Metabolic profiling and antioxidant properties of hybrid soybeans with different seed coat colors, obtained by crossing β-carotene-enhanced (Glycine max) and wild (Glycine soja) soybeans

정정원,Oh Sung-Dug,Park Soo-Yun,Jang Ye-Jin,Lee Seong-Kon,Yun Doh-Won,장안철,박상언,하선화,Kim Jae Kwang 한국식물생명공학회 2022 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.16 No.4

We obtained new hybrid soybeans (Hybrid) with different seed coat colors such as green (Hybrid-GR), brown (Hybrid- BR), yellow (Hybrid-YE), and black (Hybrid-BL), by hybridizing β-carotene-enhanced soybeans (BCE; Glycine max L.) containing the phytoene synthase-2A-carotene desaturase gene and wild soybeans (Wild; Glycine soja). This study aimed to analyze metabolic changes between Hybrids using comprehensive metabolite profiling of BCE, Wild, and four Hybrids. The composition and content of metabolites varied based on the type of soybeans. Multivariate and metabolic pathway analyses showed distinct differences among the six soybeans. Hybrid-GR showed accumulation of isoflavones and tocophe- rols, whereas Hybrid-BL had higher contents of anthocyanins and carotenoids than other Hybrids. The projection to latent structure analysis showed that the most important contributors in enhanced free radical scavenging activity were phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and flavonoids and isoprenoids such as carotenoids, tocopherols, and phytosterols, assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, respectively. Based on these results, Hybrid-GR and Hybrid-BL comprising significant quantities of functional compounds such as isoflavones, carotenoids, and anthocyanins are proposed as new breeding candidates.

러시아어와 폴란드어의 수동구문 비교

정정원 한국슬라브어학회 2010 슬라브어연구 Vol.15 No.2

이와 같이 지리적, 언어학적으로 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있는 폴란드어와 러시아어는 수동구문에서 여러 가지 차이를 드러낸다. 첫째, 러시아어의 수동태는 수동 형동사 구문과 재귀구문을 통해서 실현되지만, 폴란드어 수동태문은 수동 형동사 구문을 통해서만 실현된다. 이때 폴란드어 수동태문의 행위주는 전치사와 결합된 ‘przez + 대격’의 형태를 취하며, 러시아어 수동태문의 행위주는 조격 형태를 취하여 도구역과 형태적으로 일치된다. 한편 폴란드어 수동태문에서는 조동사와의 결합을 통해 반드시 인칭, 시제를 표시해야 한다. 둘째, 폴란드어에서는 자동사에서 파생된 수동태문이 자주 발견되는데 반해, 러시아어에서는 자동사에서 파생된 수동태문이 지극히 예외적인 경우로 간주된다. 자동사에서 파생된 수동태문이 다른 슬라브어에서도 자주 발견되는 현상임을 고려하면 이것은 슬라브어족 내에서 러시아어 수동태문이 갖는 독특한 특징이다. 셋째, 재귀동사 구문과 형동사 구문에서의 상적 분배가 비교적 뚜렷하게 드러나는 러시아어와 달리 폴란드어 수동구문은 동사의 상에 따라 분화되지 않는다. 폴란드어뿐 아니라 체코어, 세르보-크로아티아어를 비롯한 여러 슬라브어에서 불완료상 동사가 수동 형동 구문에서 사용되는 것을 보면 완료상 동사만 수동 형동 구문에 사용되는 것은 러시아어 수동구문의 변별적 특징으로 보아야 한다. 넷째, 러시아어에서는 수동태의 행위 의미와 상태 의미 구분이 주로 문맥을 통해서 가능한데 반해, 폴란드어 수동태문에서는 조동사를 통해 행위 의미 또는 상태 의미 발현 여부가 결정된다. 이 때 폴란드어 조동사 zostać는 완료상 파생 형동사와 결합하여 행위 의미만을 지시하고, 조동사 być 는 완료상 파생 형동사와 결합 시에는 상태 의미를, 불완료상 파생 형동사와 결합 시에는 행위 의미를 지시한다. 다섯째, 러시아어 재귀구문이 불완료상 동사의 수동태로 사용되는 데 반해, 폴란드어 재귀구문은 수동태로 사용되지 않으며, 대신 피의체역이 주어가 되는 반사역구문이 된다. 이에 폴란드어에서 재귀구문은 수동태의 하위 유형이 아니라 수동태와 동등한 지위를 지니는 재귀태로 불린다. 다른 슬라브어와 비교했을 때 재귀구문이 수동태로 사용되지 않은 것은 폴란드어에서 발견되는 특수한 현상이다. 여섯째, 피의자역이 항상 주격을 갖는 현대 표준 러시아어의 수동구문과 달리 폴란드어 수동 구문에서는 피의자역이 주격이 되지 않고, 능동구문에서처럼 사격의 형태를 띠는 경우가 발견된다. 이러한 폴란드어 무주어 재귀 구문과 –no/to 구문에서는 술어가 어떠한 논항과도 문법적으로 일치되지 않는 3인칭 혹은 무인칭 주어를 가지게 되며, 이것은 불특정 다수의 행위주의 존재를 암시하는데, 이는 동일한 의미를 지시하는 러시아어 부정인칭문의 술어가 3인칭 복수형으로 일치되는 것과 유사하다. 이와 같이 동일하게 슬라브어에 뿌리를 둔 폴란드어와 러시아어의 수동태형은 술어의 형태적인 측면에서 보았을 때는 많은 유사점을 공유하지만, 논항과 조동사의 결합, 상의 분배, 술어의 타동성, 행위 및 상태 의미의 발현, 재귀구문 및 무인칭 구문과의 관계 등 여러 가지 측면에서 상이점을 드러낸다. The Russian and Polish passive constructions have many different characteristics, although two languages are very close linguistically as well as geographically. First, Russian passive voice is based on both the passive past participle and the reflexive passive, whereas Polish passive voice is exclusively related to the past passive participle. The Polish passive construction has ‘przez + acc’ as an Agent marker and the Russian passive construction has an Agent marker of the instrumental case that also serves as a marker of a different semantic role as Instrument. In addition, the Polish passive sentence must have an auxiliary verb być or zostać indicating grammatical categories such as Person and Tense. Second, the passive constructions with the predicates derived from intransitive verbs are often found in Polish as well as in many other Slavic languages. Such constructions are exceptional in the Russian language. Third, the imperfective past passive participles are used in Polish, whereas they are not allowed in Russian, where the reflexive serves as an imperfective counterpart to the perfective passive of past participle. The imperfective verbs in the passive past participle are also found in the other Slavic languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Czech. Fourth, the distinction between actional and state readings in the passive construction is made by means of the auxiliary verbs in Polish. Namely, the auxiliary verb zostać leads to an actional reading, while być can get either actional or state readings depending on the aspect of the main predicate. However, the actional or state reading of the Russian passive predicates can be done just by the contexts or the use of temporal or spatial adjuncts. Fifth, the reflexive can be used in the Russian passive sentences, but the Polish reflexive passive is not possible. Instead the Polish reflexive has an anticausative reading. The reflexive is a subcategory of passive voice in Russian, but it is considered as one of voices in Polish. Sixth, the Patient can have the accusative case in Polish impersonal reflexives and –no/to constructions. In the Russian language –no/to constructions are found just in the Northern dialects and the impersonal reflexives are not found.

슬라브어 단일언어사전에서 공간 어휘의 의미기술 - “오른쪽”, “왼쪽”을 지시하는 슬라브어 어휘를 중심으로-

정정원 한국슬라브어학회 2019 슬라브어연구 Vol.24 No.2

The article examines the definitions of the Slavic words referring to “left” and “right” in Russian, Polish, Czech, BCS, and Bulgarian monolingual dictionaries. Many English and Korean monolingual dictionaries describe “Right” as “the side of your body that is to the east if you face the north” and “Left” as “the side of your body that is to the west if you face the north”. Those cannot be the best definitions because the explaining concepts “North”, “South”, “East”, “West” are more complicated and more abstract than the explained concepts “Left” and “Right”. Moreover, “North” and “South”, on their turn, are sometimes defined as “the right/left direction of your body, if you face the east” in many monolingual dictionaries, making a chain of circular definitions. On the other hand, Slavic and other European monolingual dictionaries share the similar definition of “Left”, describing it as “the side of the body where the heart is located”, which must have begun in Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise in the 18th century and expanded to other European language dictionaries because it is more intuitive and persuasive. As for “Right”, Russian dictionaries define it as “the side that is opposed to the left”, whereas many other Slavic and European monolingual dictionaries describe it as “the side of body where the heart is not located”. The latter description seems to be better and the “heart” also can function as a core concept in defining “Right”. Some Slavic dictionaries distinguish between “the absolute left/right side” with their own inner directions (e.g. the left/right hand, leg, eye, etc.) and “the relative left/right side” varying depending on the observant’s position (e.g. the left/right tree, street, person etc.), while others do not, though they differ in semantic and syntactic valency. The definitions of “the political left / right” are very similar in most Slavic monolingual dictionaries. The Slavic dictionaries written during the Cold War describe “the political right” with negative words, while using more neutral words in describing “the political left”. Some Russian monolingual dictionaries written or revised after the collapse of the Soviet Union continue to define “the political right” with non-neutral words, such as “hostile to the progress (враждебный прогрессу)” and “reactionary(реакционный)”, though now in Russia, “the political left”, such as the Russian Communist Party (КПРФ), oppose to new social and political changes and propose retrospective, reactionary policies. Historically, “Right” obtained positive connotations in Slavic language as well as in many other languages, while “Left” – negative connotations, because the overwhelming majority of people are right-handed. The Slavic dictionaries describe “Right”s derived positive meanings, such as “guiltless”, “correct”, “just”, “genuine”, “noble”, “legal”, etc. and “Left”s derived negative meanings, such as “secondary”, “illegal”, “clumsy”, etc. above all, with the help of their synonymous adjectives¸ but this kind of description is undesirable, because it can cause a circular definition. Though the fixed phrases, idiomatic expressions and derived forms are very important element in a dictionary that can help the users expand their vocabulary, they are added after the given word’s definition only in the Great Dictionaries such as the 17-volumed Russian dictionary БАС and the 15-volumed Bulgarian dictionary РБЕ, and 19-century Russian dictionary СД, and sometimes they even lack the proper definitions.

슬라브어 영형태(null-form)에 대한 소고: 무주어문, 탈락 그리고 화용론적 생략에 대하여

정정원 한국슬라브어학회 2012 슬라브어연구 Vol.17 No.2

The Slavic languages allow semantic, structural, contextual and situational null-forms in the sentences. All the Slavic languages have impersonal constructions without a nominative subject which denote weather, atmosphere, natural force and human emotional or physiological states and in which the subject does not have a referent. In addition the Slavic languages have impersonal constructions where the subject has a referent, but the referent is unimportant, general or hidden. In these Slavic impersonal sentences the predicate cannot agree with the subject and it takes neutral third-person singular form. Russian and Polish also have impersonal sentences in which the verb takes third person plural form. Most of Slavic languages, except Russian and Ukrainian, allow null referential subject, i.e. prodrop. In the Slavic languages having a developed system of inflections the verbal forms contain grammatical information about person, gender and number of the subject. Therefore the grammatical information about person, gender and number of the pronominal subject becomes redundant and this redundant pronominal subject drops frequently according to Grice’s Maxim of quantity. The Slavic languages allow not only null subject, but also null object, null oblique and null predicate. These null forms came to existence for pragmatic reasons, but the frequent use made them grammatical in discourse-oriented Slavic languages. Pragmatic ellipsis is found in many different languages at a colloquial level. In the Slavic languages a sentential component can be more frequently omitted, when it is theme, given and grammatical subject. It is noteworthy that syntactic role of a component plays an important role in pragmatic ellipsis. Thus many different kinds of null-forms in the Slavic languages have both syntactic and pragmatic aspects. Therefore it is important to find out where these two levels meet and how they are related to each other in Slavic ellipsis.

「게임산업진흥에 관한 법률」상 “사행성게임물”에 대한 이해

정정원 가천대학교 법학연구소 2018 가천법학 Vol.11 No.4

게임산업법은 “사행성게임물”을 정의하며, 이는 “게임물”의 개념에서 제외됨을 명확하게 규정하고 있다. 판례 역시 “사행성게임물”에 있어 ① 제한적인 내용 또는 방법에 의한 게임의 진행, ② 재산상 이익 제공 또는 손실의 ‘직접성’을 명백하게 요구한다. 그런데 현행 게임산업법상 “사행성게임물”은 사행행위규제법상 “사행성 유기기구”의 개념에 전면적으로 포섭 가능한 개념으로 파악할 수 있다. 규범적 체계에 있어 동일한 사항을 불완전한 형태로 더군다나 불필요하게 중복적으로 규정하는 것은 규범의 수범자에게 혼란만을 가져올 뿐이다. 따라서 현행 게임산업법상 “사행성게임물”은 사행행위규제법상 “사행성 유기기구”의 개념으로 포섭하여 명확하게 규정함으로써 규범의 체계적 정합성을 제고할 필요가 있다고 할 것이다. 「Game Industry Promotion Act」 defines "speculative game products". It clearly states that "speculative game products" is excluded from the concept of "game products". The judicial precedent also explicitly requires, ① the game is carried out by limited contents or methods, ② 'directness' of property profit or loss. However, "speculative game products" of 「Game Industry Promotion Act」 can be seen as an all-out concept by using "speculative gaming machines" of "Act on Special Cases concerning Regulation and Punishment of Speculative Acts, etc.". Unnecessary duplication of the same points in the form of imperfections will only cause confusion to the public of the norm. Therefore, "speculative game products" under the current 「Game Industry Promotion Act」 need to be clearly defined as "speculative gaming machines" of "Act on Special Cases concerning Regulation and Punishment of Speculative Acts, etc.". Through this, there is a need to enhance the systematic coherence of the norm.

체코인의 민족적 파타피직스, 야라 치므르만 -그 연극적, 문화적 특징에 대한 개관

정정원 연세대학교 인문학연구원 2022 유럽사회문화 Vol.- No.29

This study is an overview of a fictional Czech character Jára Cimrman who grew out of the theatrical stage and became a Czech national hero. Cimrman is a pataphysical Czech polymath of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, created by Prague theater members in the 1960s. Allegedly, Cimrman's contemporaries did not recognize his genius in playwriting, composition, invention, education, philosophy, etc., but his manuscripts were accidently found long after his death. His inventors put his "masterpieces" on the stage of Divadlo Járy Cimrmana (henceforth DJC). Typical DJC's plays consist of two parts. In an opening pseudo-seminar, amateur actors called by their real names play scholars making a presentation on Cimrman and then in a one-act play, the same pseudo-scholars give a trial performance of his work. The Czech gave a great response to Cimrman's pataphysical world and even almost made him "the Greatest Czech" contest winner in 2005. That must be because his character and theatrical works reflect the Czech historical, social, and cultural peculiarities. First, Cimrman's activities are mainly conducted in the 19th century, which arouses nostalgia for the Czech National Revival and reminds people of their national identity under the Habsburgs. Second, the Czech's self-images, such as conformity, intelligence, and skillfulness are reflected on Cimrman, and enviousness, which is their most prominent self-image, transforms into national pride. Third, DJC plays are affluent with black humors, puns, paradoxes, ironies, and absurdities, which are the very essence of the Czech humor. Fourth, the Czech have experienced forgeries, conspiracies, and rumors in their history and modern life, and really know how to enjoy DJC's mystification. After the fall of the communist regime, Cimrman got out of his fictional boundary. Now, not only the DJC members, but also ordinary Czech people are creating and expanding Cimrman's pataphysical universe. 본 연구는 단순한 연극적 파타피직스 캐릭터에서 체코의 민족적 파타피직스 인물로 성장한 야라 치므르만이라는 체코의 허구적 캐릭터에 대한 개괄적인 고찰을 목적으로 한다. 야라 치므르만은 1960년대 체코 연극인 스몰랴크(Ladislav Smoljak), 셰바네크(Jiří Šebánek), 스베라크(Zdeněk Svěrák)가 만들어낸 19세기 후반 - 20세기 초반의 허구적 체코 만능 천재이다. 연극, 시, 작곡, 발명, 교육, 철학 등에서 발휘된 치므르만의 천재성은 동시대인들의 인정을 받지 못했지만, 그의 사후 우연히 원고가 발견되면서 세상에 알려지게 된다. 그의 고안자들은 먼저 그렇게 야라 치므르만이라는 허구적 인물을 세상에 발표하고, 이후 야라 치므르만 극단에서 그의 “새로 발굴된” 천재적 희곡 작품을 무대에 올린다. 야라 치므르만 극단의 작품들은 세미나와 극작품이라는 두 부분으로 구성되어 있는데, 도입부의 유사 세미나에서는 자신의 실명을 쓰는 배우들이 학자들로 분해 치므르만의 업적과 개인사에 대한 발표를 하고, 뒤이은 1막짜리 극작품에서는 동일한 배우들이, 야라 치므르만이 직접 작성한 것으로 주장되고, 실제로는 단원들이 새롭게 공동집필한 작품에서 연기를 한다. 야라 치므르만의 연극은 상황의 부조리, 말장난, 역설, 반어, 아마추어적 연기 등에서 비롯되는 풍부한 유머가 특징적이다. 체코인들은 야라 치므르만의 파타피직스 세계에 열광적으로 반응했고, 2005년에는 그를 “가장 위대한 체코인” 1위로 뽑으려 하기도 했다. 이는 야라 치므르만과 그의 작품들이 체코인의 역사, 문화, 사회적 특징을 반영하고 있기 때문인데, 그것은 최소한 4가지로 설명할 수 있다. 첫째, 19세기라는 시간적 배경은 민족부흥시기에 대한 체코인의 향수를 자극하면서, 합스부르크 지배하의 체코인으로서의 민족적 정체성을 강하게 상기시킨다. 둘째, 체코인들이 자평하는 순응성, 영리함, 손재주 등이 야라 치므르만의 캐릭터에 반영되어 있어, 야라 치므르만을 자신과 동일시한다. 셋째, 블랙 유머, 말장난, 역설, 반어, 부조리 등 체코식 유머가 야라 치므르만 극단의 작품에 반영되어 있어, 체코인들은 그의 작품을 매우 좋아한다. 넷째, 체코 역사와 문학에 위작, 음모, 소문의 전통이 있어 체코인들은 야라 치므르만의 허구적 속임수를 능숙하게 받아들이며, 그 파타피직스적 세계관을 적극적으로 즐긴다. 공산정권 붕괴 후 야라 치므르만의 파타피직스는 허구의 경계를 넘어 체코인들의 현실에까지 영향을 미치고 있으며, 이제는 야라 치므르만 극단 단원뿐 아니라 일반 체코인들이 능동적으로 치므르만의 파타피직스를 창조해 가고 있다.

프랙탈 차원과 퓨리에 파워스펙트럼을 이용한 간조직 분류 ( The Texture Classification of Liver Parenchyma Using the Fractal Dimension and the Fourier Power Spectrum )

정정원,김동윤 대한전자공학회 1995 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.1995 No.5

러시아어 원칭지시대명사 тот 의 대용과 직시 - 폴란드어, 체코어, 불가리아어 대응어와의 비교를 중심으로

정정원 한국슬라브어학회 2015 슬라브어연구 Vol.20 No.2

This paper investigates the anaphoric use of Russian distal demonstrative pronoun tot and its relation with intrinsic deictic function, comparing Russian, Polish, Czech and Bulgarian texts of "Crime and punishment". Slavic demonstratives, such as Russian distal demonstrative pronoun tot, Polish proximal demonstrative pronoun ten, Czech proximal demonstrative pronoun ten and Bulgarian distal demonstrative pronoun onzi, can refer to a non-preferred center of the antecedent utterance and indicate the digression or the change of narrative structure. Not only in the situation that the gender and the number of backward centers are identical and coreferential ambiguity must be removed in the forward utterance, but also in the situation that any specific disambiguation of co-reference is not needed because of different genders or numbers of backward centers, Russian distal demonstrative pronoun tot is predominantly used to indicate a nonpreferred center of the antecedent utterance. Meanwhile in Polish, Czech and Bulgarian, a nonpreferred center of the backward utterence is co-referred to by demonstrative pronouns mostly when a co-referential disambiguation is required. Especially Bulgarian seems to prefer a personal pronoun than a distal demonstrative pronoun to co-refer to an antecedent non-preferred center even when coreferential disambiguation is required. Unlike Russian that doesn't have other means to disambiguate co-reference, Polish, Czech and Bulgarian unmarked zero-subjects referring to a continuous topic are distinguished from marked explicit pronoun subjects that can indicate the antecedent non-preferred center. In addition Russian distal demonstrative itself is more widely used than Polish, Czech and Bulgarian equivalents. Polish, Czech and Bulgarian distal demonstrative pronouns usually have a deictic function, while Russian distal demonstrative pronoun tot plays a role of an anaphoric pronoun as well as a deictic pronoun. As a distal demonstrative, Russian tot necessarily implies the remoteness of an object, even when it plays a role of an anaphoric pronoun. This deictic meaning is not imcompatible with the coreferential function of "non-preferred" backward center, which was not a speaker's main concern in the antecedent utterance. Hence the function of co-referring to the non-preferred antecedent center extends its sphere and Russian distal tot of this function is more frequently used than Polish and Czech proximal ten of the same function. Some of Russian distal tots with an anaphoric function in the analyzed texts are translated into Polish and Czech distal tamtens, when their intrinsic deictic function seems to be more prominent than co-referential disambiguation. Thus Russian distal demonstrative tot's anaphoric function to refer to a non-preferred center of the antecedent utterance is not irrelevant to its intrinsic deictic meaning and it has been grammaticalized to a significant extent in Russian co-referential system.

경쟁 전력시장에서의 발전기 기동정지계획 수립

정정원 경성대학교 공학기술연구소 2002 공학기술연구지 Vol.9 No.-

Korea introduced competition in the electricity market. Current CBP(Cost-based Pool) is just a course to a complete competitive market. In 2004, TWBP(Two-way bidding pool; wholesale market) will be introduced. Unit commitment becomes not a problem to be solved by one monopoly company(KEPCO) but the one to be tackled by each generation company(GENCO). Its aim has been altered from the global cost minimization to the each GENCO's profit maximization. In this paper, the author proposes the scheme of self commitment of a GENCO to maximize profit considering the uncertainty of market clearing price.

담화세계 간 경계로서 러시아어 접속사 а

정정원,류진경 충북대학교 러시아 • 알타이지역 연구소 2018 러시아학 Vol.- No.16

This study investigates discourse functions and pragmatic implicatures of the Russian conjunction A. We classify the conjunction А’s functions into ‘incongruity’ and ‘contrast’ and compare them with similar functions of other Russian conjunctions, such as I and NO. The ‘incongruous А’ does not implicate a strong cause-and-effect relationship, and it is easier to switch the antecedent clause with the following one in a sentence with the conjunction A than in a sentence with NO. In addition, the fact that a cognitive subject of the conjunction A is located outside the event facilitates the use of speaker-oriented predicates and adverbs. In the case of the ‘contrastive A’, it does not implicate a close internal correlation between two characteristics or two events described in the conjunct phrases but juxtaposes two independent events and characteristics without implying a strong cause-and-effect correlation or a clear antonymous semantic relationship between them. Having the information structure ‘T1-R1, а T2-R2’. the ‘constrastive А’ introduces a new topic or a new theme with a high pitch intonation before or after the conjunction and phonetically emphasizes the unexpected coocurrence of independent things. The cognitive subject of the Russian conjunction A puts different things together and make them to be semantically and pragmatically linked. The cognitive subject's juxtaposition reveals the contrast between the juxtaposed features and events, and the Russian conjunction A's function to express an 'incongruity' seems to be derived from the other function of 'contrast' that belongs exclusively to the conjunction A. The conjunction A’s logical incongruity that is somewhat weaker than that of the conjunction No, results from this contrast between two different things revealed by the observation of the cognitive subject who does not participate in the event, but not from the collapse of the normal cause and effect relationships between the described events themselves. The Russian conjunction A even contrasts the words uttered in the speech and the non-uttered words in the thought, and it can appear at the very beginning of the first utterance without any antecedent utterance. That must be because the Russian conjunction А plays a role of a boundary marker to introduce a new discourse, such as a new temporal, thematic or speech regime, contrasting it with a overtly or covertly given one.