한국과 스웨덴의 과학, 기술, 공학교육분야에서의 젠더 문제와 성평등정책 비교 분석

오재림(Oh Jae Lim),안재희(Ahn Jae Hee),유숙란(Yoo Sook Ran) 한국비교교육학회 2006 比較敎育硏究 Vol.16 No.4

  본 연구는 한국과 스웨덴의 STE교육분야의 젠더 문제 양상과 이를 해결하기 위해 각 정부가 시행해 온 성평등정책들의 비교를 통해 앞으로 한국 정부가 STE 교육분야의 성평등정책을 입안, 집행하는 데 있어 시사받을 수 있는 지점을 끌어내고자 했다. 분석결과, 스웨덴은 한국보다 STE분야를 전공하는 여학생 비율이나 공학계열 여교수 비율에서는 높았지만 성정형화, 문화적 이질감 그리고 여성간 네트워크 부족으로 인한 수직적, 수평적 성분화 양상이 노동시장의 성분화로 연결되는 등 STE교육분야의 젠더 문제 양상은 비슷했다. 이러한 젠더 문제를 해결하기 위해 한국 정부와 스웨덴 정부가 취해 온 정책들은 각 국가별 성격과 성별분업방식에 따라 정부의 개입방식, 정책 수단, 정책의 초점에 있어 차이가 났다. 이러한 비교를 통해 한국의 STE교육분야 성평등정책은 급진적이지만 실질적으로 그것의 효과를 끌어낼 수 있는 제도적 고려가 부족하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.   This article compares and analyses both Korean and Swedish gender equality policies on Science, Technology and Engineering(STE) education. Its main argument is that in both countries women are under-represented in the STE fields. Compared to Korea, Sweden has a higher proportion of women students and professors in the fields. Despite the difference in women’s proportion, the two countries have similar patterns of gender problems and they are primarily caused by gender stereotypes prevailing in not only the academic fields of STE but also the STE employment. The analysis of this study reveals that Korea and Sweden have different policies. Each country’s policies are determined on the basis of its gender ideology and culture, policy focus and policy approach. In the case of Korea, the government has enacted various affirmative actions to assist more women to enter the STE job market since the year of 2000. Yet, the actions have achieved a limited success because of the strong prevalence of patriarchy in Korean society, particularly shown as man as a breadwinner of the family and primary workforce. On the contrary, since 1997 the Swedish government, with an emphasis on gender equality and individual breadwinner model, has implemented the gender mainstreaming policies. As a result, this study concludes that Korea’s gender policies on the STE education and employment are innovative but are not effective enough to make the policies working efficiently. In order for enhancing the effectiveness, Korea needs providing more gender sensitive and systematic policies overcoming male dominance and gender stereotypes in the fields.

한국여대생과 외국인 유학생의 Self-authorship과 진로결정의 관계에 대한 비교분석

오재림(Jae-lim Oh),이숙정(Sook-Jeong Lee) 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2018 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.8 No.8

본 연구는 한국여대생과 외국인 유학생의 진로결정과 self-authorship의 관계를 비교분석하고 문화적 차이가 어떻게 그들의 자기주도적인 진로결정에 영향을 미치는지를 탐구하고자 한다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 양적연구방법과 질적연구방법을 병행하여 사용하였다. 연구참여자는 서울의 한 여자대학에서 교양수업을 수강하는 학생들로 총 199명(한국학생, 113; 유학생, 89)명이다. 한국학생과 외국인 학생 모두 자신의 진로결정에 가장 중요한 타인은 부모님이라고 응답했다. 그러나 부모님의 의견을 어떻게 받아들이고 자신의 생각과 부모님의 생각을 어떻게 조정할지, 그리고 최종적으로 진로를 결정하는 과정에 대한 응답은 차이가 있었다. 본 연구결과는 고등교육을 어떻게 구성하고 수행하고 평가할 것인지에 대한 잠재적인 가이드라인을 제안하고 있다. 본 연구는 한국사회에서 대학생의 self-authorship의 발달이 다양한 도전과제의 성취에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대한 학문적 관심과 연구를 자극할 것으로 기대한다. This study explores how Korean and foreign exchange college students make meanings out of their life experiences, especially in relation to their career decision making and self-authorship, and how culture shapes the ways that Korean and foreign college students in a Korean women’s university reflect on their life experiences. We use a mixed methods approach for this research that combines analyses of quantitative data from questionnaire with qualitative data from semi-structured interviews. Our study uses data of 199 college students (Korean, n=113; foreign students, n=89) who enrolled in liberal education courses within a Women’s University in Seoul. The Korean female students and foreign students responded that the most important significant others are their parents, when it came to discussing their career decisions. However, differences were observed regarding how they accept their parents’ advice, and how they combine their parents’ opinion with their own opinion, when making their final decisions regarding their career path. The implication of research findings lies in the potential to guide the design, implementation, and evaluation of educational programs in higher education. Lastly, the current study is expected to stimulate further study on the development of self-authorship in Korean context and suggests how the critical concept of self-authorship may contribute to meeting specific challenges that college students encounter exploring their future lives.

한국 여성의 정치참여와 여성정책에 관한 연구: 1960년대부터 현재까지

오재림(Jae-lim Oh) 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2004 아시아여성연구 Vol.43 No.1

해방 후 한국 교육의 팽창은 여성교육에도 크게 영향을 미쳐 현재 초ㆍ중등 학교교육 인구의 절반, 그리고 고등교육 인구의 약 40%정도를 여학생이 차지하고 있을 정도로 성장하였다. 여성들의 교육 참여가 이렇듯 빠르게 확대ㆍ발전하였고 교육수준 또한 크게 향상되었음에도 불구하고 전반적으로 우리 사회 내 여성의 상대적으로 열등한 사회적 지위는 변함이 없으며, 정치영역에의 여성 참여 역시 아직도 대단히 미흡한 수준에 머물러 있다. 또한 그동안 마련된 사회 내 다양한 여성정책들도 실질적으로 여성의 지위향상에 기여할 수 있는 것이기보다는 상징적인 의미의 수준에 머물러 있는 것이 대부분이라 해도 과언이 아니다. 이에 본 연구는 1960년대 이후 우리 사회의 정치변동에 따른 여성교육의 내용 및 여성 교육정책의 변화 추이를 일반 여성정책 변화 추이와 함께 고찰함으로써 20세기 후반 우리나라 여성의 정치의식 형성과 정치 참여에 끼친 교육의 영향력을 살펴보고, 여성정책과 여성교육정책 그리고 여성교육 간의 상호관련성을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 본고는 먼저 지난 50여 년간 우리 사회의 정권변화에 따른 여성의 정치참여 현황과 여성정책 변화의 추이를 살펴보고, 두 번째로는 정치ㆍ사회 변화와 함께 여성교육기회와 내용 및 학교교육을 통한 성역할 사회화의 변화 추이를 알아보고, 세 번째로는 각 정권별로 여성교육정책의 전개와 변화 추이를 살펴본 다음, 마지막으로 이상의 내용을 토대로 1960년대 이후 한국 여성의 정치 참여, 여성교육 그리고 여성교육정책의 변화 추이를 비교하여 논의한다. Since 1945, along with the expansion of education in Korea, the number of women in schools has also been greatly increased. Currently in Korea, female students make up a half of the student body in primary and secondary schools, and about 40% in institutions of higher education. Though the level of women's education has been increased, the lower status of women in the society has not been changed over the years, and it is more true when we look at the status of women in political arena. In addition, although we have many public policies for women in this country, they appear to have a very little practical impact on enhancement of women's social/political status and remain as symbolic gestures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among women's political participation, women's education and education policies for women in this country from 1960 to 2000. It is achieved by examining changes in voting ratios of women in elections over the years, the number and ratio of women in congressional seats, changes in school curricula, the characteristics of socialization processes for women in schooling and changes in education policies for women in Korea during those years. This paper emphasizes that one of the main reasons for Korean women's lower level of political consciousness and participation is closely related to the traditional political socialization for women during schooling. In addition, although we started to pay attention to gender issues in schooling since 1980's, we do not have a strong public policies for women's education or for gender balanced education system yet. So this paper concludes that we need to try much harder to establish a gender balanced curriculum and education system in order for women to more actively involve in politics and thus to develop and to carry out public policies for women with real benefits.

초등학교 저학년 인종(race) 편견 감소를 위한 반편견(anti-bias) 교육 프로그램 개발

정보미,오재림,Jung Bo-Mi,Oh Jae-lim 글로벌교육연구학회 2015 글로벌교육연구 Vol.7 No.2

본 연구는 초등학교 저학년을 대상으로 인종 편견 감소를 위한 반편견 (anti-bias) 교육 프로그램을 개발하여 연령이 이른 시기부터 인종에 대한 편견 을 감소시키고, 일반 학생인 다수를 대상으로 하여 인종에 대한 태도를 변화시키고 자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 문헌을 고찰하고, 현장 요구 분석에 따라 준비, 개발, 개선의 단계를 거쳐 프로그램을 개발 한 후, 현장 교사 프로그램 타당도 평 가, 현장 평가의 순으로 진행하였다. 준비단계에서는 면담과 선행 연구 검토를 통 해 반편견 교육 프로그램의 목표를 구체화하고 이에 대한 학습 주제로 4가지(색에 대한 편견 알기, 다양성을 존중해야 하는 이유 알기, 입장 바꾸어 마음 짐작하기, 편견에 대항하여 행동하기)를 선정하였다. 개발단계에서는 프로그램의 회기별 학 습 목표와 세부 교육 내용을 선정하고, 학습 자료 및 지도안, 학습지를 개발하여 초등학교 저학년 대상 인종 편견 감소를 위한 반편견 교육 프로그램을 구안하였다. 개선단계에서는 현장 교사 타당도 평가와 현장 평가를 실시하여 그 결과를 바탕으 로 프로그램을 수정하였다. The purpose of this study is to develop a Anti-bias education program for reducing the racial bias of the elementary school lower grades. This is for reducing the bias against race from childhood, and want to change a number of the general racial attitudes of students. In this study, we carried out the literature review, in response to a request analysis, preparing - development - improvements made. And we were the teachers validity assessment, site assessment. We have selected four kinds of learning topics for the goal through interviews and review of previous research in the preparation stage. We selected the learning objectives and educational contents specific sessions during the development stages and teaching plan, learning materials, developed a worksheet. We conducted a validity teacher assessment, site assessment at improving stages was to modify the program based on the results.

초등학교 저학년 인종(race)편견 감소를 위한 반편견(anti-bias) 교육 프로그램 적용과 효과 연구

정보미 ( Jung Bo-mi ),오재림 ( Oh Jae-lim ) 인하대학교 교육연구소 2016 교육문화연구 Vol.22 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 현장에서 활용할 수 있도록 개발한 인종(race)편견 감소를 위한 반편견(anti-bias) 교육 프로그램을 직접 실행하여 인종에 대한 태도에 어떠한 효과를 미치는지 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 경기도 안양시 H 초등학교 1, 2학년 94명을 대상으로 2014년 10월 17일부터 11월 19일까지 5주에 걸쳐(1회 40분, 1주 2회) 창의적 체험활동 시간을 활용하여 총 10회기 프로그램을 운영하였다. 반편견 교육 프로그램이 인종에 대한 태도에 미치는 효과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. MRA 분석결과 개발된 프로그램은 흑인에 대한 긍정적인 태도를 높이고, 황인에 대한 긍정적인 태도는 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 포트폴리오와 면담 분석 결과, 개발된 프로그램을 통해 첫째, 학생들은 다양성을 존중해야하는 이유를 알고 다양성에 대해 긍정적인 태도를 갖게 되었다. 둘째, 학생들의 색에 대한 편견이 감소되었다. 셋째, 학생들은 편견적 상황에 놓인 인물과 나의 입장을 바꾸어 마음을 짐작하고 편견적 상황에 대항하여 행동하였다. 넷째, 학생들은 인간존엄성에 대해 인식하고 평화에 대한 바람을 갖게 되었다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the anti-bias education program for reducing racial bias of elementary school lower graders. In order to examine the effects of the program, quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 94 elementary school students(1-2 graders) who participated in the program for five weeks. The anti-bias education program was divided into 10 class times total, so each week students have participated in two classes. The results of MRA analysis of the data revealed an increase in positive attitudes toward blacks, and at the same time a positive attitude about yellow skin color has been lowered a little bit. The results of the analyses of portfolios and interviews also show that first, the program appeared to make students to have a positive attitude towards diversity and also to learn reasons to respect for diversity. Second, it lowered the bias against skin colors. Third, students seemed to learn what is to be in someone else`s shoes. They showed a definite change in attitudes and actions when they face bias situations. Fourth, after experiencing the classes, students, though they are still quite young, showed that they have a strong awareness of human dignity, and thus wish for peace for all humanity.

여성친화적 조직문화, 조직유효성, 직장 및 가정생활 갈등과 주관적 안녕감 간의 관계

이숙정(Sook-Jeong Lee),오재림(Jae-lim Oh) 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2010 아시아여성연구 Vol.49 No.1

본 논문은 저출산, 고령화 시대를 맞이하여 국가경쟁력 강화와 여성인적자원 활용을 위한 여성친화적 조직문화의 필요성에 대한 인식을 조사하여 이러한 여성친화적 조직문화가 조직유효성, 직장 및 가정생활갈등과 주관적 안녕감에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴봄으로써 여성친화적 조직문화의 확산을 위한 경험적 자료를 제시하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 서울시에 소재한 중소기업체의 남ㆍ녀 직장인 413명(남: 207명, 여: 206명)을 대상으로 설문지를 배부하여 분석을 실시하였다. 우선 연구대상의 인구학적 배경, 즉 연령, 학력, 결혼여부, 직종 및 직위, 직장규모 등에 따른 여성친화적 조직문화의 차이를 알아보았으며, 이러한 기본적인 분석을 토대로 여성친화적 조직문화의 형성 수준에 따른 조직유효성, 직장 및 가정생활 갈등과 주관적 안녕감의 차이를 변량분석을 통해 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 여성친화적 조직문화가 나머지 변인들에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 선형회귀분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과를 종합해 보면, 여성친화적 조직문화는 조직유효성과 주관적 안녕감과 정적 상관관계, 직장 및 가정생활 갈등과는 부적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 근로자들이 지각하는 여성친화적 조직문화 수준이 높을수록 조직유효성과 주관적 안녕감도 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 직장과 가정생활 갈등은 감소하였다. 회귀분석 결과, 여성친화적 조직문화는 조직유효성 전체변량의 25.1%, 직장 및 가정생활 갈등의 3.5%, 그리고 주관적 안녕감의 8.5%를 설명하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 회귀계수 값은 모두 통계적으로 유의미하였다(p<.001). The purpose of this study is to examine the relations among women friendly organization culture, organization effectiveness, workplace and family conflict, and subjective well-being in the private sectors. It also investigates the differences among socio-economic background, size and types of organization, and women friendly organization culture. The data came from 413 full-time workers employed in a wide variety of organizations located in Seoul. The data were analyzed by the frequency analysis, correlations, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and regression analyses using 12.0 SPSS program. The major findings of this study were as follows: a) Women friendly organization culture was positive related with organization effectiveness and subjective well-being, but it had negative relationship with work-family conflict; b) There were significant differences between high/low women friendly organization culture and other variables; c) Women friendly organization culture had significant positive influence over organization effectiveness(β=.502, p<.001) and subjective well-being(β=.292, p<.001). However, it had significant negative effect on workplace and family conflict(β=-.186, p<.001). The implications and limitations of this study were discussed.

가속 방법을 이용하는 전파 광선 추적법에 관한 연구

권세웅(Sewoong Kwon),문현욱(Hyun Wook Moon),오재림(Jae Rim Oh),임재우(Jae-Woo Lim),배석희(Seok-Hee Bae),김영규(Young-Gyu Kim),박정수(Joungsoo Park),윤영중(Young Joong Yoon) 한국전자파학회 2009 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.20 No.5

본 논문에서는 개선된 가시 트리 구조와 가시면 검색을 위해 효율적인 방법을 적용한 광선 추적법을 제안한다. 비슷한 특성을 갖는 트리의 노드를 재생성하지 않는 개선된 가시 트리 구조를 사용하였으며, 가시면 판별을 위해 묶음 광선(packet ray) 개념 검사점을 비균일하게 분포시키는 방법으로 경로 탐색 성능을 개선하였다. 충돌검사에서 묶음 광선를 사용함으로써 3.3배의 속도 개선을 이루었으며, 비균일 검사점 분포를 통해 1.11배의 성능향상을 이루었다. 본 광선추적법을 적용한 결과의 경우, 경로 손실에서 RMS 에러가 1.9 ㏈ 발생하여 높은 정확도를 제공할 수 있음을 보였다. In this paper, we proposed an improved ray tracing method with an amelioration of visible tree structure, a visible face determination method, and non-uniform random test point method. In a proposed visible tree structure, it reduces tree nodes by means of merging similar nodes. In a visible face determination method, it shows that a ray hit test with a packet ray method can reduce a test time. A ray tracing method involving with a packet ray hit test method can improve a tree construction time up to 3.3 times than a ray tracing method with a single ray hit test method. Furthermore, by seeding a non-uniform and random test point on a face, tree construction time is improved up to 1.11 times. Received powers from the proposed ray tracing results and measured results have good agreement with 1.9 ㏈ RMS error.

대졸 여성의 사회적 관계망과 구직 간의 관계

안재희,오재림 한국직업능력개발원 2007 직업능력개발연구 Vol.10 No.3

본 연구는 대졸여성들의 구직경로와 취업을 위해 동원한 사회적 관계망의 특성을 살펴보고 이것이 취업결과 간에 차이를 가져오는지 분석하였다. 우선, 구직경로를 보면 성별, 대학서열에 상관없이 대부분의 대졸자들이 구직정보 채널로 인터넷을 가장 많이 활용했지만 실제 구직경로는 성별, 여성집단 내 대학서열에 따라 차이를 보였다. 한편, 대졸 여성들의 사회적 관계망 특성을 보면, 대부분 대졸 이상의 학력을 지니고 자신의 경제적 지위와 비슷한 남성이 주류를 이루지만 연결강도는 여성 집단 내 대학서열에 따라 달라졌다. 그리고 비슷한 사회적 관계망을 구직과정에서 동원했어도 협력자로부터 받은 도움유형은 성별에 따라 달랐다. 이를 통해 대졸 여성의 구직과정은 젠더화 된 사회적 관계망이 개입되는 역동적 과정이라 하겠다. The purpose of this study is to analyze that the social network of female university graduates affect their job search process and job. This study intends to analyze that the female university graduates' job search activity is influenced by discriminate approach and utilization of social network along hakbol and sexism. For this study, the sample consisted of 293 persons who graduated from universities in Seoul from 2003 to 2004. The results of this study are as follows : First, there is a difference between the most used job search channel and the most successful job search channel by university hierarchy and gender. And the effect of institutional social network differs between genders, Secondly, the social network that female university graduates use to obtain job information is characterized by strong ties with university friends who are similar to respondents' economic position and educational level. Thirdly, these characters are interrelated with the information by their helpers and the job results.

여성의 정치 재사회화를 위한 교육프로그램 개발에 관한 연구(II) : Political Socialization of Preschool Children as Central Focus 학령전 아동의 정치사회화를 중심으로

한정신,김영희,김영란,오재림 淑明女子大學校 亞細亞女性問題硏究所 1994 아시아여성연구 Vol.33 No.-

This study is the second part of the two-part study of developing educational program for women's political resocialization. This two-part research on women and political resocialization started in 1993 was based on our belief that lower levels of political awarenesses and participation among women than among men in Korea is due to different political socialization processes for females and males during their early development stages. Therefore, using data from elementary school students, parents and kindergarten and elementary school teachers, the 1993 study (the first part of the two-part research) established a basic educational program for promoting and raising women's political consciousness. As a part of continuing effort in developing educational program for women's political (re)socialization, the main purpose of the 1994 study is to develop an educational program for promoting preschool children's political socialization process. This research is based on our belief that the notion of $quot;women = unpolitical/men = political$quot; is a result of women's victim political socialization during the early childhood. That is, during the preschool period which is a crucial time for the development of children's sex-role identity as well as various personality traits, boys and girls experience different socialization processes. For instance, assertive (and often aggresive) behaviors from boys are tolerated (and sometimes even encouraged) more often than the same kind of behaviors from girls. Furthermore, that kind of sex-streotypical socialization would in turn have a serious impact on the development of children's political socialization as well as sex-role identity based on their gender. Therefore, we believe that development of an educational program for helping preschool children to develop an unbiased and well-balanced self-identity, and for allowing them to grow to their fullest potentioal regardless of their gender is one of the most important tasks in building an equal society for the future. For the purpose of this study, several factors which were believed to have strong influences on the development of children's political attitude and social behaviors were identified and examined first. Those factors were parents and teachers, TV programs and children's story books. Using content analysis method, TV progams (9 cartoon programs and 3 educational programs) and 41 story books were analyzed to examine the representation and behavioral characteristics of females and males in the story. A survey research using a sample of preschool children was also conducted in order to examine the relationship between individual's sex-role identity and the status of political socialization. Comparisions of frequencies, chisquare test, factor analysis, one-way and two-way analysis of variance were used in analyzing the data. The results of content analysis of TV programs and chilren's story books revealed that women were severely underrepresented in programs and stories. In addition, roles played by men and women in stories and their behavioral characteristics were very stereotypically defined. In most cases, men and boys were potrayed as assertive, reliable, responsible and socially active while women and girls were shown as quiet, domestic, supportive and less assertive. Therefore, it was concluded that in regarding sex-role identity, the overall message from TV programs and childrens' story books was a sterotypical one: men as decision-makers and women as followers. The findings from a survey data analysis on children's sex-role identity showed that regardless of their gender, area, and age, androgeny was the most popular sex-role type among preschool children. This means that for children with 6-7 years of age, their sex-role identity is not yet clearly determined as a female or a male, and thus all children have various aspects of both genders inside them. Therefore, it became clear to us that it was up to proper education and socialization for children to develop a well-balanced sex-role identity from an early stage of development. The results from an analysis of preschool children's political socialization status revealed that there was a statistially significant difference in the status of children's political socialization by sex-role identity groups. That was that children with androgyhy sex-role identity showed a higher level of political socialization than children with feminine sex-role identity. This finding indicates that there was a strong relationship between sex-role socialization and political socialization of preschool children based on their gender. In other words, it appears that in our society, girls are socialized to be more feminine and boys are socilaized to be more masculine. Thus for boys, it is encouraged to be more self-assertive and to take a socially(and/or politically) active role, and for girls, it is encouraged to take a more supportive position in the society. Based on these results, we developed an educational program for preschool children's political socialization. The main goal of this program is to help children to develop a well-balanced sex-role identity and political attitudes axed consciousness as an individual. The proposed program is designed to educate children of 6-7 years old and we recommend that there will be minimum of 8 to maximum of 10 children in each group to enhance the effectiveness of group discussion. The entire program has a total of 11 sessions with each session lasting up to 40 minutes. Each session consists of various kinds of role-playing, imagination games, story writings and tellings to encourage children to have a variety of experience and to find what and who they are for themselves in order to grow up as an individual with great possibilities. Suggested titles of each session are as follows: * session 1 : Name yourself with names of your favoriate animal or flower * session 2 : I am a boy and you are a girl- experiencing the other sex - * session 3 : Role playing of becoming mothers and fathers * session 4 : Different occupations in the world- What would you like to be when you grow up?- * session 5 : Story reading and free discussion of New Cinderella * session 6 : Story telling about a woman president and free discussion * session 7 : Who am I? (1) * session 8 : Who am I? (2) * session 9 : How to express your feelings? * session 10 : How to express yourself and your behavior * session 11 : Ideal women and men We expect that children who will participate in this educational program will have an unbiased political consciousness and attitudes (women and men = political) when they grow up. We also hope that this kind of early childhood experiences in turn will be of a help for both Korean women and men to be equal partners and active participants in a future political arena.

여성의 정치 재사회화 교육프로그램 개발 연구(I)

한정신,박임전,김영란,김영희,오재림 淑明女子大學校 亞細亞女性問題硏究所 1993 아시아여성연구 Vol.32 No.-

This Study is the first part of the two-part study of developing educational program for women's political resocialization. The main purpose of this stage of the study is to establish a solid base for developing an educational program which will raise women's political consciousness and promote more active political participation in the future. This two-part research is based on our belief that lower levels of political awareness and participation among women than among men in Korea is due to different political socialization processes for females and males during their early development stages. Traditionally in Korea, there has been a clear distincion between women's and men's spheres, that is private and family sphere is for women, and public and societal sphere is for then. For example, the arena of politics has been considered for a man's world but not for a woman's and therefore from early on, girls are not encouraged to participate in any political activities while boys are encouraged to do so. Previous researches suggest that kindergarten and elementary school teachers as well as parents are the most important agencies in children's political socialization process. Studies also indicate that there is a significant relationship between individual's sex role identity and the status of political consciousness and attitude. In this study a survey research using national samples of elementary school students, teachers and parents was conducted in order to examine the relationship between individual's sex role identity and. the status of political consciousness. Comparisons of frequencies, chi-square test, factor analysis and one-way analysis of variance were used in analyzing data. The findings revealed that in all groups, that is for students, teachers, and parents separately and for both females and males, feminine sex role identity group showed the lowest average political consciousness and attitude score among four sex role identity groups. Moreover, this pattern was more obvious in feminine sex role identity group among women in all subject groups. These results indicate that there exists a gender stereotyped political socialization in our society. In other words, it appears that Korean females are socialized to be less political than Korean males. Therefore, it was our goal to develop a political resocialization program specifically targeted for women. As a first step to fultill this purpose, based on the results of the survey data analyses, an educational program for raising political awareness for teachers in K-6 level(from kindergarten to 6th grade level) was developed. The main contents of the political resocialization program are guest lecture on Korean women and the politics, examination of existing sex discriminations in family, in school, and in social politics, reevaluation of development process of feminine identity and of femininity, assertive training and anger expression. Participants are encouraged to express and share their own experiences as a woman in society. Additionally, in order to test the effectiveness and the validity of this program, a two-day workshop using the developed program was held with kindergarten and elementary school teachers. After a careful evaluation and examination of the responses data and suggestions from teachers who participated in the workshop, the results will be used to complete the second half of the study of developing an educational program for women's political resocialization, which is already in progress. When the educational program for women's political resocialization is completed and appropriately utilized, we expect that children's, teachers' as well as parents' stereotypical sex role attitudes will be changed. Therefore, regardless of one's gender, our children will grow up to expand his or her potentials to the highest possible level as an individual, not as a woman or as a man. This will eventually help Korean women and men to become equal partners in political participation of this country and thus we will be a step closer to become a truly democratic society.