Tritrophic Interactions of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata subsp unguiculata(L.)], Aphids [Aphis craccivora (Koch)] and Coccinellids [Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fab.)] under eCO2 and eTemp

M. Srinivasa Rao,O. Shaila,P. Sreelakshmi,S. Vennila,M. Vanaja,A.V.M. Subba Rao,M. Maheswari,K. Sammi Reddy 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.2

Experiments were conducted to understand the direct and indirect effects of temperature and elevated CO2 (eCO2), on tritrophic interactions of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata L.), legume aphid Aphis craccivora Koch and coccinellid predator Menochilus sexmaculatus Fab. Reduction of the leaf nitrogen (6%), amino acid (6%) and protein (7%) of cowpea foliage with increased carbon (13%) and C:N ratio (21%) at eCO2 over aCO2 indicated the dilution of biochemical constituents at first trophic level. Shortened development time, DT and increment of reproductive rate, RR at eCO2 over ambient CO2(aCO2)was significant with increase in temperature from 20 to 35 °C. Reduction of the mean degree day, DD requirement of both nymphal (75.79 ± 15.163) and adult stages (157.15 ± 67.04) at eCO2 over aCO2 and same was reflected in the summation DD for both the stages at eCO2 (232.96 ± 80.32)and aCO2 (247.07 ± 64.77) across six temperatures. The ‘rm’ and ‘Ro’ increased gradually with increase in temperature followed the non-linear trend and reached maximum values at 27 °C with shortened ‘T’ across 20 to 35 °C temperatures at eCO2 indicating the significant variation of growth and development at the second trophic level. Decreased grub duration (23%) with increased predation capacity (19%) of M. sexmaculatus on A. craccivora at eCO2 over ambient was noted, indicating the incidence of A. craccivora is likely to be higher with increased predation in the future climate change scenario.

Evaluation of Two Promising Hybrids Viz., HSP1 (A3x935 E) and HSP2 (A3x916 B) in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Begum, A.Naseema,Rekha, M.,Ahsan, M.M.,Rao, P.Sudhakara Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2000 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.1 No.2

To evolve silkworm hybrids with higher survival and better cocoon characters, evaluation of semen hybrids in the laboratory (short-listed out of 143 hybrids) resulted in the identification of two promising hybrids, A3${\tines}$935 E (HSP1) and A3${\tines}$916 B (HSP2). The hybrids were evaluated at three different Regional Sericultural Research Stations of Central Silk Board during 1997-1998 and also tested with the farmers along with two control hybrids, KAxNB4D2 and PMxNB4D2. Evaluation of the hybrids indicated that these hybrids can be reared in all the seasons, especially during summer season. These hybrids show shorter larval duration (22 days 17 hrs against 23 days in control KAxNB4D2 and better cocoon characters as compared to the crossed breeds PM ${\tines}$NB4D2).

Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of "Coccinia indica W.& A." Fruit Juice Powder in Animals

GMM Rao,ChV Rao,M. Sudhakara,M M Pandey,ASK Rawat,A Sirwaikar,AB Joshi 한국생약학회 2004 Natural Product Sciences Vol.10 No.1

The fresh fruit juice powder of Coccinia indica W.&A., (Cucurbitaceae, CJP) was studied for the possible activities of antiinflammatory and antinociceptive to rationalize the folkloric use of the plant juice as rasayana. CJP at the doses of 50-200 mg/kg caused a significant (P<0.05 to P<0.001) inhibition of paw edema induced by λ carrageenin (1%) and histamine (10−3 g/ml, 0.1 ml) in rats. The effect was comparable to the standard cycloxygenase inhibitor brufen at 100 mg/kg and protective percentages were 63.41% and 65.78% respectively. Administration of CJP (50-200 mg/kg) exhibited a moderate increase of the pain threshold on analgesy-meter induced mechanical pain. However CJP significantly prevented the writhing induced by acetic acid in mice and the percentages of inhibitions were 16.98%-35.47%, which is equivalent to 36.67% produced by brufen. These data indicate that the fruit juice of Coccinia indica rationalizes the traditional system of medicine.

Comparative study on nano-crystalline titanium dioxide catalyzed photocatalytic degradation of aromatic carboxylic acids in aqueous medium

P.A. Joshi,V.G. Gandhi,M.K. Mishra,M.S. Rao,A. Kumar,D.O. Shah 한국공업화학회 2011 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.17 No.2

The comparative study on titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalyzed photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of aqueous aromatic carboxylic acids (phthalic acid, o-nitrobenzoic acid, o-chlorobenzoic acid and benzoic acid) was carried out in the presence of UV radiation using air. The TiO2 catalyst, synthesized by sol–gel technique and calcined at 673 K, resulted ca. 100% anatase phase with 23 nm crystallite size and surface area of 37 m2/g. This catalyst was found to be efficient for PCD of phthalic acid, o-nitrobenzoic acid, ochlorobenzoic acid and benzoic acid in aqueous medium. However, the reactivity and degradation pathway of these carboxylic acids were observed to be greatly influenced by the substituent group present in the aromatic ring. The order of degradation of aromatic carboxylic acids was found to be phthalic acid > o-nitrobenzoic acid > o-chlorobenzoic acid > benzoic acid. The aromatic carboxylic acids having electron withdrawing groups such as –COOH, –NO2 and –Cl were comparatively more reactive for PCD than unsubstituted aromatic acid i.e., benzoic acid. The degradation of ortho substituted benzoic acids (having electron withdrawing groups) follows different mechanistic pathway than that of benzoic acid. Study of various operational parameters like effect of catalyst loading, initial concentration of phthalic acid and kinetics of phthalic acid PCD was also carried out in batch type photocatalytic reactor.

Genotype by Dietary Lysine Interaction for Growth and Response to Sheep Red Blood Cells and Escherichia coli Inoculation in Commercial Broiler Chicks

Praharaj, N.K.,Reddy, M.R.,Panda, A.K.,Rama Rao, S.V.,Sharma, R.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.8

An experiment was conducted to assess the interaction between genotypes and dietary lysine content in commercial broiler chicks by measuring growth, and response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Escherichia coli (E.coli) inoculation. Female chicks from four genotypes (A=Anak 2000; B=Hubbard; C=Cobb and D=Synthetic broiler) were fed four levels of lysine in diet from d old till the end of experiment. The lysine content of the diet was 9.61, 10.51, 11.41 and 12.31 g/kg. Body weights at 0, 14, 28 and 42 d of age and pen-wise feed intake till 14, 28 and 42 d of age were recorded. Production of antibody against SRBC and resistance to E.coli were measured at 5 d of post inoculation (PI) at 43 d of age. Also, response to phytohemaglutinin-P (PHA-P) was measured at 12 and 24 h of PI at 48 d of age. Genotype by dietary lysine interaction was significant for body weights at 14 and 28 d of age, but not at 42 d of age. Genotype by dietary lysine interaction was not significant for feed efficiency, for antibody titers against SRBC, and for air sac lesion score, relative bodyweight change, and relative weights of bursa and spleen in response to E.coli inoculation. However, a significant interaction was observed between the levels of lysine and dosage of SRBC for antibody titers. There was significant genotype by dietary lysine interaction for cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity (CBH) response to PHA-P at 12 and 24 h of PI. It may be concluded that to obtain optimum body weight and immunity in commercial broilers the dietary lysine requirement may be recommended specific to the genotype.

A 16-mW 78-dB SNDR 10-MHz BW CT <tex> $\Delta \Sigma$</tex> ADC Using Residue-Cancelling VCO-Based Quantizer

Reddy, K.,Rao, S.,Inti, R.,Young, B.,Elshazly, A.,Talegaonkar, M.,Hanumolu, P. K. IEEE 2012 IEEE journal of solid-state circuits Vol.47 No.12

<P>This paper presents a continuous-time (CT) ΔΣ modulator using a VCO-based internal quantizer. It incorporates a nonlinear VCO as the second stage in a two-stage residue canceling quantizer (RCQ) and mitigates the impact of its nonlinearity by spanning only a small region of the VCO's V-to-F nonlinear tuning curve. The order of noise shaping is increased by placing the RCQ in a continuous-time ΔΣ loop. Using only a first order loop filter, the proposed ΔΣ modulator achieves second order noise shaping. Fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS process, the prototype modulator occupies an active area of 0.36 mm<SUP>2</SUP> and consumes 16 mW power. It achieves a peak SNDR of 78.3 dB in 10-MHz bandwidth and an SFDR of better than 85 dB when clocked at 600 MHz. The figure of merit of the modulator is 120 fJ/conv-step.</P>

Periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) containing bridged succinamic acid groups as a nanocarrier for sulfamerazine, sulfadiazine and famotidine: Adsorption and release study

Parambadath, S.,Mathew, A.,Barnabas, M.J.,Rao, K.M.,Ha, C.S. Elsevier 2016 Microporous and mesoporous materials Vol.225 No.-

<P>Periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) with a bridged amine framework and a pendant succinamic acid group (SA-PMO-5) was synthesised using a sol gel and post modification process. The bridged amino functionality was introduced to the pore wall of the PMO (MA-PMO-5) using a silsesquioxane precursor, N,N-bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]amine (BTMSA), along with tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS). The succinamic acid functionality was tailored by the ring opening reaction of succinic anhydride with the bridged amine. The physico-chemical properties of SA-PMO-5 were determined by a range of spectroscopic analyses. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the MA-PMO-5 and SA-PMO-5 possessed mesoscopically ordered, hexagonal symmetry as well as well-defined morphologies. The N-2 sorption experiment showed the MA-PMO-5 and SA-PMO-5 had a large surface area (704 and 623 m(2) g(-1)), acceptable pore diameter (3.2 and 2.4 nm) and pore volume (0.56 and 0.47 cm(3) g(-1)) to accommodate the guest molecules inside the pore channels. Organic functionalisation was determined successfully by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and C-13 cross-polarisation magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) NMR spectroscopy. Si-29 MAS NMR spectral analysis revealed the silicon environment of the final material. Sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfadiazine (SDZ) and famotidine (FAMO) adsorption as well as the release properties from the MA-PMO-5 and SA-PMO-5 were investigated at pH 4 and 7.4. The high adsorption and delayed release properties exhibited by SA-PMO-5 were attributed to the strong interaction between succinamic acid functionality with the drug molecules. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</P>

Chemopreventive Potential of an Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Curcuma Longa is Associated with Upregulation of p57^kip2 and Rad9 in the PC-3M Prostate Cancer Cell Line

Rao, K.V.K.,Samikkannu, T.,Dakshayani, K.B.,Zhang, X.,Sathaye, S.S.,Indap, M.A.,Nair, Madhavan P.N. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.3

Background: Turmeric ($Curcuma$ $longa$) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor properties. However, despite the progress in research with $C.$ $longa$, there is still a big lacuna in the information on the active principles and their molecular targets. More particularly very little is known about the role of cell cycle genes $p57^{kip2}$ and Rad9 during chemoprevention by turmeric and its derivatives especially in prostate cancer cell lines. Methods: Accordingly, in this study, we have examined the antitumor effect of several extracts of $C.$ $longa$ rhizomes by successive fractionation in clonogenic assays using highly metastatic PC-3M prostate cancer cell line. Results: A mixture of isopropyl alcohol: acetone: water: chloroform: and methanol extract of $C.$ $longa$ showed significant bioactivity. Further partition of this extract showed that bioactivity resides in the dichloromethane soluble fraction. Column chromatography of this fraction showed presence of biological activity only in ethyl acetate eluted fraction. HPLC, UV-Vis and Mass spectra studies showed presence three curcuminoids in this fraction besides few unidentified components. Conclusions: From these observations it was concluded that the ethyl acetate fraction showed not only inhibition of colony forming ability of PC-3M cells but also up-regulated cell cycle genes $p57^{kip2}$ and Rad9 and further reduced the migration and invasive ability of prostate cancer cells.

Effect of Supplementing Betaine on Performance, Carcass Traits and Immune Responses in Broiler Chicken Fed Diets Containing Different Concentrations of Methionine

Rao, S.V. Rama,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Panda, A.K.,Saharia, Poonam,Sunder, G. Shyam Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.5

An experiment was conducted with broiler (Cobb 400) male chicks (n = 480) to determine the effect of betaine (Bet) supplementation (0 and 800 mg/kg) to diets containing five concentrations (15, 18, 20, 22 and 24 g/kg crude protein, CP) of methionine (Met) in a $2{\times}5$ factorial study for performance, carcass traits, immune responses, and serum parameters. Each diet was fed ad libitum from 1 to 42 d of age to 8 replicates of 6 chicks. Birds were housed in battery brooders placed in an open-sided poultry shed. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and slaughter variables were recorded at 21 and 42 d of age. Serum biochemical profile, antibody production against Newcastle disease (ND) and lymphocyte proliferation ratio (LPR) were analysed at 42 d of age. Supplementing Bet to diets containing sub-optimal concentrations of Met (15 g/kg) improved weight gain and breast yield at 21 d of age (p<0.01), and feed conversion efficiency at 42 d of age (p<0.05). Feed efficiency at 21 d of age, body weight gain at 42 d of age, slaughter variables except breast yield at 21 d of age and ND antibody titres were not affected (p>0.05) by the interaction. LPR increased (p<0.05) with Bet supplementation at 20 g Met/kg CP equal to those broilers fed 24 g Met without Bet. Bet supplementation enhanced the concentrations of protein, globulin and cholesterol in serum of broilers fed sub-optimal concentrations of Met. Results suggested that Bet supplementation (800 mg/kg diet) enhanced growth (21 d), feed conversion efficiency (42 d), breast yield and lymphocyte proliferation in broilers fed a diet containing 15 g Met/kg CP.

Development of New Robust Bivoltine Silkworm Hybrid $SR2{\times}SR5$ for Rearing throughout the Year

Rao, P. Sudhakara,Nayaka, A. R. Narasimha,Mamatha, M.,Sowmyashree, T. S.,Bashir, Ifat,Ilahi, Irfan Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2007 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.14 No.2

A Silkworm breeding programme was designed to develop a robust but productive bivoltine silkworm hybrid of Bombyx mori L. suitable for rearing throughout the year in tropical climate by utilizing indigenous polyvoltine and productive bivoltine breeds. The breeding was carried out under high temperature ($36^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) and low humidity ($50{\pm}5%$) conditions in the environmental chamber. By $F_{12}$, three oval and three dumbbell breeds were isolated with higher survival and productive merits. These breeds were utilized in the hybrid evaluation along with other popular breeds. Based on combining ability test results, the hybrid $SR_2{\times}SR_5$ was selected for large scale testing and evaluated in different seasons. The evaluation studies indicated that the hybrid has higher viability and productive merits and it is suitable to rear throughout the year. The hybrid $SR_2{\times}SR_5$ recorded a survival of 92.0%, cocoon shell weight of 0.417 g, cocoon shell percentage of 23.0 and a filament length of 1042 meters under hot and dry conditions of environmental chamber compared to the control thermo-tolerant hybrid $CSR18{\times}CSR19$.