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나영균 한국현대영미소설학회 2000 현대영미소설 Vol.7 No.2
This paper presents a New Historicist reading of Changrae Lee's A Gesture Life based on the theory of Michel Foucault. In the novel the narrator, Franklin Hata, tells two stories: the episode involving a comfort woman during the World War II and his 30 years's life after his immigration to the United States. These two stories appear to have no mutual relevance except that they were experienced by the same person. But behind this difference lies the same concept of power controling individuals in various forms such as institution, colonialism, social codes, unwritten laws, or political forces. The American society Hata lives in and the Japanese Army both operate as a 'mechanism of polyvalent panopticon' exercising invisible and noiseless power over individuals. Hata is never free from this all pervasive influence. Hata uses gestures as defense mechanism against these powers but his adopted daughter Sunny bitterly criticizes his falseness. The rebellious Sunny brings back the memory of Kkutaeh, whom he met during the World War II and who was fatally rebellious. During the few days before Kkutaeh's death Hata feels a desperate need to shed gestures to save her from ignominious life but fails to do so. His secret guilt comes from his realization that he himself was a perpetrator to Kkutaeh, neither a sympathizer nor a protector. The author's description of the nature of the comfort women and the structure of the comfort place are strongly reminiscent of Foucault's theory of Power/Knowledge in which he explains how power exploits the body, how it organizes space and time for its subjects in order to supervise and control them better. Hata has used gestures to survive under power while Kkutaeh and Sunny, although the foermer is dead and the latter is still struggling, emerge as ultimate victors while Hata is left with an ever deepening sense of failure.
나영균 한국보건행정학회 2020 보건행정학회지 Vol.30 No.2
Background: From January 2018, a policy was applied to differentially apply the co-payment for medical expenses of 15,000 won or more from 30% to 10%–30% for each medical fee. This policy lowers the burden on the medical use of the elderly, and it is necessary to analyze the effect of the policy by confirming changes in medical use and supply behavior after 2 years. Methods: The National Health Insurance Service’s national medical use database was used. As for the analysis method, first, the medical use and medical supply behavior change over the age of 65 years were confirmed, and second, in order to check the net effect of the policy, the 66-year-old as the experimental group and the 63-year-old as the control group were selected as the control group. The propensity score matching was performed using the variables of age, living alone, income quartile, residence, disability, chronic disease, and co-morbid disease scores, and then it was analyzed using the difference in difference analysis method. Results: The share of the number of treatments under 15,000 won decreased from 37.0% in 2017 to 20.2% in 2018, while the share of the number of treatments under 15,001–20,000 won increased from 8.0% to 22.7%. It was confirmed that the reason for the increase in the cost of treatment per treatment was the result of the increase in the amount of physical therapy and examination. As a result of the policy effect, the burden of co-payment per person was reduced, and as a result, the number of hospital visits per person and the total medical cost per person increased. Conclusion: The self-pay rate differential policy reduced the burden of medical expenses for the elderly and confirmed the increase in medical use. However, the interpretation of the increase in medical use was not able to distinguish whether the unsatisfactory medical care was satisfied or the inducement demand. Efficient allocation of resources is a more important point in the future when the super-aged society is in front. It is necessary to prepare a plan to induce rational medical use within a range that does not impair the medical accessibility of the elderly.