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청소년들의 수월성 획득을 위한 플로우(Flow) 촉진 프로그램과 그 효과의 분석
이창호 한국상담학회 2005 상담학연구 Vol.6 No.2
The purpose of this study was to develop a group counseling program to facilitate the excellence for adolescents and examine the effectiveness of this counseling program which utilized the concept of the Flow Development Model in Positive Psychology. This counseling program consisted of five sessions in total and 37 middle school students divided by six groups participated in this study. To measure the effectiveness of this counseling program, Flow Scale for Adolescents (Chang-Ho Lee, 2002), Self-efficacy Scale (Hye-Young Hong, 1995), and Self- esteem Scale (Chang-Ho Lee, 2002) were used before the program started and after the program finished. In addition, Flow Questionnaire (In-Soo Choi, 1995) was used to explore the flow experiences for Korean adolescents. The results were as following: adolescents experienced flow when they played on-line game (27.6%), when they played the sports (14.7%), when they played the music (14.6%), and when they have a good time with their friends (16.2%). In other words, they experienced the flow when they had a fulfillment and an interest and when they did valuable and interesting activities. For an effectiveness of this counseling program, the level of flow experiences did not show a significant difference between control group and the group which experienced this counseling program. However, male students revealed a significant difference. This short-term counseling program was proven to be ineffective, because the length of this program was too short to change the values of life. Although the scores of self-esteem scale, as a relevant variable with a flow experience did not show a significant difference between two groups, the male students' scores of self-efficacy scale showed a significant between two groups. The limits of this study and suggestions for further studies were presented. 이 연구는 청소년들의 수월성을 촉진하기 위한 모델로서 최근 심리학 분야의 새로운 조류인 긍정심리학(positive psychology)에서 다루고 있는 플로우(flow)발달모델을 활용한 집단상담프로그램을 개발하여 그 효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 프로그램은 총 5회기로 구성되어 있으며 실시대상은 중학교에 1-2학년에 재학 중인 학생 총 37명으로 6개 집단으로 나누어 실시하였다. 프로그램의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 청소년플로우척도(이창호 외, 2002), 자기효능감척도(홍혜영, 1995), 그리고 자아존중감척도(이창호외, 2002) 등을 사전-사후검사로 실시하였다. 그리고 우리나라 청소년들의 플로경험 영역을 알아보기 위하여 플로우 설문지(최인수, 1995)를 사용하였다. 프로그램 실시 결과, 플로우 경험 영역으로는 27.6%가 ‘게임’(27.6%), ‘스포츠’(14.7%)와 ‘음악’(14.6%), ‘친목’(14.2%)의 순으로 나타났다. 즉, 자신이 좋아하면서 값어치 있는 일과 흥미와 성취감을 느끼는 영역에서 플로우를 가장 많이 경험하고 있었다. 프로그램의 효과에 있어서 처치집단과 무처치집단 간에 플로우 경험 정도에 있어서 전체적으로 의미있는 차이가 발견되지 않았다. 그러나 성별로 구분해본 결과, 남학생만 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 우선 프로그램의 길이와 실시 기간 5회기로서 주관적 경험의 질을 변화시키기는데 충분한 효과를 나타내기에는 짧았다고 볼 수 있다. 남학생들의 경우 단기 프로그램임에도 불구하고 처치집단과 무처치집단간에 차이가 나타났다는 점은 주목할 만 하다. 플로우 경험과 상관이 높은 변인으로서 자아존중감의 경우 전체 집단참가자 분만 아니라 남녀모두 유의미한 차이를 보였으나 자기효능감에 있어서는 남학생의 경우에서만 유의미한 차이를 보였다.이 연구가 지닌 한계점과 시사점으로는 1) 참가자들로 하여금 주관적 경험에서의 변화를 충분히 인식하고 표현할 수 있을 정도의 범위로 프로그램의 길이와 내용을 확장할 필요가 있으며 2) 플로우 경험에 있어서 어떤 특성이나 요인들이 남여간 차이를 유발하는지에 관한 후속연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다 3) 또한 추수기간 설정을 설정함으로써 프로그램의 장기적 효과에 대한 검토가 이루어져야 한다는 점 등을 들 수 있다.
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분말의 함량 및 적층공정이 Tape Casting법으로 제조된 Ni-Zn Ferrite의 물성에 미치는 영향
이창호,김경용,이창호,김경용 한국세라믹학회 1994 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.31 No.6
Ni0.3Zn0.7Fe2O4 ferrite specimens were fabricated by dry pressing and tape casting method. The properties of each specimen were measured and compared. In order to design and manufacture the chip devices effectively, one important criterion can be that the sintered density of the laminated body should approach close to that of the dry pressed body which is regarded as standard. This requirement could be satisfied by controlling the solid loading of the ferrite sheet, lamination temperature and pressure. Using the optimum conditions (solid loading 55 wt%, lamination temperature 6$0^{\circ}C$, lamination pressure 400 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, sintered at 125$0^{\circ}C$ 2h) a sintered ferrite, with the density of 5.18g/㎤ and permeability of 1390 at 0.5 MHz, were obtained.
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흉부 경피적 세침 흡인술에서의 기흉 유발요인 : CT상 폐기종 지수와 폐기능 검사의 비교
이창호 대한영상의학회 1997 대한영상의학회지 Vol.37 No.5
Purpose : To compare the CT emphysema score with various factors of pulmonary function test by simplespirometry and to use the result as a predictor of pneumothorax in percutaneous transthoracic fine needleaspiration biopsy Materials and Methods : The CT scans of 106 patients who had undergone percutaneoustransthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy of lung lesions within the previous 18 months were retrospectivelyreviewed. In 75 of these 106 cases, the results of the pulmonary function test were also reviewed. On plain chestradiography, pneumothorax was noted in 20 cases (19%). Emphysema was blindly evaluated. We divided each lung intofour segments and determined the severity and involved volume of emphysema, as seen on CT. Sseverity wasclassified as one of four grades, as follow: absence of emphysema=0;low attenuation area of less than 5mm=1;lowattenuation area of more than 5mm, and vascular pruning with normal lung intervening=2;and diffuse low attenuationwithout intervening normal lung, and larger confluent low attenuation with vascular pruning and distortion ofbranching pattern occupying all or almost all the involved parenchyma=3. The involved area was also classified asone of four grades:less than 25%=1;25-49%=2;51-74%=3; and more than 75%=4. The CT emphysema score was defined asthe average of the grade of severity multiplied by the grade of involved area. Pulmonary function tests, consisting of simple spirometry and a pulmonologist's interpretation, were evaluated. We also evaluated depth andsize of lesion as known predisposing factors in postbioptic pneumothorax. Statistical analysis was performed usingthe chi-square test, Wilcoxon ranks sum W test and the student t test. Results : A comparision between the twogroups of occurrence(with or without pneumothorax) showed the emphysema scores to be 1.69$\pm$2.0 and 1.11$\pm$2.9, respectively; there was thus no significnt difference between the two groups (Z=-0.048, p>0.10). Nor weredifferences revealed by the pulmonary function test;the scores were 2.45$\pm$1.2 versus 2.23$\pm$0.8 in FEV1, and73.4$\pm$14 versus 78.8$\pm$13 in FEV1/FVC. In the group with pneumonthorax, the lesion was significantly deeper, however, (1.92$\pm$1.6 cm versus 0.75$\pm$1.0cm;Z=-3.50, p<0.01) and the lesion was significantly smaller (3.37$\pm$1.7cmversus 4.20$\pm$2.0cm;Z=-1.86, p<0.10). In the pneumothorax group, the CT emphysema score was also significantlyhigher (1.94$\pm$3.9 versus 0.39$\pm$1.8;Z=-1.513, p<0.10) Conclusions : For the prediction of pneumothorax inpercutaneous transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy, the CT emphysema score is more useful than the pulmonaryfunction test.
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