종이재-석탄회-점토계 소지를 이용한 소결체의 특성 연구

홍진옥,강승구,이기강,김유택,김영진,김정환,박명식,Hong, Jin-Ok,Kang, Seung-Gu,Lee, Ki-Gang,Kim, Yoo-Taek,Kim, Young-Jin,Kim, Jung-Hwan,Park, Myoung-Sik 한국세라믹학회 2001 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.38 No.10

Paper sludge Ash (PA) and Fly Ash (FA) wastes are usually land-filled for reclamation or substituted for cements as a resource. It could also offer some advantages when they are substituted for clay to preserve the environment. To recycle those wastes, the sintered specimen made of PA-FA-Clay system were examined to find the microstructure and physical properties. The ratio of clay to wastes was fixed as 30:70 by wt%, while PA to FA within waste portion were varied in the range of $1:6{\sim}7:0$. Those specimens were fired in $1150{\sim}1350^{\circ}C$. It was found that the relative density of sintered specimen was increased with amount of PA added at low sintering temperature (i.e, $1150{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$). This is due to increased amount of liquid during sintering. It is shown, however that at high sintering temperature ($1250{\sim}1350^{\circ}C$), the relative density of specimens was decreased with amount of PA added. This is because of overfiring phenomenon which may be able to induce an inhomogeneous microstructure and increased porosity. The mechanical properties of sintered specimen were depended upon the homogeneity of microstructure in accordance with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and pore size distribution analysis. For example, the compressive strength of 10PA-60FA-30Clay specimen sintered at $1225^{\circ}C$ was twice higher than that of 70PA-30Clay specimen even thought the relative density of those specimen was similar. This decreased strength of 70PA-30Clay specimen appears to be an inhomogeneity of microstructure due to overfiring. 종이재(PA)와 대부분의 석탄회(FA)는 현재 매립에 의존하거나, 일부 시멘트의 대체재로 밖에 쓰이지 않는 폐기물로써, 이들을 자원으로 재활용한다면 환경을 보전할 뿐만 아니라 유용한 대체자원이 될 수 있는 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 점토를 30 wt%로 고정하고 폐기물의 양을 70 wt%로 하되, 폐기물내의 PA 대 FA의 비율은 $1:6{\sim}7:0$, 소결 온도는 $1150{\sim}1350^{\circ}C$ 범위내에서 변화시켜 제조된 소결체의 미세구조 및 물성을 분석하였다. 저온($1150{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$) 소결시에는 PA 첨가량이 증가할수록, 소결밀도가 증가한 반면, 높은 온도($1250{\sim}1350^{\circ}C$)에서 소결한 경우, PA첨가량이 증가할수록 과소결 현상이 발생하였고, 이로인해 미세구조가 불균일해지고 기공율이 증가되었다. 또한 시편의 기계적 특성은 미세구조의 균일성에 크게 좌우되었다. 예를들어 $1225^{\circ}C$에서 소결한 경우, 미세구조가 균일한 시편(10PA-60FA-30Clay)은 미세구조가 불균일한 시편(70PA-30Clay)에 비해 상대밀도값은 비슷하였으나 압축강도는 2배이상 높았다. 미세구조의 불균일성은 과소결에 인한 것으로 나타났다.

‘琉球 세자 살해설’과 김려의 <유구왕세자외전>

홍진옥(Hong Jin ok) 대동한문학회 2016 大東漢文學 Vol.47 No.-

본고는 조선 인조 대에 일본으로 붙잡혀 간 부왕을 구하기 위해 배를 타고 일본으로 가던 유구 세자가 제주에 표착한 후, 배 안의 재물을 탐낸 탐학한 관리에 의해 죽음을 당했다는 ‘유구 세자 살해설’의 실상을 규명하고, 전설화 과정을 추적한 후 김려의 <유구왕세자외전>을 분석한 것이다. 먼저 유구 세자 살해설은 1611년 이기빈이 안남과 일본을 오가던 무역선을 약탈하고 살상한 사건과 1612년 유구인이 제주로 표류한 사건이 발생한 것에 더하여, 국제적으로는 일본의 유구국 침략 사건과 국내적으로는 허균의 역모사건, 인조 정권의 정치적 의도가 복합적으로 얽혀 만들어진 허구적 이야기이다. 이 이야기는 사건이 발생하고 1세기가 지난 후부터 근대를 거쳐 현대에 이르기까지 광범하게 전해지면서 전설로 정착되었다. 전설화되는 과정에서 무고한 백성들을 탐욕으로 인해 몰살한 사건(1595년 홍인걸 사건)이나 외국에서 조선으로 표류해 온 사건(1667년 중국 상선 표류 사건) 등과 결합되면서 다양한 문헌들에 전해졌다. 여러 사건들 중에 이기빈 사건과 결합된 이야기가 주로 전승되었던 이유는, 유구 세자가 제주에 표류하였다고 믿을수 있는 가장 적합한 시기에 일어난 사건이 이기빈 사건이고, 또 이기빈 사건이 복잡하고 민감한 정치적 사안들과 얽히면서 조선왕조실록 에 이기빈이 유구 세자를 죽인 것으로 기록되었기 때문일 것이다. 마지막으로 유구 세자 살해설을 傳으로 창작한 김려의 <유구왕세자외전>을 분석하였다. <유구왕세자외전>은 문예성과 주제의식 면에서 ‘유구세자 살해설’을 가장 완성도 높게 형상화한 작품이다. 다음으로, <유구왕세자외전>은 전의 체제를 따르면서도 설화를 수용하거나, 허구적 요소를 개입시켜 흥미를 추구하고 있는 점에서 야담과 전, 그리고 소설의 중간에 위치하는 작품이다. 마지막으로, <유구왕세자외전>은 김려의 傳의 공통적 특징인 주제 의식과 표현 방식의 양면성이 가장 극대화되어 있는 작품이다. 사건의 흥미로운 점을 부각시켜 평이하게 서술한 행적부와 달리 논찬부에서는 사관의 입장에서 엄중하게 포폄을 가하는 모습에서 이러한 점이 확인된다. 여기에는 작가의 패사소품적 취향이 드러나 있기도 하지만, 비극적인 현실에 맞서고자 했던 작가 나름의 진지하고 치열한 문제의식이 투영되어있음을 주목해야 한다. The present study investigates the truth behind the theory of the murder of the Ryukyuan Crown Prince(琉球世子殺害說), according to which, during the reign of King Injo (1595~1649; r. 1623~1649) of the Joseon Dynasty(1392~1910), the Crown Prince of the Ryukyu Kingdom(also known as Lewchew; 1429~1879), while sailing to Japan to rescue his father the King, held captive in that country, was cast ashore on Jeju Island, only to be murdered by an avaricious and heartless Korean government official who desired the riches on the vessel. It then traces the process of transformation of the alleged event into a legend and analyzes Kim Ryeo’s(1766~1822) “An Unofficial Biography of the Ryukyuan Crown Prince(｢琉球王世子外傳｣).” First, the theory of the murder of the Ryukyuan Crown Prince is a fictional account created through the complex interplay of: the 1611 incident where Yi Ki-bin (c. 1563~1625) plundered a trading ship traveling between Annam(Vietnam) and Japan and killed the passengers; the 1612 incident where Ryukyuans were washed up on Jeju Island; internationally, Japan’s invasion of Ryukyu (1609); domestically, Heo Kyun’s (1569~ 1618) treason conspiracy incident; and the political intentions of King Injo’s administration. Broadly transmitted starting a century after the actual murder incident and through the modern and contemporary eras, this tale has established itself as a legend. Combining, in the process of transformation into a legend, with incidents such as the massacre of innocent commoners out of greed (Hong In-geol Incident of 1595) and foreigners’ stranding in Korea (Chinese merchant vessel stranding incident of 1667), it has been transmitted through diverse records. Versions of the story integrating the Yi Ki-bin Incident, out of a variety of incidents, have been mainly transmitted because that event occurred at the most opportune time to make the Ryukyuan Crown Prince’s stranding on Jeju Island credible, and joined with complex and sensitive political issues, thus leading even the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty to record that Yi Ki-bin had in fact killed the Ryukyuan Crown Prince. Finally, the present study analyzes Kim Ryeo’s “An Unofficial Biography of the Ryukyuan Crown Prince”, which recreates the theory of the murder of the Ryukyuan Crown Prince into a biography(傳). Indeed, “An Unofficial Biography of the Ryukyuan Crown Prince” is the extant work that most consummately recounts the theory of the murder of the Ryukyuan Crown Prince in terms of the artistry and thematic consciousness. Next, “An Unofficial Biography of the Ryukyuan Crown Prince” is a work situated in the middle ground among an unofficial history(野談), a biography, and prose fiction(小說) in that it follows the structure of a biography yet accommodates aspects of traditional tales(說話) and pursues the entertainment value by involving fictional elements. Finally, “An Unofficial Biography of the Ryukyuan Crown Prince” is a work that maximizes both thematic consciousness and expressive techniques, which is a characteristic common to all biographies written by Kim Ryeo. This is confirmed by the author’s rigorous critique from the viewpoint of a historian in the Commentary Section, unlike in the Acts and Accomplishments Section, where he highlights the interesting aspects of the incident in a plain style. While this also reveals the author’s penchant for unofficial histories(稗史) and prose essays(小品), it must be noted that projected on this work are his earnest and intense problematics and his will to stand against a tragic reality.

『담정총서(藫庭叢書)』 소재 전(傳) 문학에 대하여

홍진옥 ( Hong Jin-ok ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2023 民族文化硏究 Vol.98 No.-

본고는 지금까지 개별적, 혹은 작가별로 연구되었던 『담정총서』 소재 전(傳) 작품을 보다 폭넓은 의미망을 통해 종합적으로 이해하고 이로써 담정 그룹의 문학적 경향을 살피고자 한 것이다. 이를 위해 전 작품 전체를 주제별로 유형화한 뒤 작가 의식 및 서술상의 특징을 중심으로 논의하였다. 먼저 충효열의 유교적 덕목을 적극적으로 실천한 하층 신분의 인물들을 조명한 작품들에서는 유교 이념을 강화하기보다는 입전 인물을 하나의 개성적 인물로 창출해내고, 논평부에서 새로운 담론을 제기한 점에서 기존의 작품들과 다른 면모를 보여준다. 다음으로 기인과 이인을 입전한 작품의 경우, 김조순은 호기(好奇) 취향을 강하게 드러내면서 높은 서사성과 흥미적 요소를 보여주고 있는 반면 김려는 이들을 ‘회재불우(懷才不遇)’의 한 유형으로서 방달한 삶을 사는 은자(隱者)서 바라보며 이러한 인물군이 계속해서 양산되는 사회에 대한 고발의 의도를 포함하고 있다. 이옥의 경우 이인에 대한 관심과 현실에 대한 부정과 반발 등의 면모를 보여주는 절충적 모습이 나타난다. 마지막으로 당대 문화와 생동하는 인간 군상이 핍진하게 반영되어 있는 작품군도 주목할 만하다. 여기에서는 당대의 풍속 관련하여 ‘이익[利]’과 ‘속임수[騙]’의 문제가 주요하게 논의되면서 신뢰와 의리라는 인간 본연의 가치를 강조하였고, 이 외에 바둑 고수나 가객(歌客) 등 조선 후기에 새롭게 산생된 인물들의 삶에 대해서도 섬세하게 조명하였다. 이러한 분석을 종합하면 『담정총서』 소재의 전(傳) 작품들은 사회적으로 고착된, 혹은 관념화된 모든 이데올로기들에 대한 관성적 목소리를 거부하고, 인간에 대한 섬세한 관찰과 심층적 이해 및 사회적 고민을 다각도로 담아냄으로써 조선 후기의 문화 지형을 좀 더 다채롭게 만들어냈다는 의의를 갖는다. This paper aims to comprehensively understand the Jeon(傳) of the Damjeong Chongseo (潭庭叢書), which have been studied by each work or by writers, through a wider network of meanings, and to examine the literary trends of the “Damjeong Group”. For this purpose, the entire work was categorized by subject, and then discussed, focusing on the writer's consciousness and narrative characteristics. First, the works that shed light on the lower-class figures who actively practiced Confucian virtues in loyalty, filial piety, and chastity, show a different aspect from the existing works in that they created a personality rather than strengthening Confucian ideology and raise a new discourse in the commentary. Second, in the case of the works that featured between the strange person and hermit, Kim Jo-soon strongly reveals his taste for eccentricity and shows high narrative and interesting elements, while Kim Ryeo sees them as a hermit who lives a free life as a type of people who are talented but do not have the opportunity to show, and includes the intention of accusing society of such a group of characters. In the case of Lee Ok, a compromise appears showing aspects such as interest in hermit and denial and opposition to reality. Third, it is noteworthy of the work group that reflects the culture of the time and the lively human group. Here, the issues of profit and deception were mainly discussed in relation to the customs of the time, emphasizing the natural values of trust and loyalty. In addition, the lives of newly produced figures in the late Joseon dynasty such as Go masters and singers were carefully highlighted. This analysis means that the Jeon works in Damjeong Chongseo have created the cultural landscape of the late Joseon dynasty more diverse by rejecting inertial voices against all socially fixed or ideological ideologies and capturing detailed observations, in-depth understanding, and social concerns about humans.

A Cross-cultural Translation Problems as Reflected in Politeness Forms

홍진옥(Hong Jin Ok) 언어과학회 2003 언어과학연구 Vol.26 No.-

This paper examines the system of honorifics in the Korean language with a particular interest in address and address reference terms related to social discernment and deference in Korean in comparison to English, which lacks such a system. First of all, I explore some of the consequent difficulties of translating natural language data from Korean into idiomatic English, where there are often no precisely equivalent lexical or grammatical forms. In particualr, I discuss the nature of cultural variability and the problem it present for the cross-cultural analysis of discourse, even when taking a situation specific approach to politeness. Specifically, this paper focuses on the translation problem of how to avoid cognitive dissonance between the two distinct cultures. This research also suggests how to obtain culturally valid translations to resolve culture-specific problems in the target language.

김려(金鑢)의 유배 문인 형상화 고찰

홍진옥(Hong, Jin-ok) 국문학회 2021 국문학연구 Vol.- No.44

본고는 담정(藫庭) 김려(金鑢, 1766~1821)가 유배를 경험했던 전대(前代)의 인물 이항복(李恒福, 1556~1618)과 이광사(李匡師, 1705~1777)에 대해 지녔던 각별한 태도를 살피고 그 의미를 분석하였다. 지금까지 문학사에서 김려의 경우 사회에서 소외된 인물들에게 보여준 수준 높은 인간 이해와 이들을 작품의 전면에 내세운 뛰어난 문학성이 집중적으로 조명되어, 과거 인물에 대해 지녔던 각별한 관심에 대해서는 온당한 관심을 받지 못하였다. 김려는 부령으로 향하는 유배 여정에서 이항복의 삶을 장편 한시로 남겼다. 북방으로 유배를 갔던 수많은 인물들 가운데에서도 유독 이항복에 대해 각별하게 마음을 썼던 이유는, 김려의 가문이 광해군 대에 입은 정치적인 박해와 관련되어 있다고 보았다. 처지와 상황은 비록 달랐지만 자신에게 닥친 고난과 어려움 속에서 혼란한 현실을 적시(摘示)하고 자신의 무고함을 당당하게 드러내었던 이항복은 김려가 이상으로 여겼던 행위를 몸소 체현한 인물로서 남다른 의미를 지녔던 것이다. 다음으로 부령 유배지에 도착한 이후 김려가 소환한 인물은 이광사이다. 김려는 이광사에게 특별한 유대 의식을 지녔다. 특히 이광사와 긴밀한 관계에 있던 부령의 인물들과 김려가 직접적으로 교유하면서, 이광사는 김려에게 더 이상 과거의 인물이 아닌 새롭게 자신과 정신적 교감을 나누는 ‘신교(神交)’의 대상이 된다. 뿐만 아니라 이렇게 형성된 유대감과 정서적 친밀감을 바탕으로 김려는 이광사를 선배 문인으로 인식하면서 그와 문학적으로도 긴밀하게 교류하고자 하였다. 이로써 김려에게 이광사는 과거 인물 중의 한 사람이 아니라, 자신의 처지를 위로할 수 있는 특별한 대상으로 남다른 의미를 지닐 수 있었다. 전대의 유배 문인에 대해 보여준 그들 삶에 대한 깊은 위로와 정신적인 교감은, 김려의 수준 높은 인간 이해가 사회에서 소외된 인물들에게만 한정된 것이 결코 아니라는 점을 보여준다. 시공간을 초월하여 자신과 직접적인 교감이 없는 과거의 문인에게까지 확장되는 모습을 확인할 수 있다는 점에서, 유배 문인을 형상화 한 작품은 각별한 의미를 갖는다고 할 것이다. This paper analyzed Damjeong Kim Ryeo s exceptional attitude toward his predecessors Lee Hang-bok(李恒福) and Lee Gwang-sa(李匡師), both of whom were exiled, and its significance. In the history of Korean literature, Kim Ryeo received the spotlight for his high level of understanding of human beings, which was shown in his portrayal of marginalized people in society and his outstanding literary accomplishment by bringing such people to the forefront in his works. Kim left a long poem on the life of Lee Hang-bok in Chinese poetry on his journey to Buryeong, his place of exile. This study traced Kim Ryeo’s interest in Lee Hang-bok, among the many figures exiled to the northern regions, to the political persecution Kim Ryeo s family experienced during the reign of King Kwanghaegun. While their circumstances may have differed, Lee Hangbok, who pointed out the tumultuous reality amid the hardships and difficulties and defended his innocence, was a person who embodied the behavior that Kim Ryeo considered ideal. The next person Kim Ryeo recalled after he arrived at his place of exile in Buryeong was Lee Gwang-sa. Kim Ryeo felt a special bond with Lee Gwang-sa. As he became acquainted with the people directly related to Lee Gwang-sa in Buryeong, Lee Gwang-sa was no longer a person of the past but a person who formed a new spiritual relationship with him. Based on this bond and emotional intimacy, Kim Ryeo recognized Lee Gwang-sa as his predecessor and a fellow writer and tried to communicate with him closely through literature. The profound consolation and spiritual interaction for the exiled writers of the past show how Kim Ryeo s in-depth understanding of humans was not limited to the marginalized people in the society. The works on exiled writers are significant in that they show how Kim Ryeo transcended time and space to interact with the writers of the past whom he had never met in person.

시집 『감지당집(坎止堂集)』에 대하여

홍진옥(Jin-ok Hong) 국문학회 2023 국문학연구 Vol.- No.47

A Discourse Approach to Korean Request Strategies

홍진옥(Jin Ok Hong) 언어과학회 2011 언어과학연구 Vol.56 No.-

Many cross-linguistic studies have argued there is a correlation between politeness and indirectness, although the results herein do not necessarily confirm this relationship. Linguistic forms alone cannot explain the conceptualization of (im) politeness given its conscious, meta-pragmatic and ideological nature. This study investigates the role of the Confucian values (Confucian scripts) that influences the way linguistic interaction is understood. Naturally occurring data derived from institutional discourse contexts were used and analyzed qualitatively by integrating both the Confucian framework and a spoken discourse approach. Findings herein highlight three important aspects of Korean honorific use in relation to linguistic politeness. First, along with the level of indirectness, Koreans reference both individual frameworks and cultural scripts in the negotiation of requests. Second, common cultural values function as another R variable since culturally shared knowledge (``Confucian scripts``) is anchored on the individual frame, which directly controls power and distance variables (Inje University)

실용 영어 교육 성공을 위한 교육과정 개편 방향

홍진옥(Hong, Jin-ok) 한국영어교과교육학회 2008 영어교과교육 Vol.7 No.2

In January, 2008, when the new government was about to start, the presidential transition committee prepared new policies for reinforcing English education. The policies were designed to completely restructure the English education system in various ways: to increase employment of English teachers specializing in English conversation, to form level-based English classes, to increase the number of English classes, and to thoroughly review English proficiency tests. However, the employment of teachers for English conversation and increase the number of English classes have faced a budget shortage and strong objections from current English teachers. It is expected that these policies will be difficult put into practice. My investigation in the field of English education realities in elementary schools shows that the teachers unanimously insisted that the educational system must be improved. They say that just increasing the number of English classes without revising the current curriculum means that the teachers should spare extra time for English classes. This will result in imposing additional burden on the teachers concerned, and could provoke the desire for private education. In particular, while it is most urgent to foster competent English teachers, the teachers of elementary schools will shrink from completely taking charge of English classes. This is because teachers in charge of English classes will have more classes than other teachers in general. There is no incentive for promotion like granting additional points. Level-based English classes are said to be premature because there are not enough competent English teachers. Accordingly, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology should not be rash in announcing English education plans, but should closely examine the realities of English education. Though the government emphasizes practical English education, it is thought to be significantly harder to practice without revising the current curriculum focusing on entering colleges and universities.

Krashen's Comprehensible Input and Second Language Acquisition

Jin-ok Hong(홍진옥) 한국응용언어학회 1998 응용 언어학 Vol.14 No.1

Perception, Face and Confucian Values in Institutional Discourse

Jin Ok Hong(홍진옥) 언어과학회 2013 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.65

The extant research on politeness has been influenced by Brown and Levinson`s (1987) politeness theory. However, the author argues that this research tradition does not deal with meta-physical dimensions (e.g. epistemological, philosophical, and ethical aspects) embedded within (im)polite linguistic strategies. In the author`s understanding, politeness cannot just be equated with the outcome of face-threatening acts (FTA) because politeness is a multimodal discursive concept. This means that what is polite (or impolite) should not depend entirely on linguistic analysis but should focus on the diverse interactional factors arising from locally specific discourse contexts. This leads an observer to see politeness as existing beyond the discursive level, which necessarily incorporates perceptive dimensions (epistemological, philosophical, and cognitive). The author proposes that the Confucian frame, which individuals utilize in the construction of face and which reflect culturally shared thinking in Korean speech, is a useful concept to help investigate individual`s strategic face over politeness in contemporary Korean linguistic analysis. In this study, the author integrates a Confucian framework with the spoken discourse approach. The findings of this empirical research highlight two important aspects of Korean honorific use in relation to linguistic politeness. Firstly, cultural values affect the perception of ``R`` and function as face redress mechanisms so as to activate control over the social variables (P, D, and R). Secondly, the cultural script (the Confucian script) effectively negotiates institutional identities since Confucian thinking forms a foundation for a ``common-sense`` knowledge that underlies social practice. Cultural knowledge can thus be effectively used for communicating interpersonal face due to its pragmatic function.