시루떡의 제조공정 중 미생물 저감화 연구

한상하,김경준,박준하,변계환,최송이,하상도 한국식품저장유통학회 2022 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.29 No.5

This study was conducted to establish effective reduction strategy during the manufacturing process of rice cakes. Simple washing (3 times) and ultrasonic washing (40 kHz, 10 min) were used in the rice washing process, and sodium hypochlorite (100 ppm, 5 min) and chlorine dioxide (20 ppm, 5 min) were used as chemical disinfectants. Combination treatment using ultrasonic washing and the two chemical disinfectants was also performed. The chemical disinfectants were more effective than the ultrasonic cleaning in a single treatment of each method, and sodium hypochlorite showed a greater reduction effect than chlorine dioxide. The combination treatment using both chemical disinfectant and ultrasonic cleaning was found to be more effective than using a single treatment, and no significant difference was observed in the results based on the disinfectant used. During the heating process, which is an important control point of HACCP system, total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were inactivated. UV sterilization (30 min, 60 min) was applied as the nonthermal treatment and compared with the general drying method (5, 12 h) during the cooling process of rice cakes. No bacteria were not found after the treatment, whereas the total number of bacteria in the naturally dried rice cakes increased after 12 h, indicating the potential of UV sterilization as an important control point during the cooling process of rice cakes.

떡류 경영업체의 미생물학적 위생관리 전략

한상하,박준하,박상혁,허은,변계환,최송이,하상도 한국식품과학회 2022 식품과학과 산업 Vol.55 No.4

Rice cakes are a traditional Korean food made with rice flour as the main ingredient. The consumption of rice cakes has been steadily increasing until recently, and the market for rice cake consumption is also growing. However, rice cakes have a lot of moisture and high water activity, so they are suitable for microbial growth. In addition, since most of the companies that manufacture rice cakes are small businesses, research on microbial contamination reduction measures suitable for these environments is needed. Therefore, this paper investigated the overall status of the domestic rice cake industry and recent trends were analyzed, and the safety standards of current rice cakes were investigated. In addition, studies on reducing pathogenic bacteria on rice cakes by physical and chemical methods that can be used in smallscale manufacturing processes were further reviewed

[P3-20] 기름골 전분의 이화학적 특성

한상하,박종대,금준석,이현유 한국식품영양과학회 2005 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2005 No.10

소규모 가공경영체 떡류의 생산과정에 따른 미생물학적 품질조사를 위한 모니터링

한상하,김경준,변계환,김덕현,최송이,하상도,Han, Sangha,Kim, Kyeongjun,Byun, Kye-Hwan,Kim, Duk-Hyun,Choi, Song-yi,Ha, Sang-do 한국식품위생안전성학회 2021 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.36 No.5

편의식 소비가 증가하는 식문화가 정착되면서 쌀의 소비형태가 전통적인 쌀밥에서 편의식 가공제품 형태로 변화되면서 떡류는 훌륭한 대체재로 자리 잡아가고 있다. 하지만 대부분의 떡은 소규모의 영세한 업체에서 제조되고 있으며 구입 후 별도의 조리과정 없이 그대로 섭취하므로 떡의 미생물학적 안전성에 대한 우려가 증가되는 추세이다. 따라서 본 연구는 떡류에서 발생하는 미생물학적 안전성을 개선하고자 소규모 업체의 떡류, 생산 환경 및 작업자의 미생물 오염도를 조사하였다. 3가지 떡(가래떡, 인절미, 경단)을 선정하여 원료, 제조공정 및 제조환경에 대한 미생물 오염도를 측정한 결과, 6가지 원재료에서 일반세균 3.76-4.48, 대장균군 2.21-4.14, B. cereus 1.02-1.15 log CFU/g 수준으로 검출되었고, E. coli는 검출되지 않았다. 떡의 제조공정별 오염도 분석결과, 세척과정 후 원재료의 일반세균, 대장균군 및 B. cereus의 오염도가 감소하였지만 불림, 분쇄공정에서 다시 증가하였고, 증자 후에는 3종류의 떡에서 모두 검출한계 이하의 수준을 보였다. 그러나 증자 이후 성형 및 냉각과정을 거치면서 오염도가 다시 증가하여 이 과정에서 냉각수 및 성형떡의 고물관리에 대한 주의를 시사하였다. 떡의 제조환경에 대한 미생물학적 오염도 분석결과, 쌀 분쇄기 및 떡고물 작업환경에 대한 오염 수준이 높게 나타났으며, 성형기에서도 일반세균, 대장균 및 B. cereus가 검출되어 작업환경에서의 기구 및 제조설비 관리가 필요하였다. 제조설비 및 환경에서의 오염은 원재료와의 교차오염을 일으킬 수 있으므로 체계적인 세척 및 소독 등으로 미생물학적 위해를 감소시켜야 할 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial contamination level of Korean traditional rice cakes (Garaetteok, Injeolmi, Gyeongdan), as well as manufacturing environment of small-sized businesses in Korea. The contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Bacillus cereus in raw materials were 3.76-4.48, 2.21-4.14, and 1.02-1.15 log CFU/g respectively. On the other hand, Escherichia coli was not found. It has been found that the contamination level of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and B. cereus in the raw material decreased after the washing process, but it increased again during the soaking and grinding process. However, after the steaming stage, the contamination level increased again during the molding and cooling process, suggesting the need to take cautions in managing cooling water and molded rice cakes in the process. These results suggest that the safe management of cooling water and taking cautions in the drying process after steaming of rice cakes are necessary for controlling cross-contamination. No E. coli was detected during the manufacturing process involving all tested rice cakes. The microbial contamination level of manufacturing environment such as rice grinder and rice cake forming machine was high. Therefore, in terms of food safety strategy, it is necessary to consider introducing systematic cleansing and disinfection procedure to processing equipment and environment for the sake of reducing microbiological risks.

씨리얼바 제조 및 품질특성

한상하 ( Sang Ha Han ),금준석 ( Jun Seok Kum ),이현유 ( Hyun Yu Lee ),박종대 ( Jong Dae Park ) 한국식품저장유통학회 ( 구 한국농산물저장유통학회 ) 2005 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.12 No.3

기름골 전분의 이화학적 특성

한상하 ( Sang Ha Han ),이현유 ( Hyun Yu Lee ),금준석 ( Jun Seok Kum ),박종대 ( Jong Dae Park ) 한국식품저장유통학회 ( 구 한국농산물저장유통학회 ) 2006 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.13 No.3

전신성 홍반성 낭창 임산부의 산과적 고찰

한상하(S. H. Han),이희중(H. J. Lee),조형권(H. G. Cho),김재선(J. S. Kim),장병우(B. W. Jang),변태섭(T. S. Byeun),신진웅(J. W. Shin),노덕영(D. Y. Ro),신종철(J. C. Shin),김도강(D. K. Kim),김수평(S. P. Kim) 대한산부인과학회 1999 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.42 No.11

목적 : 전신성 홍반성 낭창의 임산부에 있어서 임신중의 혈액학적 변화와 그 결과를 통하여 이 질환의 경과와 예후를 밝히고자 함이다. 연구방법 : 이 연구는 후향적 연구방법으로 1989년 1월부터 1997년 1월까지의 전신성 홍반성 낭창에 이환된 25명의 임산부 여성의 임상기록의 검토를 통하여 시행되었다. 결과 : 전신성 홍반성 낭창에 합병된 임산부 여성에서 주산기동안의 백혈구치 증가(P<0.05), 분만후 백혈구치의 현저한 감소(P<0.05)이다. 그리고 주산기의 적혈구 침강속도의 변화는 현저히 증가하나(P<0.05) 분만후에는 자료를 얻지 못하였다. C3와 C4 보체의 혈청 수치는 주산기와 분만후기에 현저한 변화는 없었다. 그래서 이들 인자들은 임신상태에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 전신성 홍반성 낭창의 임신여성에서의 신장 기능은 BUN/Cr 수치에 의하여 주산기와 분만후기에 상대적으로 잘 유지되었다. 25명의 여성중 1명은 자연 조기파막에 의해 임신 2삼분기에 임신이 종결되었고(4%), 5명은 조산하였으며(20%), 나머지 19명은 만삭 분만하였다(76%). 결론 : 우리의 연구자료 결과에서 전신성 홍반성 낭창이 있는 임신에서의 위험성은 임신여성의 특히 혈액학적 지표에 있어서 해로운 영향을 주지 않았으며 이들 연구대상의 신생아의 예후도 비교적 양호하였다. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the course of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus through hematologic change during pregnancy and the outcome of pregnancy in patients with SLE. Method: This retrospective study was done by the review of medical records of 25 pregnancies complicated with SLE in patients betwen Jan, 1989 and Dec, 1997. Results: The common laboratory hematologic change in SLE with pregnant woman was elevated WBC count during peripartum period(P<0.05), significantly decreased during postpartum(P<0.05). And, during peripartum period ESR change was significantly elevated (P<0.05) but not obtained data during postpartum period. The serum level of C3 complement and C4 complement were not significantlty changed during peripartum and postpartum. So these factors are not affected by gestational condition. SLE pregnant woman's kidney function was relatively maintained during peripartum and postpartum according to BUN/Cr levels. Among 25 cases of SLE pregnant woman, there was 1 case of midtrimester termination due to spontaneous premature rupture of membranes (4 %), 5 cases of preterm birth (20 %), other were term delivery was done (19 cases, 76 %). Conclusion: Our data suggest that the risk of pregnancy with SLE is not harmful to pregnant woman, especially hematologic indicies and not to bad in pregnant outcome of newborn baby in our cases.

인문 · 사회과학편 : 중고생(中高生)들의 체육 및 스포츠에 대한 관심(關心)과 요구(要求)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究)

한상하(HanSang-Ha) 한국체육학회 1982 한국체육학회지 Vol.21 No.2

Administrators and teachers are increasingly interested in students` needs and interests. Thus, it is necessary to determine what that they think and believe in terms of their attitudes on schooling.The purposes of this study are to:(1) determine students` needs and interests in physical education service courses at junior and senior high school.(2) suggest a comprehensive guideline to develop a sound school program and Curriculum for physical education.Questionnaires were sent to 1,100 high school students and callect them. The data was and alized with percentages according to the each question of the questionnaire used for this study.The results of the study were as follows:(1) In general the students are interested in sports and physical education activities but the sports facilities of schools couldrit meet the their needs.(2) The most favorite sports among students are normally baseball, soccer, valley ball and basket ball. They are also interested in life time sports activities such as tennis, base ball, and jogging.(3) The student want not only back ground principles on sports and physical education but also sex education. As for the numbers of testing and evaluative methods, The want twice in motor abilities and written areas respectively.(4) In order to be a good teacher, the teacher must have understanding for students and try to give them interest and should teach than as an individual.(5) Among student who want to be a sportsman, most of them hope to choose the sports according to their aptitude. Also many of them want to enjoy sports in the suture.(6) The students want to enter an extra curricula activity class about sports at school, but They failed because The activities were not active.(7) The student want to open more sports facilities at school and to school and to have supervisors and coaches for the activities.(8) The students want to chose free sporting suit for sports uniform in class.

체육교사의 정보원 이용실태에 관한 조사연구

한상하(Sang Ha Han) 한국스포츠교육학회 1995 한국스포츠교육학회지 Vol.2 No.1

인문 · 사회과학편 : 중등 체육교사의 교과서 및 교사용지도서의 활용실태에 관한 심층적 연구

한상하(SangHaHan) 한국체육학회 1995 한국체육학회지 Vol.34 No.3

This study aimed at investigating Korean secondary school physical education teachers` utilization pattern of both textbooks and teacher resource books.Data were gathered from two sources: a questionnaire survey of 654 physical education teachers and interviews of 24 additional teachers. The results can be summarized as follows:1. About 24% of the subjects said that they had utilized textbooks "very frequently" or "frequently" when planning and teaching lessons: 38% said "rarely" or "very rarely". Junior high School teachers and large city teachers tended to use textbooks more frequently than high school teachers and rural area teachers, respectively.2. The main reasons for using textbooks were the lack of other appropriate information sources and the national curriculum mandate. The contents and expertise level of textbooks were criticized by many respondents.3. About 18.4% of the teachers said that they had utilized teacher resource books "very frequently" or "frequently" when planning and teaching lessons: 38.6% said "rarely" or "very rarely". Junior high school teachers and public school teachers tended to use teacher resource books more frequently than high school teachers and private school teachers, respectively.4. Many subjects reported the lack of other appropriate information sources and easy availability as the main reasons for using teacher resource books.