저장 방법과 기간에 따른 거머리말 (Zostera marina)의 발아율

박정임,박재희,이근섭,손민호,Park, Jung-Im,Park, Jay Hee,Lee, Kun-Seop,Son, Min Ho 한국해양학회 2014 바다 Vol.19 No.2

거머리말 종자의 적절한 저장 방법과 저장 가능한 기간을 알아보기 위하여 우리나라 남해안에서 채취한 거머리말 종자를 이용하여 다양한 저장 방법과 저장 기간 후 발아율을 조사하였다. 거머리말 종자의 저장 방법은 공기가 공급되는 실온의 해수, $4^{\circ}C$의 해수, $30^{\circ}C$의 해수, 해수가 공급되는 수조, 밀폐된 해수, 냉동, 건조의 방법으로 저장하였다. $4^{\circ}C$의 해수에 저장한 거머리말 종자의 발아율이 가장 높았으며(52.0%), 해수가 유입되는 수조와 실온에서 저장한 종자의 발아율은 각각 17.7%와 27.4%가 나타난 반면, 건조, 냉동한 종자와 $30^{\circ}C$의 해수에 보관한 종자는 전혀 발아하지 않았다. 거머리말 종자의 각 저장 기간은 10, 20, 30, 60, 180일과 240일 동안 저장하였다. 10~60일 동안 저장한 거머리말 종자는 46.4~52.4%의 발아율을 유지하였으나, 저장 기간이 길어질수록 급격히 발아율이 감소하여, 240일 저장한 거머리말은 전혀 발아되지 않았다. To determine the optimal storage method and longest possible storage period of Zostera marina seeds, we examined post-storage germination rates using different storage methods and periods for Z. marina seeds harvested in southern coast of Korea. Storage methods included in seawater at room temperature with air supply, seawater at $4^{\circ}C$, seawater at $30^{\circ}C$, an aquarium with continuous seawater circulation, seawater at room temperature in an airtight tank, a refrigerator at $-20^{\circ}C$, and a desiccator at room temperature. Germination rates of Z. marina seeds stored in seawater at $4^{\circ}C$ showed highest germination (52.0%), whereas those of seeds stored in seawater at room temperature and an aquarium were 27.4% and 17.7%, respectively. But the seeds stored in seawater at $30^{\circ}C$, a refrigerator, and a desiccator did not germinate. Storage periods were 10, 20, 30, 60, 180 and 240 days of storage. Z. marina seeds maintained germination rates of 46.4~52.4% until 10~60 days of storage, but showed rapidly decreasing germination rates after then and no germination after 240 days.

이식된 잘피의 생산성 및 형태적 특성 변화

박정임,김정배,이근섭,Park, Jung-Im,Li, Wentao,Kim, Jeong-Bae,Lee, Kun-Seop 한국해양학회 2009 바다 Vol.14 No.1

최근 훼손된 잘피서식지의 복원이 다양한 이식방법을 통하여 시도되고 있다. 이식된 잘피는 이식시기와 이식방법에 따라 생존율과 착생기간 등이 차이를 보인다. Staple method는 잘피를 직접 식재하는 방법으로 잘피 이식에서 가장 일반적으로 이용되고 있는 방법이며, 다양한 퇴적물 환경에서 높은 생존율을 보이는 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 staple method로 이식된 잘피의 정착과정을 파악하기 위하여 초겨울에 잘피를 이식한 후, 이식된 잘피의 밀도, 형태적 특성, 생산성의 변화와 이식 장소의 환경요인을 2004년 12월부터 약 1년 동안 월별 조사하였다. 조사된 이식잘피의 생리생태학적 특성을 이식 장소 인근에 자생하고 있는 잘피 개체군과 비교하였다. 이식된 잘피는 초기 밀도 감소가 발생하지 않았으나, 잎의 폭, 엽초의 길이 등이 이식초기에 감소하여 이식개체들이 이식충격을 받은 것으로 보였다. 개체별 잎의 생산성도 이식 초기에는 자생개체들보다 현저히 낮은 값을 보이다가 약 4개월 후 이식개체와 자생개체의 생산성이 유사한 경향을 보였다. 이식된 잘피는 자생하는 잘피와 마찬가지로 봄에 급격히 성장하였으며, 자생개체보다 낮은 밀도로 이식되었으나, 약 1년 후에는 자생잘피 개체군의 밀도와 유사해졌다. 이식된 잘피들이 이식초기에 이식충격을 받았지만, 비교적 짧은 기간 내에 새로운 이식 장소에 잘 적응하는 것으로 나타났다. Since significant losses of seagrass coverage have been reported from many parts of the world, numerous restoration projects through seagrass transplantation have been attempted worldwide. Different survival rates and establishment time of transplants have been reported depending on transplanting time and methods. The staple method, which is direct seagrass planting method using staples to anchor seagrass transplants on the sediments, have been widely adopted in seagrass transplanting because this method achieves high survival rates in various sediment environments. To assess the morphological plasticity and the growth characteristics of transplants, we transplanted eelgrass, Zostera marina in December 2004 using the staple method. Shoot density, morphological characteristics and leaf productivities of the transplanted shoots and shoots of natural eelgrass beds in the vicinity of the transplanting site and environmental parameters in the planting site were monitored for about 1 year postplanting monthly. Transplant shoot density increased without initial decline, while leaf width and sheath length of transplants decreased after transplanting. Leaf productivities per shoot of transplants also considerably lower than those of natural shoots for the first 3 months post-transplanting. Shoot density, morphological characteristics and leaf productivity per area of transplants became similar to those of natural population about 1 year after transplanting. Although eelgrass transplants might have experienced some transplanting stress during the early stage of the transplantation, transplants appeared to adapt well to new environments of the transplanting site.

환경요인에 따른 거머리말(Zostera marina)과 게바다말(Phyllospadix japonicus)의 발아율

박정임 ( Jung Im Park ),이근섭 ( Kun Seop Lee ),손민호 ( Min Ho Son ) 한국환경생물학회 2012 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.30 No.3

We investigated germination rate of Zostera marina and Phyllospadix japonicus, which are the most two abundant seagrass species of Korea, in related to light, salinity and temperature. Light had no significant effect on Z. marina germination, but it promoted P. japonicus germination. The highest germination of Z. marina appeared in 0 psu, and that of P. japonicus appeared in 15 psu. The optimum water temperatures for germination of Z. marina and P. japonicus were 5℃ and 15℃, respectively. These differences of optimum germination requirements of Z. marina and P. japonicus were probably caused by the difference of the habitat environment of the two seagrass species. Since few data exist concerning germination of Korean seagrasses, this study provides valuable information for the conservation of seagrass habitats in Korea.

낙동강 하구에 이식된 잘피(Zostera marina)의 환경변화에 따른 성장특성

박정임 ( Jung Im Park ),이근섭 ( Kun Seop Lee ),손민호 ( Min Ho Son ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2011 한국수산과학회지 Vol.44 No.5

Numerous seagrass habitat restoration projects have been attempted recently due to the remarkable decline in seagrass coverage. Seagrass transplants tend to adapt to a new environment after experiencing transplanting stress during the early stages of transplantation. Once acclimated, the transplants grow into healthy seagrass beds via vegetative propagation. The establishment and growth dynamics of transplanted seagrasses in bays and coasts are widely reported, but few studies have been conducted on estuaries in Korea. We transplanted Zostera marina in November 2007 and November 2008 in the Nakdong estuary using the staple method, and monitored the survival, adaptation, and growth dynamics of the transplants as well as environmental factors every month for 1 year. Both transplants adapted well to the new environment without initial losses and showed rapid productivity during early summer. However, density of transplants increased 320% in 1 year from the previous year`s transplants but that decreased to 59% during the following year. This significant reduction in density in the second year may have been caused by exposure to low salinity (10 psu) for 3 weeks during the unusually long monsoon season. While the survival and growth dynamics of seagrass transplants planted in bays and coasts are mainly controlled by underwater photon flux density and water temperature, salinity was the critical factor for those planted in Nakdong estuary.

퇴적물 성상 변화에 따른 섬진강 하구 거머리말의 생장 특성

김정배,박정임,이원찬,이근섭,kim, Jeong Bae,Park, Jung-Im,Lee, Won-Chan,Lee, Kun-Seop 한국해양학회 2015 바다 Vol.20 No.1

퇴적물 성상 변화에 따른 섬진강 하구 거머리말의 생장특성을 알아보기 위해 섬진강 하구 조간대 하부에서 수온, 수중 광량, 퇴적물 입도, 유기물, 노출시간 및 영양염 농도의 환경요인과 함께 거머리말의 밀도, 생물량, 형태적 특성과 성장을 2004년과 2009년의 5월부터 12월까지 월별 조사하였다. 수온은 2004년 및 2009년 모두 계절적인 경향을 보였고, 2009년이 유의하게 낮았다. 수중 광량은 2004년 및 2009년 모두 5월 이후 감소하다가 9월 이후 증가 하였고, 2009년이 유의하게 높았다. 노출은 두 해 사이에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 표층 퇴적물의 입도 조성은 2004년 니사질에서 퇴적물 성상 변화에 의하여 2009년에는 사질로 변형되어 퇴적물 성상이 상대적으로 조립하였고, 퇴적물의 유기물 농도도 낮았다. 해수의 $NH_4{^+}$ 농도는 2004년이 유의하게 높았고, 퇴적물 공극수의 $NO_3{^-}+NO_2{^-}$ 농도는 2009년이 유의하게 높았으나 그 외 영양염 농도는 년도 별 유의한 차이가 발생하지 않았다. 거머리말의 개체 키, 잎 폭 등 형태적인 특성은 2004년 보다 2009년에 유의하게 낮았다. 두 해 모두 거머리말의 키, 잎 길이 및 엽초 길이는 초여름에 증가하고, 가을에 감소하는 계절적인 경향을 보였다. 단위면적당 서식밀도는 연도 별 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 생물량은 2004년 보다 2009년에 유의하게 적었다. 평균 개체당 잎 생산량은 연도 별 유의한 차이는 없었으나, leaf turnover time은 2009년이 2004년 보다 유의하게 짧았다. 즉, 퇴적물의 성상 변화가 2009년의 거머리말은 개체의 크기와 turnover time을 감소시킨 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 거머리말 서식지의 물리적인 퇴적물의 성상 변화는 섬진강 하구 조간대에 서식하는 잘피의 생장을 제한하는 요소가 될 수 있을 것이다. The growth and population dynamics of eelgrass (Zostera marina) due to changes in sediment composition were examined in the lower intertidal zone of the Seomjin Estuary, Korea. We surveyed environmental factors such as water temperature, underwater irradiance, main types and organic content of sediment, tidal exposure, and nutrient concentrations in the water column and sediment pore water, in relation to the shoot density, biomass, morphological characteristics, and growth of Z. marina inhabiting lower intertidal zones. The survey was conducted monthly from May to December of 2004 and 2009. The water temperature showed obvious seasonal trends in both study years. Underwater irradiance was significantly higher in 2009 than in 2004. Tidal exposure was not significantly different between 2004 and 2009. The sediment was muddy-sand in 2004 but became sandy and with a significantly lower organic content in 2009. Water column $NH_4{^+}$ concentrations were significantly higher in 2004 than in 2009. Sediment pore water $NO_3{^-}+NO_2{^-}$ concentrations were significantly higher in 2009 than in 2004. Other nutrient concentrations did not differ significantly between 2004 and 2009. Morphological characteristics, including eelgrass length and leaf width were significantly lower in 2009 than in 2004. Eelgrass shoot height, leaf length, and sheath length showed typical seasonal patterns, increasing in early summer and decreasing in autumn, in both years. Vegetative shoot density was not significantly different between 2004 and 2009, while the biomass of individual plant parts and the total biomass were significantly lower in 2009. Eelgrass leaf productivity did not differ between years, but leaf turnover time was significantly shorter in 2009 than in 2004. Eelgrass downsizing and decreased turnover time in 2009 compared to 2004 indicate more effective adaptations to the stress of long-term changes in sediment composition. Overall, results suggest that changes in sediment composition can be a limiting factor for seagrass growth in the intertidal zone.

동해 연안 왕거머리말의 수직분포 제한 요인

김종협,김혜광,김승현,김영균,이근섭,KIM, JONG-HYEOB,KIM, HYEGWANG,KIM, SEUNG HYEON,KIM, YOUNG KYUN,LEE, KUN-SEOP 한국해양학회 2020 바다 Vol.25 No.4

Although most species in genus Zostera inhabit shallow coastal areas and bays with weak wave energy, the Asian eelgrass, Zostera asiatica is distributed in deep water depth (8-15 m) unlike other seagrasses on the eastern coast of Korea. To examine factors limiting distribution Z. asiatica in relatively deep coastal areas, a transplantation experiment was conducted on October 2011, in which Z. asiatica shoots were transplanted from the reference site (donor meadow, ~9 m) to the shallow transplant site (~3 m). We compared shoot density, morphology, and productivity of Z. asiatica as well as environmental factors (underwater irradiance, water temperature, and nutrients) between the reference and transplant sites from October 2011 to September 2012. Shoot density and shoot height of transplants dramatically decreased within a few months after transplantation, but were similar with Z. asiatica in the reference site during spring. Shoot productivity were significantly higher in the transplant site than in reference site because of high light availability and nutrient concentrations. Transplants showed photoacclimatory responses such as higher rETR_max and E_k and lower photosynthetic efficiency in the transplant site than those in the reference site. Most of Z. asiatica transplant in the shallow transplant site disappeared in summer, which may be due to the high wave energy and physical damages induced by typhoons (TEMBIN and SANBA) in August and September 2012. According to the results of this study, Z. asiatica could not survive in shallow areas despite of more favorable light and nutrient conditions. Thus, Z. asiatica may restrictively occur in deep areas to avoid the intense physical stresses in the shallow area on the east coast of Korea.

동위원소 분석에 의한 동해와 남해 연안의 상이한 해조류 군락에 서식하는 저서무척추동물 먹이원 평가

강창근,최은정,송행섭,박현제,서인수,조규태,이근섭,Kang, Chang-Keun,Choy, Eun-Jung,Song, Haeng-Seop,Park, Hyun-Je,Soe, In-Soo,Jo, Q-Tae,Lee, Kun-Seop 한국해양학회 2007 바다 Vol.12 No.4

암반 해안의 해조 군락에 서식하는 저서무척추동물들에 의해서 이용되는 유기물의 기원을 밝히기 위하여 저서동물과 그들의 잠재 먹이원에 대한 탄소와 질소 안정동위원소 비($\delta^{13}C$ 및 $\delta^{15}N$)값 조성을 분석하였다. 조사는 부영양화된 반폐쇄성 내만인 남해안의 광양만 연안 암반 조간대와 상대적으로 빈영양의 외양에 노출된 환경 특성을 가지는 동해안의 대진(삼척)연안의 암반 조하대를 대상으로 2005년 5월부터 6월 사이에 실시되었다. 암반에서 노출되어 서식하는 부유물 섭식자들은 다른 섭식 양식을 가지는 동물군에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 $\delta^{13}C$ 값을 가져 이들이 식물플랑크톤에서 유래하는 유기물을 주로 이용하여 표영먹이망과 강한 영양연결을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 암반틈 속에서 서식하는 일부 부유물 섭식자를 포함한 초식동물과 퇴적물 섭식자 및 육식성 포식자들은 상대적으로 높은 $\delta^{13}C$ 값을 가져 해조류에서 유래한 유기물을 주로 이용하여 저서먹이망을 형성하였다. 따라서 부유물 섭식자를 제외하고 해조 군락을 서식처로 하는 대부분의 동물들이 해조류에서 유래한 유기물을 이용하는 저서먹이망으로 강한 영양연결을 가져 연안 암반 생태계에서 생물생산과 생물 다양성의 유지에 대한 해조류의 중요성을 잘 나타내었다. 또한 광양만과 같은 부영양화된 연안에서 상대적으로 빈영양인 동해 연안 조하대의 저서동물과 해조류에 비하여 높은 $\delta^{15}N$ 값 분포는 육상으로부터 유입되는 영양염이 암반 조간대의 해조류 생산에 이용되고 이어서 이 특정 연안 생태계의 먹이망으로 편입되는 경로를 가지는 것을 시사하였다.축과 높은 정밀도 및 정확도로 반복적인 유기탄소분석에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.개월의 편차를 보였다. 이처럼 연령을 모르는 우리나라의 혼합치 열기 아동에서 파노라마 방사선 사진을 이용하여 연령 추정시 위의 방정식을 사용한다면 비교적 정확하게 연령을 추정할 수 있으리라고 사료된다. 상아질 접착제의 종류는 별다른 영향을 주지 않은 것으로 분석되었다. 결합강도의 비교에서 컴포머가 글라스 아이어노머에 비해 우수한 것으로 평가되어 소아 환자의 유구치 심미 수복재료로서의 가능성이 입증되었다.후 중합한 군이 산소억제층의 두께가 평균 49%의 감소되었으며(p<0.05), 이들 산소를 차단한 군 간의 유의차는 없었다.며 CYP1A2유전자형에 따른 영향은 관찰할 수 없었다. CYP1A2유전자형에 따른 생체내 대사능을 관찰하는 실험이 향후 이루어 져야 할 것으로 사료된다.san film보다 큰 수증기 투과도를 보였다.적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.y tissue layer thinning은 3 군모두에서 관찰되었고 항암 3 일군이 가장 심하게 나타났다. 이상의 실험결과를 보면 술전 항암제투여가 초기에 시행한 경우에는 조직의 치유에 초기 5 일정도까지는 영향을 미치나 7 일이 지나면 정상범주로 회복함을 알수 있었고 실험결과 항암제 투여후 3 일째 피판 형성한 군에서 피판치유가 늦어진 것으로 관찰되어 인체에서 항암 투여후 수술시기는 인체면역계가 회복하는 시기를 3주이상 경과후 적어도 4주째 수술시기를 정하는 것이 유리하리라 생각되었다.한 복합레진은 개발의 초기단계이며, 물성의 증가를 위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.또 다른 약물인 glycyrrhetinic acid($100{\mu}M$)도 CCh 자극으로 Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were analyzed in suspended particulate organic matter, macroalgae and macrobenthic invertebrates in order to determine the importance of primary organic matter sources in supporting food webs of rocky subtidal and intertidal macroalgal beds in the Korean coasts. Investigations were conducted at the inter tidal sites within Gwangyang bay, a semi-enclosed and eutrophicated bay, and the subtidal sites of the east coast, a relatively oligotrophic and open environment, in May and June 2005. Water-column suspension feeders showed more negative $\delta^{13}C$ values than those of the other feeding guilds, indicating trophic linkage with phytoplankton and thereby association with pelagic food chains. In contrast, animals of the other feeding guilds, including interface suspension feeders, herbivores, deposit feeders, omnivores and predators, displayed relatively less negative $\delta^{13}C$ values than those of the water-column suspension feeders and similar with that of macroalgae, indicating exclusive use of macroalgae-derived organic matter and association with benthic food chains. Most the macrobenthic species were considered to form strong trophic links with benthic food chains. In addition, the distribution of higher $\delta^{15}N$ values in macrobenthic consumers and macroalgae at the intertidal sites of Gwangyang Bay than those at the subtidal sites of the east coast suggests that anthropogenic nutrients may enhance the macroalgal production at the intertidal sites and in turn be incorporated into the particular littoral food web in Gwangyag Bay. These results confirm the dominant role of macroalgae in supporting rocky subtidal and intertidal food webs in the Korean coasts.

진동만과 가막만에 서식하는 잘피 개체군의 생장 동태 및 탄소고정량 추정

김태환,박상률,김영균,김종협,김승현,김정하,정익교,이근섭,Kim, Tae-Hwan,Rark, Sang-Rul,Kim, Young-Kyun,Kim, Jong-Hyeob,Kim, Seung-Hyeon,Kim, Jeong-Ha,Chung, Ik-Kyo,Lee, Kun-Seop 한국조류학회(藻類) 2008 ALGAE Vol.23 No.3

Since seagrasses in the coastal and estuarine ecosystems achieve high levels of production, they require high inorganic carbon and nutrient incorporation. Thus, seagrasses may play a significant role in carbon and nutrient cycling in the coastal and estuarine ecosystems. To examine growth dynamics of Zostera marina L. environmental factors such as underwater irradiance, water temperature, and salinity, and biological parameters such as shoot density, biomass, shoot morphology, and leaf productivity were measured in two bay systems (Jindong Bay and Gamak Bay) on the southern coast of Korea. While underwater irradiance did not show distinct seasonal trend, water temperature at both sites exhibited clear seasonal trend throughout the experimental period. Shoot density increased dramatically during winter due to the increased seedlings through germination of seeds in Jindong Bay and due to the increased lateral shoots in Gamak Bay. Eelgrass biomass increased during winter and decreased during summer. Maximum biomass in Jindong Bay and Gamak Bay was 250.2 and 232.3 g dry weight m–a2, respectively. Carbon incorporation into the eelgrass leaf tissues was estimated from productivity and leaf tissues carbon content. The calculated annual carbon incorporations at the Jindong Bay and Gamak Bay sites were 163 and 295 g C m–`2 y–`1, respectively. This high carbon incorporation into seagrass tissues suggests that seagrass habitats play an important role as a carbon absorber in the coastal and estuarine ecosystems.

잘피(Zostera marina)서식지 복원을 위한 최적 이식방법 및 시기 선정에 관한 연구

박정임,김영균,박상률,김종협,김영상,김정배,이필용,강창근,이근섭,Park, Jung-Im,Kim, Young-Kyun,Park, Sang-Rul,Kim, Jong-Hyeob,Kim, Young-Sang,Kim, Jeong-Bae,Lee, Pil-Yong,Kang, Chang-Keun,Lee, Kun-Seop 한국조류학회(藻類) 2005 ALGAE Vol.20 No.4

Seagrass bed is an important component in coastal and estuarine ecosystems, providing food and shelter to a wide variety of fauna. Recently, seagrass coverage has declined significantly due to anthropogenic influences such as reclamation, dredging, and eutrophication and consequently, necessity of seagrass habitat restoration is rising. Transplantation experiments with Zostera marina using TERFS, staple method, and shell method have been conducted at Dadae Bay, Kosung Bay and Jindong Bay on the south coast of Korea to select an optimal transplanting method for restoration of Z. marina habitat. Three experimental sites located at the vicinity of natural Z. marina beds with an average water depth of about 4m. Z. marina plants, which were collected from donor bed in Koje Bay were also transplanted at 7 different time from October 2003 to July 2004 to find appropriate transplanting time. Density of Z. marina was monitored monthly at both transplanted areas and natural beds. Transplantation using the staple method showed the highest survival rate of transplant. Shell method was also an effective transplanting method at muddy areas in Kosung Bay and Jindong Bay, but not suitable at sandy areas in Dadae Bay. These results suggest that sediment composition of transplanting areas should be considered for the selection of the optimal transplanting method. Z. marina transplanted during fall usually showed the highest survival rate, while most Z. marina plants transplanted in summer died due to high lethal temperature during this period.

이식된 포기거머리말(Zostera caespitosa)의 형태적 특성 및 생산성의 변화

박정임 ( Jung Im Park ),박재영 ( Jae Yeong Park ),이근섭 ( Kun Seop Lee ),손민호 ( Min Ho Son ) 한국환경생물학회 2012 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.30 No.1

Abstract - To evaluate adaptation success of Zostera caespitosa transplants, we transplanted the seagrass shoots at the bare area in close proximity to the donor bed using staple method in October 2005. Shoot density, morphological characteristics and leaf productivity of transplants and reference plants in the vicinity of the planting site were monitored monthly for 2 years. While shoot density of reference plants exhibited significant seasonal variations; increasing during spring and summer and decreasing during fall and winter, that of transplants increased consistently without initial loss during the whole study period. Although sheath length, leaf width and shoot height and weight of sheath, leaf and shoot of transplants were smaller than those of reference plants at the start of transplantation, increased rapidly reaching even higher values than those of reference plants 5 months after transplantation. Leaf productivity of transplants and reference plants showed seasonal variations; increasing during spring and summer and decreasing during fall and winter. But, leaf productivity of transplants increased at the beginning of transplantation during fall which is low production period. All of the Z. caespitosa transplants survived during the whole study period. Rapid changes in shoot morphology and growth of transplants indicated that Z. caespitosa transplants had great morphological plasticity and adapted successfully within 5 months.