전남 진도 지역어의 단모음 실현 양상

하영우 ( Ha Young-woo ),신우봉 ( Shin Woo-bong ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2018 民族文化硏究 Vol.79 No.-

이 연구는 전남 진도 지역어의 단모음 실현 양상과 특징을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 20명의 진도 토박이 화자를 대상으로 단모음 음성 자료를 구축하여 성별, 세대에 따른 단모음의 음성적 특징을 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 전남 서남부에 위치한 진도 지역어의 단모음 체계는 /ㅣ, E, ㅡ, ㅓ, ㅏ, ㅜ, ㅗ/의 7모음 체계임을 확인하였다. 전남 방언은 대개 /ㅚ/, /ㅟ/를 단모음으로 보았으나, 진도 지역 장년층은 두 모음을 대부분 이중모음으로 조음하였다. 또한, 청년층은 모두 두 모음을 완벽하게 이중모음으로 실현하였다. 한편, 진도 지역어의 단모음 조음 위치를 분석한 결과 세대간 차이가 관찰되었다. 진도 지역 장년층 화자와 달리 청년층 화자는 /ㅡ/의 전방화, /ㅜ/의 전방화, /ㅗ/의 고모음화, /ㅓ/의 후설 저모음화로 이어지는 후설 고·중모음의 연쇄적인 조음 위치 변화가 나타났다. 청년층의 단모음 음가 변화는 진도 지역은 물론 여타의 방언권에서도 나타나는 표준어 수렴 현상의 하나이다. 이상의 실험 결과를 종합해 보면, 진도 지역 화자는 세대에 따른 단모음 체계에 차이는 없지만 개별 단모음의 음성 실현 양상에는 차이가 있다. 본고는 기존 연구와 달리 음성 자료의 직접적 분석을 바탕으로 진도 지역어의 단모음 체계를 구명한 점과 세대에 따른 조음 위치적 변화를 포착하였다는 데 의의가 있다. The aim of this study was to examine the acoustic characteristics of the monophthongs in the Jeonnam-Jindo dialect. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted and data was gathered from Jindo dialect speakers in their 10s and 5,60s. The data were analyzed on the basis of the subjects’ generation, gender. The result of production experiment was that Jindo dialect speakers have same vowel system between generations: 7 vowel system (/i, E, a, □, i, u, o/). The older generation of Jindo speakers mostly pronounce /ㅚ/ and /ㅟ/ as monophthong irrespective of sex and the young generation of Jindo speakers entirely pronounce /ㅚ/ and /ㅟ/ as monophthong. Also, we found that /Щ/, /u/ moved toward front and /o/ moved toward high in the vowel space from the Jindo speakers in their older to those in their young. And /Λ/ showed a shift in the vowel space from the back to the open vowel. The results revealed a chain-like shift in the high and mid back vowels. It is assumable that the degree of standardization appearing in the place of articulation on vowel is quite high in the Jindo dialect. Previous studies discussed the Jindo vowel system on the basis of the observations made by the researchers. The current study, on the other hand, is significant in that it investigated sound changes in vowel production throughout the vowel system and confirmed the articulation place of vowel using phonetic methods.

『제주방언성경』의 형태·통사론적 특징 연구

하영우(Young-Woo Ha),신우봉(Woo-Bong Shin) 동남어문학회 2022 동남어문논집 Vol.1 No.54

본고는 『제주방언성경』에서 나타나는 어휘형태소와 문법형태소의 대역 양상과 특성을 살피고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 『제주방언성경』에서의 어휘형태소의 실현 양상을 『제주어사전』과 비교하여 분석하였으며, 문법형태소의 실현 양상은 선어말어미, 연결어미, 종결어미를 중심으로 검토해 보았다. 연구 결과 『제주방언성경』은 어휘형태소를 대역하는 데 있어 제주방언의 특성이 두드러지는 고형이나 전형적 형식을 선호하는 경향을 보였다. 이 과정에서 기존 『제주어사전』에 등재되지 않은 어휘형태소의 형식과 사용 양상을 찾아낼 수 있었다. 문법형태소의 대역 역시 제주방언 문법 기술과 관련하여서는 몇 가지 특징을 확인할 수 있었다. 첫째, 선어말어미 ‘엄시’는 ‘고 있다’와 ‘ㄴ다’에 대응하고 있었다. 둘째, 연결어미 ‘엔/엥’은 기능적 차이가 아닌 수의적 교체를 보인다는 기존 견해를 뒷받침하는 결과가 나타났다. 아울러, ‘안/언, 앙/엉’은 인용어미를 제외하고 두 계열의 연결어미가 확실히 구분되었다. 셋째, 의문형 종결어미의 경우 표준어와는 달리 판정의문문과 설명의문문에 따라 명확히 구분하여 대역하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine the translation aspects and characteristics of lexical and grammatical morphemes in the 『Jeju Dialect Bible』. For this purpose, the translation pattern of lexical morphemes in the 『Jeju Dialect Bible』 was analyzed by comparing it with the 『Jeju dictionary』, and the translation pattern of grammatical morphemes was examined focusing on the ending type. As a result of the study, 『Jeju Dialect Bible』 tended to prefer typical forms with prominent characteristics of the Jeju dialect in transposing lexical morphemes. In this process, the form and usage patterns of lexical morphemes that were not registered in the existing 『Jeju dictionary』 were found. The translation of grammatical morphemes also confirmed some characteristics of the grammar of the Jeju dialect. The Prefinal Ending ‘엄시’ corresponds to ‘고 있’ and ‘ㄴ다’, and the connective ending ‘엔/엥’ is a optional alternation rather than a functional difference. In the case of interrogative final endings, unlike standard language, they were used in clear transliteration according to yes-no questions and wh-questions.

아나운서의 단모음 실현 양상과 특징

하영우(Ha Young-Woo),오재혁(Oh, Jeahyuk) 한국음운론학회 2017 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.23 No.1

This study examines the pronunciation of announcers, who are articulatory experts, with the aim of pragmatically resolving the argument over the Korean monophthongal system, which has variously been proposed to consist of seven to ten vowels. If monophthongs are not observed to occur in the standard pronunciation of announcers, then what has traditionally been viewed as ‘standard pronunciation’ is nothing but a pronunciation system of the past that has disappeared. As for the pattern of articulation of /ㅚ/, /ㅟ/, it was found that no announcers articulated both of these vowels as monophthongs. Though there were two announcers who articulated /ㅚ/ as a monophthong, and two other announcers who articulated /ㅟ/ as a monophthong, there were not any announcers who articulated both vowels as monophthongs. These results reflect the difficulty of maintaining the argument for the monophthongal status of these vowels any longer. As for /ㅔ/, /ㅐ/, a process of confluence was conspicuously observed in the speech of announcers as indicated in previous studies. The difference appeared clearly only for announcers in their 50s or older who pronounced the vowels after concentrating on monophthongs in isolation. It was difficult to observe the difference clearly when announcers in their 50s spoke full words, or when announcers in their 40s or younger spoke. As for /ㅗ/, /ㅜ/, a phonetic characteristic was discovered that the tendency contrasted by the height of the tongue changed into a contrast in the backness of the tongue. Compared to the loss of auditory perceptive discrimination of /ㅔ/, /ㅐ/ due to their confluence, there was a shift in the position of articulation for /ㅗ/, /ㅜ/, but in that it maintains auditory perceptive discrimination, it can be predicted that the discriminative characteristics of /ㅗ/, /ㅜ/ may change the backness of the tongue in a phonetic manner.

자유발화 자료에 나타난 {-어가지고}의 문법 범주와 의미 기능

하영우(Young Woo Ha),신지영(Ji Young Shin) 한국어학회 2012 한국어학 Vol.55 No.-

The aim of this paper is to study the distribution and grammatical category of {-eokajigo} based on spontaneous speech and also to compare {-eokajigo} with {-eosoe} in the aspect of semantic functions. The results are as follows; At first, {-eokajigo} becomes an ending category through grammaticilization process. However, it is hard to say that {-eokajigo} is perfect ending category because it is only used in spontaneous speech. Secondly, {-eokajigo} is used in order of ``[Cause] > [Sequence] > [Manner] > [Enumerate]``, similar to {-eoseo}. But in case of {-eokajigo}, there is a much more gap in the frequency of usage between [Cause] and [Sequence] when we compare with {-eoseo}. And also {-eokajigo} is usually used as [Enumerate] not as [Manner] because it is periphrasis.

구어 문어 사용역에 따른 접속부사의 특성 연구 - "그러-" 계열 접속부사를 중심으로

하영우 ( Young Woo Ha ) 영주어문학회 2015 영주어문 Vol.29 No.-

본고에서는 구어 자료와 문어 자료에 나타난 접속부사의 분포와 기능, 형태특성을 살펴 구어ㆍ문어 사용역에 따른 접속부사의 특징에 대해 논의하였다. 구어 자료에서 특징적인 분포를 보이는 접속부사는 {그래서}, {그러니까}, {그런데}, {또}, {그리고} 등이었으며, 문어 자료에서 특징적으로 나타나는 접속부사는 {하지만}, {그러나}, {또한} 등이었다. 접속부사의 기능 분포 역시 구어.문어 사용역에 따라 일정한 차이를 보였다. 구어에서 접속부사는 주로 [단순 접속]의 쓰임이 두드러진 데 비해, 문어에서는 [양보 대립]이 특징적으로 높게 나타나는 양상을 보였다. 마지막으로 구어자료에서 나타나는 접속부사의 변이형을 유형화하고 형태ㆍ기능 간 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 의미 기능의 일반화 정도성과 음운론적 감쇄의 정도성이 일정한 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 드러났다. 의미기능의 일반화에 따른 감쇄의 정도성은 ‘{그러니까} > {그런데} > {그래서} > {그리고}’의 순서를 보였다. The aim of this paper is to study how to use connective adverbs depending on to spoken and written regitster by comparing spoken language corpus with written language corpus. For this purpose, the distributions, the semantic functions, and the allomorphs of the connective adverbs have been analyzed based on the spoken and written language corpus. As a result, connective adverbs have a higher token frequency and the percentage of {Geureo-} type connective adverbs is also higher in spoken language. {geuraeseo}, {geureonikka}, {geureonde}, {tto}, {geurigo} are used a lot in spoken language corpus, and {hajiman}, {geureona}, {ttohan} are used a lot in written language corpus. In a function of connective adverbs, a distinctive type is [Unmarked Connective] appearing in spoken language. Connective adverbs are often used to increase cohesion in spoken language. I assume that [Unmarked Connective] is frequently used because it become desemanticization. Meanwhile, the allomorph of connective adverbs appears in spoken register because of grammaticalization. {geureonikka} and {geureonde} create a variety of allomorph by influence of grammaticalization.

메신저 대화에 나타난 전남 방언 사용 양상과 특징

하영우 ( Ha Young-woo ) 한말연구학회 2023 한말연구 Vol.64 No.19

The purpose of this study is to examine the dialect usage patterns and characteristics of Jeonnam dialect speakers in messenger conversation situations from a quantitative perspective. For the purpose of this study, based on the messenger corpus, the list and distribution of Jeonnam dialects used by speakers of the Jeonnam dialect in messenger conversations were analyzed. As a result of the study, in the Jeonnam dialect used in messenger conversation situations, grammatical morphemes such as sentence-final endings, conjuntive endings, and prefinal endings showed high frequency of occurrence. However, the use of Jeonnam dialect was not biased only in grammatical morphemes, and lexical morphemes such as verbs/adjectives and adverbs also appeared at a certain rate or more. In addition to this, the Jeonnam dialect frequently appearing in messenger conversation situations were mainly direct components of sentence-final position predicates such as verbs, adjectives, and final endings, or types related to sentence-final position predicates like adverbs. For example, sentence-final endings and conjuntive endings, which belong to the same category but show differences in the position of the end of sentences, showed a large difference in the number of types and frequency of occurrence. And verb/adjective, which functions as a main verb or predicate itself, has a much higher frequency than auxiliary verb, which plays an auxiliary role to the main verb. In the same context, adverbs that mainly modify predicates had a higher use of dialect than connecting adverbs. Also, unusual dialect variants appeared in messenger conversation situations, which are thought to be mainly due to the registers and notations.

전남 서부 지역의 운율 구조와 특성 ―비종결 음운구를 중심으로―

하영우 ( Ha Young-woo ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2021 民族文化硏究 Vol.90 No.-

이 연구는 전남 서부 지역의 비종결 음운구에서 나타나는 특성과 음운구의 구조를 결정짓는 음운론적 조건을 체계화하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구 결과 어두의 장음 실현은 세대와 성별에 따라 달라졌다. 노년층은 특정 조건에서 어두 장음이 실현되는 데 비해 청소년층은 단음으로 일원화되는 경향을 보였다. 또한 노년층 내에서 남성이 여성에 비해 어두 장음의 실현 비율이 유의하게 높았다. 한편 어두 장음의 실현은 주로 종성의 유형에 영향을 받았다. 어두 장음은 ‘종성 없음, 비음 종성’ 환경에서 나타날 확률이 높으며, ‘장애음 종성, 유음 종성’인 환경에서는 나타나지 않았다. 어두 장음은 LH형에서만 예외적인 HH형이 나타났을 뿐만 아니라 어두 LH 조건에서 2음절의 L 역시 H로 나타나기도 했다. LH형에서 나타나는 예외적 현상은 전체 음운구의 음높이 형성 과정에 영향을 받은 것으로 해석하였다. 마지막으로 음운구 끝음절은 본래 L로 고정되지만 청소년층은 H로의 변화를 보였으며, 변화 속도는 청소년층 남성보다 여성이 더 빨랐다. This study aims to investigate the non-terminal phonological phrase structure of the South Jeonnam Dialect based on reading experiment. The results of the study are as follows: the realization rate of length of word-initial depends on generation and gender. Older generations tended to pronounce length of word-initial under specific conditions while younger generations tended not to pronounce length of word-initial. In addition, the length of word-initial ratio of older men were significantly higher than older women. Meanwhile, the realization of length of word-initial was mainly influenced by the syllable final types. Word-initial length tend to appear when the syllable final is nasal or syllable final is not exist. Unlike HH type of word-initial, LH type of word-initial is sometimes realized as HH. And L for the second syllable was exceptionally H in the LH-type. The exceptional phenomenon in the LH type was interpreted as being influenced by the pitch structure of the entire phonological phrase. Finally, the end syllables of phonological phrase were originally fixed to L, but the younger generations showed a change to H, and the rate of change was faster in younger generations of female.

`-더-` 계열 어미의 감쇄 경향과 기제 -형태소 분포 특징을 중심으로-

하영우 ( Ha Young-woo ) 겨레어문학회 2016 겨레어문학 Vol.57 No.-

본고는 `-더-` 계열 어미에서 나타나는 감쇄 경향성과 감쇄의 주요 변인, 그리고 감쇄의 기제를 밝히기 위해 구어 말뭉치를 바탕으로 `ㅓ >ㅡ` 감쇄 양상을 계량적으로 살펴보았다. 이후 어미 유형이 감쇄의 주요변인이 된 원인을 기능의 변화 측면에서 해석해 보았다. 연구 결과 성별, 연령, 어미 유형이 `-더-` 계열 어미의 감쇄에 일정하게 영향을 주는 것으로 드러났으며, 빈도는 감쇄에 큰 영향을 주지 않았다. `-더-` 계열 어미의 감쇄의 가장 큰 변인은 어미 유형이었다. 관형사형 어미 {-던}은 감쇄율이 낮은 데 비해 연결 어미 {-더니}와 종결 어미{-더라고}는 상대적으로 감쇄율이 높게 나타났다. 또한 종결 어미 {-더라고}의 감쇄율은 연결 어미 {-더니}에 비해 통계적으로 유의미하게 높게 나타났다. `-더-` 계열 어미에서 나타나는 감쇄 현상이 어미 유형에 따라 달리 나타나는 것은 시상 체계의 재편에 따른 통시적 변화 과정에 기인한 것으로 보았다. 중세국어 시기에 과거 비완망상을 표시하던 `-더-`는 `-엇-`의 문법화 이후 시상 체계의 재편에 따라 어미별로 기능의 변화를 보였다. 시상 체계의 재편 과정에서 시제적 기능이 약화된 {-더니}, {-더라고}는 기능 약화와 함께 형식의 삭감이 동반되는 데 비해, 기능이 그대로 유지되었던 {-던}은 형식 감쇄의 대상이 되지 않았다고 보았다. 동일하게 증거 양태의 기능을 하는 {-더니}와 {-더라고}의 감쇄율에 차이가 발생하는 것은 서로 다른 시상 체계의 재편 과정과 {-었-} 결합형에서 나타나는 기능적 차이로 해석하였다. The aim of this paper is to study the aspects of the acoustic reduction of the `ㅓ > ㅡ` based on spoken language corpus in order to reveal the reduction tendency which appears within the `- 더-` class, the main factor of the reduction and the reduction mechanism. Then it attempts to interpret the main factor, which is due to its ending type in terms of change in functions. The results from the research revealed that gender, age and ending type have affected the reduction of the `-더-` class and the frequency of the usage does not have affected reduction of the `- 더-`. The major factor of the reduction of the `-더-` class is its ending type. Adnominal endings {-던} are being used frequently and its reduction rate is low. In comparison, connective endings {- 더니} and final endings {-더라고} have shown to have higher reduction rates. In addition, the reduction rate of the final endings {-더라고} appeared to have statically meaningful higher rate than that of the connective endings {-더니}. The reduction tendency of the `-더-` class differ between the ending types. This resulted from the diachronic change following the reorganization of the Tense-Aspect-Mood System. `-더-` which expressed imperfective aspect in the past during the time of Middle Korean has shown change of function according to its endings following the reorganization of the Tense-Aspect-Mood System after the grammaticalization of `-엇-`. The tense function in the words {-더니} and {-더라고} have weakened during the process of the reorganization of the Tense-Aspect-Mood System. Together with their weakened function, their forms have also been reduced. On the other hand, {-던} which had maintained its function was seen to not be subject to the reduction of form. The reason for the difference of the reduction rate between {-더니} and {-더라고} which similarly carry the function of evidential modality has been interpreted to be of a functional difference created during the different processes of reorganization of the Tense-Aspect-Mood System and its combination with {-었-}.

{그러면}의 접속 기능과 형식 감쇄

하영우(Ha, Young-Woo) 한국어학회 2016 한국어학 Vol.71 No.-

The aim of this paper is to study conjunct function and acoustic reduction of {Geureomyeon} based on spontaneous speech corpus. The results are as follows; {Geureomyeon} is used in turn taking context frequently. And following utterance which is connected by {Geureomyeon} is almost Question or Comment. Frequent use of {Geureomyeon} in turn taking context influences generalization of [Condition/Precondition]. The most frequent use of turn taking context in using {Geureomyeon} also seems to have a decisive effect on acoustic reduction pattern of {Geureomyeon}. Since {Geureomyeon} is used in important contexts that anaphoric function of preceding utterances, acoustic reduction resistibility of a part of ‘geureo-’ is strong differ from almost whole ‘geureo-’ type conjunctive adverb.

초등학생의 접속부사 사용 양상과 특성

하영우(Ha, Young-Woo) 한국어학회 2015 한국어학 Vol.69 No.-

The aim of this paper is to study usage pattern and distribution of conjunctive adverbs of elementary students based on a spontaneous speech corpus. Elementary students are lower token frequency and higher distribution preponderance of conjunctive adverbs by comparison with adult. In particular, token frequency of {Geurunde} and {Geurigo} are high and {Geurunikka} is low. Elementary students use the various function of conjunctive adverbs in the same way as adults but usage preponderance of [unmarked conjunctive] is higher than adult. Also, they use less discourse marker functions of {Geurunikka}. Elementary students show the reduction pattern of conjunctive adverbs the same as adults, but it takes less conjunctive adverbs reduction of elementary students compared to adults. It is also for discourse strategic intonational phrase pattern using the access conjunctive adverbs to be showed the same pattern with adults but used relatively less.