갑상선 암에 있어서 경부림프절 절제술의 용어 및 분류에 관하여

이영돈,Young-Don Lee,M.D.,Ph.D. 대한갑상선-내분비외과학회 2012 The Koreran journal of Endocrine Surgery Vol.12 No.2

The standard radical neck dissection, introduced at the turn of the 20th century, became the uniformly-accepted treatment of cervical metastatic disease through the 1960s. Functional or modified radical neck dissection was developed in the 1950s and 1960s. This procedure became the accepted treatment for suitable tumors by the 1970s. Now, the concept of selective neck dissection, removal of only the node levels likely to be involved with tumor, gained acceptance by the late 1980s as a definitive elective, and eventually, therapeutic neck dissection for suitable cases. In response to the increasing variations of neck dissection procedures, a number of classification systems were proposed and subsequently established. The system of the American Head and Neck Society and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery was revised in 2002 and 2008. The neck dissections are grouped into four broad categories: radical, modified radical, selective, and extended neck dissection. The Japan Neck Dissection Study Group presented a new system for the classification of neck dissections based on a system of letters and symbols. The system permits a comprehensive and shorthand method of precise designation of neck dissection procedure, but has the disadvantage of departing radically from previously employed systems, by utilizing an entirely new terminology and designation of lymph node groups. In 2011, an international group proposed a classification which conveys precisely the extent of the lymphatic and non-lymphatic structures removed in a neck dissection. So they contended it is logical, simple, and easy to remember, and prevents possible confusion associated with the ambiguous terminology previously mentioned. And they also maintained it allows the recording of neck dissection procedures that cannot be classified under the existing systems. In 2012, the American Thyroid Association proposed the consensus of lateral neck dissection in DTC. They defined again that a selective neck dissection refers to removal of less than all five nodal levels directed by the patterns of lymphatic drainage from the primary tumor while preserving CN XI, IJV, and SCM. And they also insist that selective neck dissection is the most commonly-used neck dissection in the management of lateral neck metastasis for thyroid cancer, and should be reported with a designation of the side and nodal levels and sublevels dissected (i.e. selective neck dissection of levels IIa, III, IV, and Vb). But most classification systems have some limitations and disadvantages to describe the exact procedures of lymphatic and non-lymphatic structure resection. It is a necessary component of a new systemic classification and nomenclature system for neck dissection, not only because the method of describing operative procedures must be unified to allow comparisons of therapeutic methods, but also because of the need to customize therapies individually. A new neck dissection classification system in thyroid cancer has to overcome all these limitations and will facilitate communication around the world with reliable reporting and comparison of outcomes among different surgeons and institutions. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 2012;12: 2-86)

쥐 뇌에서의 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase의 분포에 관한 연구

이영돈,주충노,Lee, Young-Don,Joo, Chung-No 생화학분자생물학회 1993 한국생화학회지 Vol.26 No.8

쥐 뇌에서의 aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH) 활성분포를 조사하기 위하여 합성된 생체 aldehyde를 비롯한 여러 기질을 사용하여 부위에 따른 활성, 세포내 분포 및 isozyme의 존재 양상을 조사하였다. 뇌의 모든 부위에서 indole-3-acetaldehyde에 대한 총 ALDH활성은 acetaldehyde나 propionaldehyde에 대한 활성보다 높았다. $V_{max}/K_{m}$비를 통하여 기질과의 친화도를 조사한 결과 indole-3-acetaldehyde와 propionaldehyde에 대한 친화도는 뇌의 모든 부위에서 low-$K_m$ ALDH가 $high-K_m$, ALDH보다 훨씬 컸다. 특히 선조체의 ALDH는 다른 부위의 ALDH에 비하여 방향족 aldehyde에 대하여 낮은 $K_m$ 값과 높은 $V_{max}/K_{m}$비를 나타냈으며 3,4-dihydroxyphe-nylacetaldehyde(DOPAL)에 대하여 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 이같은 결과는 뇌조직에서 신경전달물질로부터 유래한 방향족 aldehyde는 주로 $low-K_m$ ALDH에 의해 산화되며 이 과정은 특히 선조체에서 dopamine의 산화과정에 크게 관여할 것으로 생각된다. Indole-3-acetaldehyde에 대한 ALDH활성의 세포내 분포의 경우, 미토콘트리아분획의 활성은 시상하부와 해마체에서 다소 높았고 미크로좀분획의 활성은 뇌의 모든 부위에서 가장 낮은 분포를 보였으며 부위에 따라 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 뇌 ALDH는 isoelectric focusing에 의해 두 분획(E1, E2)으로 구성된 $low-K_m$ isozyme과 활성이 미약한 $high-K_m$ isozyme으로 분리되었으나 부위에 따른 분포양상의 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. This study was attempted to examine the ALDH activities using several aldehydes including synthetic biogenic aldehydes and the subcellular distribution in seven different areas of rat brain. The total ALDH activity with indole-3-acetaldehyde were higher than acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde in all areas. Taking $V_{max}/K_{m}$ ratio as the index of affinity of substrate to the enzyme, affinities of $low-K_m$, ALDH for indole-3-acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde were stronger than those of $high-K_m$, ALDH. Especially striatum showed the lowest $K_m$ value and the highest $V_{max}/K_{m}$ ratio for aromatic aldehyde and contained the highest activity with biogenic aldehyde such as DOPAL. From these results, it is suggested that brain low $K_m$ ALDH may play an important role in degradation of neurotransmitter-derived aromatic aldehydes, especially dopamine oxidation in the striatum. ALDH activity of mitochondrial fraction was slighltly high in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Microsomal ALDH activity was lowest in all brain areas and a significant regional difference was not found. Although two $low-K_m$, isozymes, composed of cytosolic E1 and mitochondrial E2, and very weak high $K_m$ isozymes were identified by isoelectric focusing, their distribution pattern in various areas was not different.

쥐 뇌에서의 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 의 분포에 관한 연구

이영돈,주충노 ( Young Don Lee,Chung No Joo ) 생화학분자생물학회 1993 BMB Reports Vol.26 No.8

This study was attempted to examine the ALDH activities using several aldehydes including synthetic biogenic aldehydes and the subcellular distribution in seven different areas of rat brain. The total ALDH activity with indole-3-acetaldehyde were higher than acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde in all areas. Taking V_(max)/K_m ratio as the index of affinity of substrate to the enzyme, affinities of low-Km ALDH for indole-3-acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde were stronger than those of high-Km ALDH. Especially striatum showed the lowest K_m value and the highest V_(max)/K_m raatio for aromatic aldehyde and contained the highest activity with biogenic aldehyde such as DOPAL. From these results, it is suggested that brain low K_m ALDH may play an important role in degradation of neurotransmitter-derived aromatic aldehydes, especially dopamine oxidation in the striatum. ALDH activity of mitochondrial fraction was slighltly high in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Microsomal ALDH activity was lowest in all brain areas and a significant regional difference was not found. Although two low-K_m isozymes, composed of cytosolic E1 and mitochondrial E2, and very weak high K_m isozymes were identified by isoelectric focusing, their distribution pattern in various areas was not different.

경찰작용에 대한 법적 고찰 불심검문에서의 신원확인에 관한 법적 고찰

이영돈 ( Young Don Lee ) 한국경찰법학회 2015 경찰법연구 Vol.13 No.1

Police stop and question is the important authority for police officers to prevent crimes and arrest suspects. Police duties performance Act in korea states that a police officer can stop and question someone if the officer have probable cause to believe that a person has committed the crime or is intending to commit crime under surrounding circumstances. In recently, some people are likely to refuse to police officer’s request to stop and question. So, Police National Agency and some scholars have suggested that “stop and identify statutes” should be amended in Police duties performance Act in korea. “Stop and identify statutes” is law that authorize for police officers to request and obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect has committed a crime. However, it has been criticized to pose a potential danger to invade the individual rights such as privacy and the right to remain silent guaranteed by Korean Constitutional Law. This study examined foreign countries‘ laws related to stop and identify. Most major countries have enacted “stop and identify” statutes. For example, some states of United States have “Stop and identify laws that allow police to detain persons and request such persons to identify themselves, and arrest them if they refuse to identify themselves. Especially, Germany, France and Twain have the law permitting for police officers to request one’s identification card in case of emergency situations regardless of committing crime. In conclusion, Korean Police should try to recover people’s trust by obeying the due process of stop and question. Also, it is necessary to introduce “stop andidentify” statutes with systems to prevent people’s individual rights.

가정폭력에 대한 경찰의 대응방안 고찰

이영돈(Lee Young Don) 경찰대학 경찰학연구편집위원회 2013 경찰학연구 Vol.13 No.2

Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, is a pattern of behavior which involves the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage or within the family. Domestic violence can take many forms, including physical aggression or assault (hitting, kicking, biting, throwing objects, battery). Domestic violence historically has been viewed as a private family matter that need not involve the government or criminal justice. Police response to domestic violence is very important to protect victims and prevent to commit a second offense. In the past, police have been criticized to deal with domestic violence passively. 35) It is required that police department improve the special team to cope effectively with domestic violence. The main function of police on the scene of domestic violence is to protect victims. So, the urgent temporary measures in Domestic Violence Special Act be amended to grant police discretion more widely. Mandatory arrest policy that is adopted in America be examined considerably. Last, Domestic violence is not only the police problem but also can not be solved by only police efforts. Community combined participation and efforts including law enforcement, social services, and health care is absolutely needed to solve domestic violence.

Burkholderia Cepacia (ATCC 25416)에 대한 식물병원균5종의 길항능력 평가

이영돈 ( Young Don Lee ),이찬규 ( Chan Kyu Lee ),주진호 ( Jin Ho Joo ) 한국환경농학회 2016 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2016 No.-

현재 우리나라뿐만 아니라 세계적으로 식물병원균의 피해로 인해 작물수량감소 및 품질저하라는 결과를 초래하고 있다. 강원도 지역은 최근 인삼재배지가 늘고 있으며, 인삼의 경우 연작작물로 4~6년정도 재배를 하게 되는데 이러한 연작으로 인해 식물병원균 발병확률이 높으며 쉽게 방제하기도 어렵다. 본 연구는 이러한 식물병원균의 방제가 어려운 작물을 토대로 식물병원균을 억제할 수 있는 유용미생물을 분리 및 동정함에 있다. 토양시료는 강원도 인삼약초연구소 인삼재배지에서 각각 1 kg 씩 채취하였으며 토양으로부터 세균을 분리하였다. 실험에 이용된 병원균 5종은 Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum, Fusarium Solani, Collectotricum Gloeosporioides, Fusarium Oxysporum, Botrytis Cinerea 총 5가지로 농촌진흥청 농업유전자원정보센터(KACC)로부터 입양하였다. 이 병원균들 은 인삼재배지에서 농민들이 가장 대표적으로 겪는 병원균을 대상으로 하였다. 이 후 토양에서 분리한 세균과 입양해온 식물병원균과 대치배양을 진행하였고, 사용된 배지는 PDA배지를 사용하였다. 곰팡이의 경우 세균보다 자라는 속도가 느리기 때문에 먼저 배양 후 세균을 도말하였다. 그 결과 토양에서 분리한 균주인 Burkholderia는 5종의 식물병원균에게 길항효과를 보였다. 그 후 균주에 대한 정보를 파악하기 위해 16S rRNA염기서열을 조사하였고, 조사된 염기서열을 NCBI BLAST 프로그램을 이용하여 균주를 동정하였다. 이 균주는 Burkholderia Cepacia ATCC25416으로 99% 일치하였다. 이 균주는 이미 문헌에 의하면 유용미생물 알려져 있으며, 이 균주가 어떠한 항균물질을 생성하는지 파악하여 미생물제제로써의 활용 및 농업인들이 안정적으로 재배 및 생산에 대해 안전 체계를 구축을 할 것이다.

유치장 신체검사의 법적 근거에 관한 고찰

이영돈(Lee Young-Don) 조선대학교 법학연구원 2012 法學論叢 Vol.19 No.2

경찰수사단계에서 체포된 피의자 또는 구속영장이 발부된 피의자는 신체검사를 거쳐 경찰서 유치장에 입감된다. 유치장 신체검사는 유치장 내의 안전과 질서유지를 위하여 실시하는 권력적 사실행위로서 영장주의가 적용되기 어렵다. 그러나 신체검사 중 알몸수색과 같은 정밀 신체검사는 피의자의 입장에서 보면 사실상 수색 또는 검증으로서의 신체검사와 유사하고 인권침해의 소지가 상존한다. 현행법상 유치장 신체검사에 대해서는 직접적인 법률적 근거가 없고 경찰청 훈령인「피의자 유치 및 호송규칙」에서 규정하고 있다. 수사절차의 적법성을 확보하고 인권침해를 최소화하려면 유치장 신체검사에 대한 법적 근거 및 요건과 한계를 명확히 하여야 한다. 영국 PACE(경찰과 형사증거법)는 외표수색(routine search), 알몸수색(strip search), 정밀수색(intimate search)으로 구분하면서 신체 정밀수색의 요건 및 절차를 상세하게 규정하고 있어 향후 입법적인 개선에 있어 참고할 필요가 있다. When arrested, suspects are sent to the police and undergo following investigative procedures such as identification, detention, and interrogation. the Criminal Procedure Act in Korea states that the police must request a detention warrant in 48 hours. As a result, the suspect arrested should stay in the police station or be detained in the police cell even though there is no statutory basis for time limit of arrest itself. The suspects arrested go through body search entering the police cell. It is controversial for violating human rights such as privacy. However, the Criminal Procedure Act today has no statutory basis about it as well. Only the National police Agency's instruction regulates it, which is just an internal administration rule. In fact, it is difficult to require a warrant for the body search strictly because it is not directly related to the investigation. Nonetheless, there should be established legal basis as there still remains the possibility of violation of human rights. Especially, the requisite for and the extent of the intimate search should be defined in the Act. However, Police and Criminal Evidence Act(PACE) in the UK covers every detail on arrest and following procedures including detention and body search. The PACE defines legal grounds and procedure for body search including strip search and intimate search. The new provision like PACE regulating body search in police cell should be introduced in order to protect the suspects arrested rights properly.

GF((2ⁿ)³ )상에서의 병렬 입출력 승산기의 구성에 관한 연구

이영돈 ( Young-don Lee ),최영희 ( Young-hee Choi ) 한국고등직업교육학회 2001 한국고등직업교육학회논문집 Vol.2 No.3

In this paper, a new bit-para] lei structure for a multiplier over GF ((2ⁿ)³) is presented and method of constructing a multiplier over GF ((2ⁿ)³) are described. Proposed multiplication algorithm choose elements and primitive irreducible polynomials over GF ((2ⁿ)³), Karatsuba-Ofman Algorithm(KOA) applied to the multiplication of polynomial over GF (2ⁿ) and composed S_i(x). A set of S_i(x) applied to perform the multiplication over GF ((2ⁿ)³) and compared with traditional approaches. In this paper, the new algorithm leads to architectures which show a considerably reduced gate complexity compared to traditional approaches. As well, the architectures are highly modular and well suited for VLSI implementation.

공공안전경찰에 대한 법학교육의 현황과 방향

이영돈 ( Lee Young Don ) 한국경찰법학회 2017 경찰법연구 Vol.15 No.1

Many people think that police are primarily crime fighters. However, the crime-fighter image is not accurate description of what the police do. In generally, Police role is to protect the people`s life and property by peace keeping and order maintenance. In recently, `public safety` is considered as important factor to decide the quality of life. So, responsibility of public safety police who work in police department related to public safety is important. Especially, the education of law for public safety police is also important to protect and serve the people. This study examined the condition of law education of public safety police including foreign country police such as Germany, Austria and United States of America. In conclusion, this study suggests as follows; First, the conception of the importance of public safety police should be improved. Second, the law education of public safety police should be enlarged and the public safety law related to the police work be managed. Third, the public safety science based on law should be established as a new science.

음주운전자에 대한 강제채혈의 적법성에 관한 고찰

이영돈(Lee, Young Don) 경찰대학 경찰학연구편집위원회 2017 경찰학연구 Vol.17 No.2

음주운전과 음주사고가 근절되지 않음에 따라 의식없는 운전자의 강제채혈의 문제가 계속적으로 발생하고 있다. 음주운전자에 대한 영장없는 강제채혈의 적법 요건을 고찰하기 위하여 미국 판례를 분석하였다. 미국 연방대법원은 음주운전자에 대한 영장없는 강제채혈의 공익성을 인정하면서도 신체의 침해 및 사생활권 침해 등을 이유로 긴급성의 예외를 엄격하게 적용하고 있다. 또한 영장없는 강제채혈은 연방수정헌법 제4조를 침해하는 것으로 허용되지 않는다고 판시하였다. 최근 우리 대법원은 의식없는 운전자의 강제채혈에 관하여 형사소송법 제216조 제3항의 적용 기준을 제시하였다. 그러나 교통사고 현장에서 시간적으로나 장소적으로 떨어져 있는 병원응급실을 범죄장소로 해석하는 것에 대하여 비판이 제기가 되고 있고, 실무상 명확한 기준을 제시하는 데에는 한계가 있다. 따라서 도로교통법에 강제채혈의 요건과 절차 등을 규정하는 방안을 검토할 필요가 있다. 교통현장에서 음주측정의 적법성과 법집행의 신뢰를 확보하기 위해서는 관련 규정의 정비가 요구된다. Taking the blood sample from suspected drunk drivers without warrant by force is the controversial issue in Korea. In recently, Korean Supreme court held that taking the blood sample without warrant on the hospital would be possible applying the section of 216 of the criminal procedure. This research examined the United States case law related to blood alcohol testing to search the policy implication. Schmerber v. California(1966) was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court clarified the application of the Fourth Amendments protection against warrantless searches that intrude into the human body. the Court ruled that the involuntary, warrantless blood sample taken in this case was justified under the Fourth Amendment"s exigent circumstances exception because evidence of blood alcohol would be destroyed by the body"s natural metabolic processes if the officers were to wait for a warrant. However, In 2013, the Supreme Court clarified in Missouri v. McNeely that the natural metabolism of alcohol in the bloodstream is not a per se exigency that would always justify warrantless blood tests of individuals suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol. Birchfield v. North Dakota(2016), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the search incident to arrest doctrine permits law enforcement to conduct warrantless breath tests but not blood tests on suspected drunk drivers. In conclusion, this study suggests as follows. First, blood sample testing should be enlarged when driver agree or request and in case of emergency circumstances because blood alcohol test is more accurate than breath test. Second, it is desirable to amend the provision of compulsory blood test in Traffic Law to guarantee the legitimacy of blood alcohol test without warrant.