Design and Modeling of a Capacitor Bank Power Supply for Fast Charging

Surender Kumar Sharma,Pankaj Deb,R. Shukla,P. Banerjee,T. Prabaharan,R. Das,B. Das,B. Adhikary,A. Shyam 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.61

Power supplies used in pulsed power applications are rugged, and the capacitor bank charges rapidly. The capacitor bank is fully charged to the rated voltage in a minimum time so as to reduce the dielectric stress on the capacitors and to increase their life. When the capacitor bank is discharged in the load much Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) due to high currents discharges is generated, which can damage the electronic circuitry in the power supply if proper shielding & isolation are not provided to it. We have designed and fabricated a compact, rugged and low-cost high voltage (HV) power supply for a 114-kJ, 40-kV capacitor bank. The power supply consists of a high voltage transformer (5.25 kVA, 230 V/35 kV, 50 Hz), a high voltage diode (Semikron Make PIV 110 kV, 150 mA) and a charging resistor placed in a tank filled with oil. The charging resistors value is selected after a PSPICE simulation of the charging circuit for different values of the charging resistor. The charging current is limited with the selected resistor so that it does not exceed the current limit of the HV transformer & diode. The input voltage to the high voltage transformer is given through autotransformer, which rotates from 0 ?230 volts in 40 sec with a single-phase synchronous motor. The capacitor bank is charged to 40 kV in a minute after that, the power supply is decoupled from the capacitor bank by using a pneumatic decoupling switch, then the capacitor bank's switch is triggered to deliver the capacitor bank's energy to the load. Control and protection in the power supply is provided for its safe operation. The monitoring of charging voltage is done with a digital display meter with fiber optic isolation by using a V-F and then F-V converter in order to provide electrical isolation.

A Novel Real-Time Capacitance Estimation Methodology for Battery-Less Wireless Sensor Systems

Hwa Soo Kim,Sivaramakrishnan, Shyam,Sezen, A Serdar,Rajamani, Rajesh IEEE 2010 IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL Vol.10 No.10

<P>This paper presents a novel method to read a passive capacitive sensor in telemetry by using inductive coupling. While classical inductive coupling approaches measure sensor capacitance by identifying the resonant frequency of the sensor with a sweep of radio frequency (RF) signals, the proposed method estimates the capacitance change in real-time by algebraically manipulating two measurements (the magnitude and the phase of the reflected sensor impedance). Only one RF signal is used in the proposed method instead of a frequency sweep. Analysis is provided to show that some physical parameter errors can deteriorate the capability of the proposed method in accurately measuring sensor capacitance. However, the use of a first order calibration procedure based on error analysis overcomes this shortcoming. Extensive experimental results with the proposed method combined with a first order calibration show that multifrequency and rapid changes in sensor capacitance can be estimated reliably under varying locations and orientations of the interrogator. The battery-less wireless sensors enabled by the developed technology in this paper can be widely used for measurement of fluid pressure, force, acceleration and other capacitance-change based sensor measurements.</P>

Coherency Strain induced Ordering in Substitutional Alloys

Lee, J . K .,Hiratani, M .,Kalaitzidou, K .,Shyam, A . 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1999 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.5 No.6

It has been well known that one of the driving forces for ordering is the relaxation of elastic strain energy due to difference in atomic size, a clear evidence being the change in lattice parameter between ordered and disordered states. Because of mathematical complexity, however, only a few strain models have been presented for substitutional alloys. This work reports coherency-induced ordering in a simple model with a two-dimensional square lattice. At an equi-atom composition, a square lattice displays two elementary, ordered structures, S1_0 and S1_1 similar to L1_0(CuAul) and L1_1(CuPt) in fcc. The stability of two superlattices at the ground state depends strongly on elastic anisotropy. For a homogeneous system, Zener's anisotropy ratio is sufficient to measure the stability of one structure against the other. If the elastic constants are different, however, the stability depends not only on the elastic moduli of both elements but also on the solvent-solute bond length. The order-to-disorder transition is studied via the Discrete Atom Method, which is predicated upon statistical mechanics and linear elasticity. When both elastic and chemical interactions join together for ordering, the transition temperature is raised to a value greater than the sum of the two individual casesan indication of a coupling between the two driving forces.

Influence of Energy Restriction and Pre-incubation Holding Period of Eggs on Fertility and Hatchability in Aged Broiler Breeders

Shyam Sunder, G.,Vijaya Kumar, Ch.,Panda, A.K.,Rama Rao, S.V.,Raju, M.V.L.N. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.2

The effects of controlled energy restriction and duration of pre-incubation egg holding on fertility, hatchability and hatch losses were evaluated in aged broiler breeders (64 wk). The energy (ME) required for maintenance, activity, growth and anticipated egg production was calculated and offered to a control group (283-471 kcal/kg) from 21-64 weeks of age. In three other groups, ME was quantitatively reduced either by 20% (SER; severe energy restriction) or 10% (MER; moderate energy restriction) and increased by10% (EEF; excess energy feeding) over the control group (CER; controlled energy restriction). Each diet was offered to 130 pullets in individual cages, and the quantity of ME increased with age. At the end of 64 weeks, fertile eggs were collected from each dietary group for 11 consecutive days and grouped under 4 holding periods based on the length of storage (2, 5, 8 or 11 d). The influence of energy regimes, egg holding intervals and their interaction was evaluated on fertility, hatch losses and hatchability. Broiler breeders maintained on SER regime (231-419 kcal/d) produced maximum number of eggs (993) followed by MER (819), CER (624) and EEF (438) during the 11-day period. The percent fertility and hatchability was significantly (p$\leq$0.05) higher in SER and MER groups compared to CER and EEF. However, energy regimes did not influence the loss in egg weight during pre-incubation storage, shell weight, shell thickness or hatch losses as dead germs and dead in shell. The improvement in hatchability in SER and MER groups appeared to be closely related to higher fertility and lower embryonic mortality. Holding of eggs for 11 days showed a linear loss in egg weight with the length of storage, but did not influence the fertility and hatch losses. The percent hatchability on eggs set was maximum when storage period was restricted to 5 days. The interaction between energy regimes and egg holding periods exhibited better hatchability results with SER regime when eggs were held for 5 days. Response to MER was not different from SER. It was obvious that energy restriction during production period had a positive influence on egg number, fertility and hatchability in aged breeders. At 64 weeks of age, holding of fertile eggs for 5 days prior to incubation was adequate for optimum hatchability in breeders.

Effect of Butyric Acid on Performance, Gastrointestinal Tract Health and Carcass Characteristics in Broiler Chickens

Panda, A.K.,Rama Rao, S.V.,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Shyam Sunder, G. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.7

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of graded levels of butyric acid (butyrate) on performance, gastrointestinal tract health and carcass characteristics in young broiler chickens. Control starter (0-3 wk) and finisher (4-5 wk) diets were formulated to contain 2,900 kcal ME/kg and 22% CP, and 3,000 kcal ME/kg and 20% CP, respectively. Subsequently, four other experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.05% antibiotic (furazolidone) or 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% butyric acid. Each diet was fed at random to 8 replicates of 6 chicks each throughout the experimental period (0-5 wk). The results showed that 0.4% butyrate in the diet was similar to antibiotic in maintaining body weight gain and reducing E. coli numbers but superior for feed conversion ratio. No added advantage on these parameters was obtained by enhancing the concentration of butyrate from 0.4 to 0.6% in the diet. Feed intake and mortality were not influenced by the dietary treatments. A reduction in pH of the upper GI tract (crop, proventiculus and gizzard) was observed by inclusion of butyrate in the diets of broilers compared to either control or antibiotic-fed group. Butyrate at 0.4% was more effective in reducing the pH than 0.2% butyrate. Within the lower GI tract, 0.4 and 0.6% butyrate was effective in lowering pH in the duodenum, but no effect was found in either the jejunum or ileum. The villus length and crypt depth in the duodenum increased significantly in all the butyrate treated diets irrespective of the level tested. Carcass yield was higher and abdominal fat content was lower significantly in all the butyrate treatment groups compared to the control or antibiotic group. From these findings, it is concluded that 0.4% butyric acid supplementation maintained performance, intestinal tract health, and villi development and carcass quality in broiler chickens.

Replacement of Normal Maize with Quality Protein Maize on Performance, Immune Response and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

Panda, A.K.,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Rao, S.V. Rama,Lavanya, G.,Reddy, E. Pradeep Kumar,Sunder, G. Shyam Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.12

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary replacement of normal maize (NM) with quality protein maize (QPM) on performance, immune response and carcass characteristics of broiler (Krishibro) chickens. Six experimental diets were prepared separately for starter and finisher phases. Diet 1 was a control diet formulated with NM and soybean meal. In diets 2-5, the NM was replaced with QPM at 25, 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. Diet 6 was the same as the control diet, but supplemented with synthetic lysine similar to the industry standard. Each test diet was fed to 8 replicates, each of 5 chicks, reared in stainless steel battery brooders. The AME content of QPM (3382 kcal/kg) was similar to that of NM (3,352 kcal/kg), but protein (9.91 vs. 8.94%), lysine (0.40 vs. 0.26%) and tryptophan (0.09 vs. 0.07%) contents of QPM were higher than NM. Dietary replacement of NM with 50% QPM significantly (p<0.05) improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, humoral immune response, relative bursa weight, and breast muscle yield and lowered abdominal fat content. No further improvement in these parameters was recorded by increasing the level of replacement of NM with QPM to either 75% or 100%. Further, the improvement noticed in the 50% QPM group was similar to the group fed the NM diet with lysine supplementation, and thus dietary replacement of NM with QPM at 50% did not need extra synthetic lysine supplementation. It is concluded that dietary replacement of NM with QPM at the 50% level resulted in optimum performance, higher breast muscle yield and higher immune response in broiler chickens.

Early Growth Response of Broilers to Dietary Lysine at Fixed Ratio to Crude Protein and Essential Amino Acids

Panda, A.K.,Rao, S.V. Rama,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Lavanya, G.,Reddy, E. Pradeep Kumar,Sunder, G. Shyam Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.11

The effects of dietary lysine (Lys) at a fixed ratio to crude protein (CP) and essential amino acids (EAA) on early growth response of broilers were studied. Four diets were formulated to contain similar metabolizable energy (ME, 2,950 kcal/kg) but contained graded levels of incremental Lys (1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4%) while also increasing the dietary CP and EAA (methionine, methionine+ cystine, threonine and tryptophan) to maintain a constant ratio with Lys. Each diet was fed at random to 10 replicates of 6 chicks each throughout the experimental period (1-21 d). At the lowest concentration of Lys of 1.1% (19.04% CP), body weight gain (BWG) was lowest and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was poorest. The BWG increased and FCR decreased linearly as dietary Lys increased upto 1.3% (22.5% CP). Lowest feed consumption was observed in the dietary group that contained 1.1% Lys (19.04% CP) in the diet. Increasing the concentration of Lys to 1.2% (20.77% CP), significantly increased the feed consumption. The concentrations of protein, calcium, phosphorus and cholesterol in serum were not influenced by the variation in Lys contents in the diet. The humoral immune response as measured by antibody titre in response to SRBC inoculation was significantly lower in the diets containing 1.1% Lys compared to 1.4%. It is concluded that the Lys requirement of broilers is 1.3% (22.5% CP) during 0 to 21 days of age for eliciting optimum performance when a fixed ratio of Lys to CP (1:17.31) and essential AA is maintained (1:0.47 Met; 1:0.56 Thr; 1:0.17 Try).

Influence of Bi³⁺-doping on the magnetic and Mössbauer properties of spinel cobalt ferrite

Gore, Shyam K.,Mane, Rajaram S.,Naushad, Mu.,Jadhav, Santosh S.,Zate, Manohar K.,Alothman, Z. A.,Hui, Biz K. N. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Dalton Transactions Vol.44 No.14

<P>The influence of Bi<SUP>3+</SUP>-doping on the magnetic and Mössbauer properties of cobalt ferrite (CoFe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>), wherein the Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> ions are replaced by the Bi<SUP>3+</SUP> ions to form CoBi<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Fe<SUB>2−<I>x</I></SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> ferrites, where <I>x</I> = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 or 0.2, has been investigated. The structural and morphological properties of undoped and doped ferrites, synthesized chemically through a self-igniting sol–gel method, are initially screened using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. The changes in magnetic moment of ions, their coupling with neighboring ions and cation exchange interactions are confirmed from the Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis. The effect of Bi<SUP>3+</SUP>-doping on the magnetic properties of CoFe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> ferrite is examined from the vibrating sample magnetometry spectra. Saturation magnetization and coercivity values are increased initially and then decreased, as result of Bi<SUP>3+</SUP>-doping. The obtained results with improved saturation magnetization (from 26.36 to 44.96 emu g<SUP>−1</SUP>), coercivity (from 1457 to 1863 Oe) and remanence magnetization (from 14.48 to 24.63 emu g<SUP>−1</SUP>) on 0.1–0.15 mol Bi<SUP>3+</SUP>-doping of CoBi<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Fe<SUB>2−<I>x</I></SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> demonstrate the usefulness for magnetic recording and memory devices.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Bi<SUP>3+</SUP>-doping improves the saturation magnetization, coercivity and the remanence magnetization, which can be applied for magnetic recording and memory devices, of CoFe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> ferrite. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c5dt00156k'> </P>

Interregional Canadian Manufacturing Trade : An Empirical Analysis Of The Demand-Side Of the Factor Proportions Model

Alam, A.K.M. Shamsul,Kamath, Shyam J. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1987 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.2 No.2

This paper investigates a number of hypotheses regarding the homotheticity of consumer preferences and the importance of demand conditions in explaining the volume and direction of Canadian inter-regional manufacturing trade using Canadian two-digit S.I.T.C. code data on eight manufacturing industries. The period covered is 1961-76 and the investigation uses data on the two largest Canadian provinces, Ontario and Quebec. The results indicate that the implications of the homotheticity of consumer preferences are not borne out with respect to inter-regional trade in a multicommodity situation. The tests conducted also reveal that the direction of trade can be explained from a knowledge of consumer preferences given that the supply side of the model explains the locational aspect of production. The results fill a gap in the Factor Proportion model literature in international trade by investigating the role of the demand side with specific tests and throw considerable light on the conflicting results identified in the Leontief Paradox literature by indi ating that these results may be attributed to the existence of demand bias.

Inpatients hypospadias care: Trends and outcomes from the American nationwide inpatient sample

Christian Meyer,Shyam Sukumar,Akshay Sood,Julian Hanske,Malte Vetterlein,Jack S. Elder,Margit Fisch,Quoc-Dien Trinh,Ariella A. Friedman 대한비뇨의학회 2015 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.56 No.8

Purpose: Hypospadias is the most common congenital penile anomaly. Information about current utilization patterns of inpatienthypospadias repair as well as complication rates remain poorly evaluated. Materials and Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify all patients undergoing inpatient hypospadiasrepair between 1998 and 2010. Patient and hospital characteristics were attained and outcomes of interest included intra- and immediatepostoperative complications. Utilization was evaluated temporally and also according to patient and hospital characteristics. Predictors of complications and excess length of stay were evaluated by logistic regression models. Results: A weighted 10,201 patients underwent inpatient hypospadias repair between 1998 and 2010. Half were infants (52.2%),and were operated in urban and teaching hospitals. Trend analyses demonstrated a decline in incidence of inpatient hypospadiasrepair (estimated annual percentage change, –6.80%; range, –0.51% to –12.69%; p=0.037). Postoperative complication rate was4.9% and most commonly wound-related. Hospital volume was inversely related to complication rates. Specifically, higher hospitalvolume (>31 cases annually) was the only variable associated with decreased postoperative complications. Conclusions: Inpatient hypospadias repair have substantially decreased since the late 1990’s. Older age groups and presumablymore complex procedures constitute most of the inpatient procedures nowadays.