From Landscaping Techniques to Study the Feng Shui Geographical Thought in Chinese Garden

우문동,강태호 한국전통조경학회 2014 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.32 No.3

This study aimed to grasp Feng Shui Geographical Thought appears in layout, Axial symmetry, hierarchical planning, spatial composition and hidden design techniques of Chinese Garden, that is "Xue effect", "Long-Sha effect" and "Shuikou effect", and to study on expression in Landscape Space. The Author selected the Chinese courtyard and the Nets Garden as the object to prove the Layout landscaping techniques; and selected Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Forbidden City, A square design in Xuanwei as the object to prove the Axial Symmetrical and Hierarchical landscaping techniques, and also selected the Lingering G-arden and the Gentle Waves Pavilion, Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou, and Nanhu Park in Taian as the object to prove the Spatial Composition and Hidden design techniques. The methods of this article is combined Literature survey and Field survey with Case analysis to draw the conclusions as follows: First, "Xue effect" of Chinese Feng Shui Geographical Thought is suitable for the layout of Chinese courtyard and the Nets Garden in Suzhou; Second, "Long-Sha effect" is suitable for the urban planning of Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasty, and the layout of the Forbidden City, by the city square design in Xuanwei, we can see that it is also suitable for Chinese modern landscape design; Third, "Shuikou effect" is appeared in the Spatial Composition and Hidden design techniques. All of these landscape design techniques are commonly used in China's modern landscape. It has been proved by the analysis of the Lingering Garden and the Gentle Waves Pavilion, Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou, and Nanhu Park in Taian.

연구논문 : GRA를 이용한 경주역사유적지구의 매력성 평가

우문동 ( Wen Dong Yu ),강태호 ( Tai Ho Kang ) 대한관광경영학회 2015 觀光硏究 Vol.30 No.4

본 연구는 GRA를 이용하여 경주역사유적지구의 경쟁력을 좌우하는 도시의 매력성을 평가하고자 수행하였다. 이를 위해 선행연구와 UNESCO, ICOMOS 등이 정한 국제 기준을 선정하고 델파이 조사를 통하여 20개의 경주역사유적지구의 매력성 평가지표를 최종적으로 도출하였다. 이들 지표를 바탕으로 GRA를 이용한 평가결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대릉원지구, 월성지구, 남산지구, 황룡사지구, 산성지구의 GRA 분석 평균값은 0.748로 나타나 경주역사유적지구의 전체적인 매력성 수준은 ``강하다``로 평가되었다. 둘째, 지구별 매력성은 월성지구(0.953), 대릉원지구(0.878), 남산지구(0.865), 황룡사지구 (0.561), 산성지구(0.481)로 나타났다. 그 중에 월성지구와 대릉원지구, 남산지구의 매력성 계수 R는 0.800 이상으로 나타나 경주역사유적지구 전체의 매력성에 미치는 영향이 ``매우 강하다``로 평가되었다. 황룡사지구와 산성지구의 계수 R는 0.400~0.600 사이로 나타나 경주역사유적지구 전체의 매력성에 미치는 영향은 ``보통이다``로 평가되었다. This study is an evaluation research based on Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites to identify the attractive Properties of Gyeongju by GRA, which decided to competitiveness of the historical city. The export Indicator candidate groups were exported by the literature reviews and UNESCO, ICOMOS, and 20 Indicator groups had been selected by delphi method. Based which the results were inferred by GRA. First, The relevant coefficients of Daereungwon District, Wolsong District, Nanshan District, Hwangnyongsa District and The Acidic District are 0.878, 0.953, 0.865, 0.561, 0.481, and the average value is 0.748, which shows the Attractions of Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites is as a high level. Second, the order of Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites`` Attractions are Wolsong District(0.953), Daereungwon District(0.878), Nanshan District(0.865), Hwangnyongsa District(0.561), The Acidic District(0.481). And the Attractions of Wolsong District, Daereungwon District, Nanshan District are Very strongly impact on the Attractions of Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites. And Hwangnyongsa District and The Acidic District are normally impact on it.

경주역사유적지구의 흡인력 평가지표 선정 연구

우문동 ( Wen Dong Yu ),강태호 ( Tai Ho Kang ) 한국전통조경학회 2015 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.33 No.3

이 연구는 경주역사유적지구를 대상으로 역사도시경주의 경쟁력을 좌우하는 도시의 흡인력 요인들을 규명하기 위한 평가지표를 개발하고자 수행하였다. 이를 위해 선행연구와 UNESCO, ICOMOS 등이 정한 국제 기준을 검토하여 평가지표 후보군을 도출한 후 델파이 1차, 2차, 3차 전문가 조사를 실시하였으며, 조사 결과에 대한 중요도(M), 표준편차(SD), 내용타당도 지수(CVR), 합의도, 수렴도 등의 분석을 통하여 최종적으로 문화유산의 매력성, 문화유산의 관광자원화, 문화유산관광의 억제력 등 3가지 평가 영역으로 총 42개의 평가지표를 선정하였다. 이들 지표는 역사도시의 흡인력을 제고하기 위한 유용한 기초자료가 될 것으로 판단된다. 앞으로 경주의 흡인력은 이러한 지표를 바탕으로 평가를 수행하여 평가 결과를 검토하며 경주에 대한 흡인력 특성을 재인식할 수 있을 것이다. This study is an evaluation index development research based on Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites to identify the attractive Properties of Gyeongju, which decided to competitiveness of the historical city. We got the export Indicator candidate groups by the literature reviews and UNESCO, ICOMOS, and 49 Indicator candidate groups had been selected. In the end, we chose 42 attraction indexes in charm of the cultural heritage side, Cultural heritage tourism resources Side, Restraining force Heritage tourism Side three aspects based on the analysis of Importance(M), Standard deviation(SD), Content Validity Ratio(CVR), Agreement, convergence by using Delphi Technique. We can determine these indicators will be useful basic information, for improving the city``s historic attractions. In the future, used these indicators as a basis for Attractions effectiveness evaluation of Gyeongju, Through which the attractions of Gyeongju can be re-recognized.

경주 역사유적지구 매력성 평가지표 개발 연구

강태호,우문동,Kang, Tai-Ho,Yu, Wen-Dong 한국조경학회 2014 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.42 No.6

이 연구는 경주역사유적지구를 대상으로 역사도시경주의 경쟁력을 좌우하는 도시의 매력요인들을 규명하기 위한 평가지표를 개발하고자 수행하였다. 이를 위해 역사문화 관광자원의 매력요인에 대한 선행연구와 UNESCO, ICOMOS 등이 정한 국제 기준을 검토하여 평가지표 후보군을 도출한 후 1차, 2차 전문가 조사를 실시하였으며, 조사 결과에 대한 중요도(M), 표준편차(SD), 내용타당도 지수(CVR), 합의도, 수렴도 등의 분석을 통하여 최종적으로 도시의 역사 문화적 영역, 유산자원적 영역, 환경적 영역 등 3가지 평가분야와 22개 평가지표가 선정되었다. 이들 지표는 역사도시의 매력을 제고하기 위한 유용한 기초자료가 될 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 역사도시 경주는 이들 지표를 바탕으로 매력도 평가를 실시하고, 평가 결과를 역사도시 관리에 적극적으로 이용할 필요가 있다. This study is an evaluation index development research based on the Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites to identify the attractive properties of Gyeongju that have helped determine the competitiveness of this historical city. Through literature reviews on these attractive factors of historic urban landscape, the Vienna memos(UNESCO, 2005) and the International Cultural Tourism Charter(ICOMOS, 1999), two professional investigations were conducted following a backup group of attraction indexes that had been received prior. In the end, 22 attraction indexes were chosen in the Urban Historical and Cultural area, the Heritage Resources area, and the Urban Environment area with three aspects based on the analysis of Importance(M), Standard deviation(SD), Content Validity Ratio(CVR), Agreement, and convergence. These indicators will be useful basic information for improving the city's historic charms. In the future, these indicators can be used as a basis for evaluating the characteristic charms of Gyeongju, through which the charm of Gyeongju can be re-recognized.

신라 왕릉의 입지와 풍수형국

강태호,우문동,반상,서환 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2013 新羅文化 Vol.41 No.-

In Korean history, Royal Tombs emerged in the Three Kingdoms era in ancient societies, and were being continuously constructed all over 27 generations of Joseon Dynasty. Despite Joseon Royal Tombs are included in UNSECO’s list of World Heritage sites, so that their values are recognized all over the world. However, the specialty of Silla Royal Tombs is ignored, such as locational characteristics and construction methods, so that management and research for those tombs is extremely inadequate. Particularly, for the sake of unsystematic investigation and analysis, many severe issues have been exposed in the aspect of preservation and management. Historically, Royal tombs are usually located around the capital because of tombs’ significance to national security and prosperity, as well as their importance of being an anchor to people and their living. Therefore, two aspects, characteristic of location and implication of FengShui, which impacts the former, should be surveyed. Our study focuses on 36 tombs out of 56, which are already located near Gyeongju. By referring satellite photos and surveys, those 36 tombs are positioned, their sites are examined and environment is analyzed via photograph of surroundings. Consequently, we found that, Silla Royal Tombs of Early Silla Dynasty, mainly locate on flat land, in comparison, tombs of Late Silla Dynasty mainly locate on hills. Most of tombs face south and southeast, a few of them face west, and others the least. Secondly, Feng Shui patterns of Silla Royal Tombs are strongly influenced by China, so that all of them are located in the area which is considered as the treasure around the periphery, such as Oleung,Muyeol Royal Tomb, Samleung, Seondeog Regina Tomb and Talhae Royal Tomb.

경주 동궁과 월지의 차경(借景) 분석

강태호,우문동,리아오페이 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2015 新羅文化 Vol.45 No.-

In this study, it is by the borrowed scenery techniques to analyze the landscape of Dong Gung and Wol Ji, for the purpose of the Silla capital recovery program of the ancient capital city of Gyeongju. By borrowed scenery techniques to identify the relationship between the Dong Gung and Wol Ji and its surrounding environment. It is from the perspective of the landscape to provide a new landscape management program, for the restoration truth of historical and cultural sites on Dong Gung and Wol Ji, Wolseong and Hwangnyongsa. The results of this study are as follows: First, It re-identified the origin, meaning and types of the borrowed scenery techniques in landscape. Especially on the study of the origin of the borrowed scenery techniques is generally considered to begins with Gyeseong's "Wonya" in the Ming Dynasty. But through the study of the poetry of the Song Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, it appeared no later than the early Tang Dynasty. The borrowed scenery landscaping techniques, is not proposed by Gyeseong for the first time, we can infer that Gyeseong is only systematically summarized the time-honored theory of the borrowed scenery techniques. Second, It analyzed the far borrowed scenery and the territory borrowed scenery of Dong Gung and Wol Ji. Through which to identify the relationship between the Dong Gung and Wol Ji and its surrounding environment and identified the constituent elements and spatial relationships of the landscape within the traditional courtyard. At the same time through borrowed scenery techniques to analyze the problems of the existing landscape and to provide a new landscape management program on Dong Gung and Wol Ji. The landscape management program is proposed from four aspects, which is the plant management, waterside buildings and corridors groups recovery, and surrounding ruins recovery.

세계문화유산의 관리효과성 평가체계 구축에 관한 연구

서환 ( Huan Xu ),우문동 ( Wen Dong Yu ),석미정 ( Mi Jeong Seok ),강태호 ( Tai Ho Kang ) 한국전통조경학회 2013 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.31 No.4

본 연구는 ‘등재된 세계문화유산은 지금 얼마나 잘 관리되고 있는가?’라는 물음에서 시작하였다. 본 연구는 선행 연구 성과를 기초하여 국제적 요구사항에 부응하면서 세계문화유산의 관리특성이 반영된 관리효과성 평가지표들을 중심으로 네트워크 구조의 의사결정과정(ANP)을 통해 각 평가지표별 가중치와 우선순위를 도출하였다. 따라서 세계문화유산의 관리현황을 평가할 수 있는 평가체계가 구축되었다. 또한 이러한 평가지표들 간의 상대적인 중요도를 토대로 100점을 기준으로 변환점수 계산을 통하여 세계문화유산의 관리효과 성 평가지표들에 대해 점수화하여 평가점수표를 작성하였다. 그리고 세계문화유산의 관리현황에 대해 평가할 때 최종 평가점수등급은 매우 부족, 부족, 보통, 양호, 우수 등 5개 등급을 설정하였다. 이러한 결과를 중심으로 후속연구를 전망하였다. In order to answer the research question of ``how the listed World Cultural Heritage is being managed now?`` the indicators of management effectiveness evaluation were set up based on international principles on the basis of the preceding research. The weights and priorities of each evaluation indicators were worked out through the Analytic Network Process(ANP) Technique. Therefore, the evaluation system to evaluate the management status of the World Heritage Sites have been established. Also, through calculate the converted score of 100 points based on the relative importance of these evaluation indicators among the World Heritage Site management effectiveness evaluation index for scoring and the score table was created. When evaluated for the management status of World Heritage Sites to set five rating of the final evaluation score: very deficiency, deficiency, general, good, excellent. According to the results the follow-up study will be carried out in the future.

델파이 기법을 이용한 세계문화유산의 관리효과성 평가지표 설정에 관한 연구

서환 ( Huan Xu ),석미정 ( Mi Jeong Seok ),우문동 ( Wen Dong Yu ),강태호 ( Tai Ho Kang ) 한국전통조경학회 2013 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.31 No.2

본 연구는 ‘등재된 세계문화유산은 지금 얼마나 잘 관리되고 있는가?’ 라는 질문의 답을 모색하는 과정이다. 이를 위해 UNESCO 세계유산협약, 운영지침 및 ICOMOS 등에서 발표한 국제원칙을 기준으로 삼아 국제적으로 요구하는 세계문화유산 관리의 내용을 살펴보고, 국제적 요구사항에 부응하면서 세계문화유산의 관리특성이 반영된 관리효과성 평가후보지표들을 설정하였다. 그 결과, 상황, 계획, 환경, 유산관광, 지역사회의 5개 평가분야에서 각 13개, 7개, 9개, 10개, 7개 등 총 46개의 후보지표가 설정되었다. 또한 총 3라운드에 걸친 델파이 조사를 통해 타당도 및 신뢰도를 분석하여 후보평가지표 총 46개 중에서 14개의 평가지표들을 제거하고, 32개의 평가지표들을 최종적으로 도출하였으며, 상황, 계획, 환경, 유산관광, 지역사회 등 5개 평가분야에서 각 7개, 6개, 7개, 6개, 6개의 평가지표를 선정하였다. 이러한 결과를 중심으로 세계문화유산의 관리효과성 평가지표를 선정하였다. This research is a progress in order to answer the research question of ``how the listed World Cultural Heritage is being managed now?`` the alternate indicators of management effectiveness evaluation were set up based on international principles which were published by UNESCO, ICOMOS etc. Meanwhile the international contents of management and requirements were reflected in the alternate indicators of management effectiveness evaluation. The results were five evaluation categories included context, planning, setting, tourism and community were divided and total 46 alternate indicators in all were selected. In addition, to develop evaluation criteria for Management effectiveness evaluation of world cultural heritage by using Delphi Technique, three rounds of surveys were conducted on a selected expert group to derive and structuralize the evaluation factors. 46 factors got channeled into 32 factors after Delphi survey on appropriateness and credibility. The selected indicators were 7, 6, 7, 6 and 6 respectively in the five evaluation categories. According to the results the follow-up study, it selected management effectiveness evaluation index of world heritage.