sexmaculatus Fab. Reduction of the leaf nitrogen (6%), amino acid (6%) and protein (7%) of cowpea foliage with increased carbon (13%) and C:N ratio (21%) at eCO2 over aCO2 indicated the dilution of biochemical constituents at first trophic level. Shortened development time, DT and increment of reproductive rate, RR at eCO2 over ambient CO2(aCO2)was significant with increase in temperature from 20 to 35 °C. Reduction of the mean degree day, DD requirement of both nymphal (75.79 ± 15.163) and adult stages (157.15 ± 67.04) at eCO2 over aCO2 and same was reflected in the summation DD for both the stages at eCO2 (232.96 ± 80.32)and aCO2 (247.07 ± 64.77) across six temperatures. The ‘rm’ and ‘Ro’ increased gradually with increase in temperature followed the non-linear trend and reached maximum values at 27 °C with shortened ‘T’ across 20 to 35 °C temperatures at eCO2 indicating the significant variation of growth and development at the second trophic level. Decreased grub duration (23%) with increased predation capacity (19%) of M. sexmaculatus on A. craccivora at eCO2 over ambient was noted, indicating the incidence of A. craccivora is likely to be higher with increased predation in the future climate change scenario.

Genotype by Dietary Lysine Interaction for Growth and Response to Sheep Red Blood Cells and Escherichia coli Inoculation in Commercial Broiler Chicks

Praharaj, N.K.,Reddy, M.R.,Panda, A.K.,Rama Rao, S.V.,Sharma, R.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.8

An experiment was conducted to assess the interaction between genotypes and dietary lysine content in commercial broiler chicks by measuring growth, and response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Escherichia coli (E.coli) inoculation. Female chicks from four genotypes (A=Anak 2000; B=Hubbard; C=Cobb and D=Synthetic broiler) were fed four levels of lysine in diet from d old till the end of experiment. The lysine content of the diet was 9.61, 10.51, 11.41 and 12.31 g/kg. Body weights at 0, 14, 28 and 42 d of age and pen-wise feed intake till 14, 28 and 42 d of age were recorded. Production of antibody against SRBC and resistance to E.coli were measured at 5 d of post inoculation (PI) at 43 d of age. Also, response to phytohemaglutinin-P (PHA-P) was measured at 12 and 24 h of PI at 48 d of age. Genotype by dietary lysine interaction was significant for body weights at 14 and 28 d of age, but not at 42 d of age. Genotype by dietary lysine interaction was not significant for feed efficiency, for antibody titers against SRBC, and for air sac lesion score, relative bodyweight change, and relative weights of bursa and spleen in response to E.coli inoculation. However, a significant interaction was observed between the levels of lysine and dosage of SRBC for antibody titers. There was significant genotype by dietary lysine interaction for cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity (CBH) response to PHA-P at 12 and 24 h of PI. It may be concluded that to obtain optimum body weight and immunity in commercial broilers the dietary lysine requirement may be recommended specific to the genotype.

NONLINEAR OPTICAL TRANSMISSION OF SURFACE-MODIFIED NICKEL SULPHIDE NANOPARTICLES: SATURATION OF ABSORPTION AND OPTICAL LIMITING

V. S. MUTHUKUMAR,J. K. KIRAN,JASON REPPERT,R. SATYAJIT,VAMSI KRISHNA,G. NAGESHWAR RAO,S. SIVA RAMA KRISHNAN,S. SIVA SANKARA SAI,K. VENKATARAMANIAH,A. M. RAO 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2008 NANO Vol.3 No.3

Saturable absorbers and optical limiters have contrary optical transmission properties. We report observations of simultaneous occurrence of both these effects in a nickel sulphide nanoparticle (average dia. ~5 nm) solution and a simultaneous quantitative measurement of both. Intensity dependent nonlinear transmission studies carried out using a 7 ns Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm by the Z-scan method, revealed efficient optical limiting in nickel sulphide nanoparticle suspensions. Induced nonlinear optical scattering was identified to be the mechanism of optical limiting, and absorption at 532 nm was found to saturate. A modification of the conventional Z-scan implementation led to the retrieval of the saturation intensity which is otherwise overshadowed by very strong nonlinear scattering.

Effect of annealing on the electronic parameters of Au/poly(ethylmethacrylate)/n-InP Schottky diode with organic interlayer

V. Rajagopal Reddy,A. Umapathi,L. Dasaradha Rao 한국물리학회 2013 Current Applied Physics Vol.13 No.8

A thin poly(ethylmethacrylate) (PEMA) layer is deposited on n-InP as an interlayer for electronic modification of Au/n-InP Schottky structure. The electrical properties of Au/PEMA/n-InP Schottky diode have been investigated by currentevoltage (IeV) and capacitanceevoltage (CeV) measurements at different annealing temperatures. Experimental results show that Au/PEMA/n-InP structure exhibit a good rectifying behavior. An effective barrier height as high as 0.83 eV (IeV) and 1.09 eV (CeV) is achieved for the Au/PEMA/n-InP Schottky structure after annealing at 150 ℃ compared to the as-deposited and annealed at 100 and 200 ℃. Modified Norde’s functions and Cheung method are also employed to calculate the barrier height, series resistance and ideality factors. Results show that the barrier height increases upon annealing at 150 ℃ and then slightly decreases after annealing at 200 ℃. The PEMA layer increases the effective barrier height of the structure as this layer creates a physical barrier between the Au metal and the n-InP. Terman’s method is used to determine the interface state density and it is found to be 5.141 x 1012 and 4.660 x 1012 cm-2 eV-1 for the as-deposited and 200 ℃ annealed Au/PEMA/n-InP Schottky diodes. Finally,it is observed that the Schottky diode parameters change with increasing annealing temperature.

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Sulfides, Sulfoxides, and Sulfones

A.B.V. Kiran Kumar,K.S.V. Krishna Rao,M. Subhosh Chandra,M.C.S. Subha,Yong Lark Choi 한국응용생명화학회 2009 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.52 No.1

Hydrogen peroxide, with sodium metavanadate as the catalyst, was used to achieve a highly efficient and selective oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides and sulfones at room temperature in high yields and short reaction times. All of the sulfides oxidized into sulfoxides and sulfone derivatives were assayed for their in vitro antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. A remarkable inhibition of the growth of the bacterial and fungal strains was observed. This result suggested that the compounds are promising microbial agents. Hydrogen peroxide, with sodium metavanadate as the catalyst, was used to achieve a highly efficient and selective oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides and sulfones at room temperature in high yields and short reaction times. All of the sulfides oxidized into sulfoxides and sulfone derivatives were assayed for their in vitro antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. A remarkable inhibition of the growth of the bacterial and fungal strains was observed. This result suggested that the compounds are promising microbial agents.

Utilizing Additive Friction Stir Processing to Fabricate B4C Reinforced Ti–6Al–4V Matrix Surface Composite: Microstructure Refinement and Enhancement in Mechanical Properties

H. A. Deore,J. Mishra,A. G. Rao,B. D. Bhanushali,V. D. Hiwarkar 대한금속·재료학회 2022 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.28 No.1

Ti–6Al–4V/B4C surface composite, having uniform dispersion of reinforcement, was successfully fabricated via additive friction stir processing (AFSP) technique. The chemical reaction between B4C particles and Ti matrix resulted in the formationof intermetallics like TiBX and TiC. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered difractionand X-ray difraction were carried out to investigate the infuence of FSP, B4C reinforcement and post-FSP heat treatment onmicrostructure evolution. Microhardness, Charpy impact and pin on disc wear tests were performed to examine mechanicaland wear properties. Fully β transformed microstructure composed of basket-weave lamellar α/β together with the needle-likeultrafne martensite α′ was observed in FSPed stir zone. B4C particles brought about additional microstructure refnementby pinning prior β grain boundaries (Zener pinning) and enhancing the nucleation rate (particle stimulated nucleation). Surface composites fabricated via AFSP exhibited higher hardness, wear-resistance and impact toughness compared to thebase metal Ti–6Al–4V and FSPed Ti–6Al–4V.

Electron-Electron Interactions based Metal-Insulator Transition in Ga Doped ZnO Thin Films

R V Muniswami Naidu,A Subrahmanyam,A Verger,M K Jain,S V N Bhaskara Rao,S N Jha,D M Phase 대한금속·재료학회 2012 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.8 No.4

We report on the charge carrier transport mechanisms of undoped and Ga doped (2 wt. % and 4 wt. %)ZnO thin films grown by pulsed dc magnetron sputtering technique. Temperature dependent resistivity measurements showed typical semiconducting behaviour for undoped ZnO thin films where as Ga doped ZnO thin films showed metallic nature at higher temperatures and insulating nature with a metal to insulator transition at lower temperatures. The observed transition temperatures are 91 K and 140 K for 2 wt. % and 4 wt. %Ga doped ZnO films respectively. The observed metal insulator transition is attributed to the electron-electron interactions at low temperatures. The variations in the transition temperatures are explained based on the disorderness induced in the system due to the doping effect. ZnO doped with 4 wt. % Ga showed the lowest resistivity of 5.7 × 10−4Ω cm with a carrier concentration of 1.2 × 1021/cm3. Undoped and doped ZnO thin films are about 90% transparent in the visible region. Blue shift is observed in the absorption edge with the effect of doping and it is explained based on B-M shift. The Fermi level measured from valance band spectroscopy showed a shift of +0.6 eV for 2 wt. % Ga doped ZnO thin film and +0.7 eV for 4 wt. %Ga doped ZnO thin film compared to the Fermi edge of undoped ZnO thin films. This ascertains the movement of Fermi level in to the conduction band with the effect of doping.

Eu2+ and Mn2+ Co-doped BaMgAl10O17 Blue- and Green-Emitting Phosphor: A Luminescence and EPR Study

Singh, V.,Sivaramaiah, G.,Rao, J. L.,Singh, N.,Srivastava, A. K.,Jirimali, H. D.,Li, J.,Gao, H.,Kumaran, R. S.,Singh, P. K. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Journal of electronic materials Vol.45 No.6

<P>Eu2+ and Mn2+ co-doped BaMgAl10O17 phosphor has been prepared by a solution combustion method. The structural, morphological and compositional analysis of the BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ and Mn2+ powders have been studied by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum exhibited resonance signals with the effective g values of g a parts per thousand 4.88 and g a parts per thousand 1.98. The resonance signal with the effective g value of g a parts per thousand 4.88 is characteristic of Eu2+ ions whereas g a parts per thousand 1.98 is due to Mn2+ ions. The number of spins participating in resonance, Gibbs free energy, magnetic susceptibility, Curie constant, effective magnetic moment, zero-field splitting parameter and hyperfine splitting constant have been evaluated. From optical and EPR correlation, it is inferred that Eu2+ and Mn2+ are present in the BaMgAl10O17 matrix.</P>

Higher concentrations of folic acid reduced the dietary requirements of supplemental methionine for commercial broilers

Rama Rao S. V.,Raju M.V.L.N.,Nagalakshm D.,Srilatha T.,Paul S.S.,Prakash B,Kannan A 아세아·태평양축산학회 2024 Animal Bioscience Vol.37 No.5

Objective: An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing DL methionine (DL Met) at graded concentrations on performance, carcass variables, immune responses and antioxidant variables in broiler chicken fed folic acid (FA) fortified (4 mg/kg) lowmethionine diet.Methods: A basal diet (BD) without supplemental DL Met, but with higher level (4 mg/kg) of FA and a control diet (CD) with the recommended concentration of methionine (Met) were prepared. The BD was supplemented with DL Met at graded concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% supplemental DL Met of CD). Each diet was fed ad libitum to 10 replicates of 5 broiler male chicks in each from 1 to 42 d of age.Results: Body weight gain (BWG) reduced, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased in broilers fed low-Met BD. At 30% and 20% inclusion of DL met, the BWG and FCR, respectively were similar to those fed the CD. Similarly, supplementation of 10% DL Met to the BD significantly increased ready to cook meat yield and breast meat weight, which were similar to those of the CD fed broilers. Lipid peroxidation reduced, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GSHPx and GSHRx) in serum increased and lymphocyte proliferation increased with increased supplemental DL Met level in the BD. The concentrations of total protein and albumin in serum increased with DL Met supplementation to the BD.Conclusion: Based on the data, it can be concluded that supplemental Met can be reduced to less than 50% in broiler chicken diets (4.40, 3.94, and 3.39 g/kg, respectively in pre-starter, starter and finisher phases) containing 4 mg/kg FA. Objective: An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing DL methionine (DL Met) at graded concentrations on performance, carcass variables, immune responses and antioxidant variables in broiler chicken fed folic acid (FA) fortified (4 mg/kg) lowmethionine diet. Methods: A basal diet (BD) without supplemental DL Met, but with higher level (4 mg/kg) of FA and a control diet (CD) with the recommended concentration of methionine (Met) were prepared. The BD was supplemented with DL Met at graded concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% supplemental DL Met of CD). Each diet was fed ad libitum to 10 replicates of 5 broiler male chicks in each from 1 to 42 d of age. Results: Body weight gain (BWG) reduced, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased in broilers fed low-Met BD. At 30% and 20% inclusion of DL met, the BWG and FCR, respectively were similar to those fed the CD. Similarly, supplementation of 10% DL Met to the BD significantly increased ready to cook meat yield and breast meat weight, which were similar to those of the CD fed broilers. Lipid peroxidation reduced, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GSHPx and GSHRx) in serum increased and lymphocyte proliferation increased with increased supplemental DL Met level in the BD. The concentrations of total protein and albumin in serum increased with DL Met supplementation to the BD. Conclusion: Based on the data, it can be concluded that supplemental Met can be reduced to less than 50% in broiler chicken diets (4.40, 3.94, and 3.39 g/kg, respectively in pre-starter, starter and finisher phases) containing 4 mg/kg FA.

Development and Testing of 2G High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Field Coils for HTS Synchronous Machines

Muralidhar Bathula V. A. S.,Sharma D. K.,Choudhury U. K.,Rao V. V. 대한전기학회 2021 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.16 No.3

High temperature superconducting (HTS) synchronous machines are compact and light weight machines with higher torque to weight ratio, lower noise and better dynamic response for strategic and critical industrial applications. The development of HTS fi eld coil is one of the main technological challenges in realizing the HTS synchronous machines, as it involves the selection of HTS tape, winding technology, handling of the HTS tape while winding on a winding machine and testing of the developed HTS coil at desired cryogenic temperatures. With advancements in HTS tape technology, recent 2G HTS tapes are off ered with higher engineering current densities with respect to 1G HTS tapes even at higher magnetic fi elds. Hence, the replacement of 1G HTS fi eld coils of previously designed 200 kVA HTS synchronous machine with 2G HTS fi eld coils at the same operating cryo-temperature shows a potential to enhance its capacity to 350 kVA (more than 75% increase in machine output). In the present work the details of design, development and testing of a double pancake type 2G HTS fi eld coil are presented for capacity enhancement of earlier 1G based 200kVA HTS synchronous machine.