고려 의서 『향약구급방』의 임상 의학 특징 분석

오재근,김상현,이기복,전종욱,신동원,Oh, Chaekun,Kim, Sanghyun,Yi, Kiebok,Jeon, Jongwook,Shin, Dongwon 대한한의학방제학회 2020 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.28 No.3

Objectives : In this paper, We pointed out medico-historical meaning of Hyang'yak Kugŭppang (鄕藥救急方, Medical Recipes of Local Botanicals for Emergency Use), a medical book of Koryŏ Dynasty, breaking from the existing analysis view based on Hyang'yak (鄕藥), local herbs produced in Korean Peninsula. Methods : For that purpose, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of the diseases and symptoms, strategies of treatment, therapeutic tools, drug formulations, composition of herbal formulas in Hyang'yak Kugŭppang. Results : The following characteristics were confirmed in Hyang'yak Kugŭppang. First, it contained a way to cope with the diseases and symptoms that do not have to check the exterior, interior, cold, and heat. Also, it introduced basic strategies such as reducing, facilitating flow, draining downward, warming, or tonifying, etc. It mainly included herbal medicine as the therapeutic tools, and introduced formulas composed by single herb than complex recipes. It suggested external applications more than internal use, and proposed formulations in the form of decoctions or powders, etc. The herbs of formulas were used by experience without explanations of nature & taste, efficacy of each herbs. Conclusions : Hyang'yak Kugŭppang is a book of medical recipes for emergency use that has been distributed to help gentries, even if they do not have professional medical knowledge, to instantly cope with diseases and symptoms with medicines that are easy to obtain. Previous researches has analyzed the value of Hyang'yak Kugŭppang as a collection of information of hyang'yak, and used it as a historical basis of the uniqueness of Korean medicine. Since Hyang'yak Kugŭppang is not a book specialized for herbs, but rather a clinical medical book that introduces recipes for specific symptoms of diseases, if we pay attention to the clinical characteristics of Hyang'yak Kugŭppang, it will provide an opportunity to describe Koryŏ or Korean medicine in a new way.

신라 승려의 『금광명경』「제병품」 주석을 통해 살펴본 한국 고대 불교의학

오재근(OH, Chaekun),전종욱(JEON, Jongwook),신동원(SHIN, Dongwon) 대한의사학회 2016 醫史學 Vol.25 No.3

조선 의관 허준의 두창 의학과 ‘변증(辨證)’

오재근(OH, Chaekun) 대한의사학회 2021 醫史學 Vol.30 No.1

In this research, I have tried to overview the diagnosis and treatment of smallpox performed by Heo Joon, a representative physician of Joseon (朝鮮) dynasty. In order to accomplish this, I analyzed the smallpox related contents shown in the Essentials of Smallpox translated in Korean (諺解痘瘡集要) and a comprehensive medical book Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑), both written by Heo Joon. In examining these sources, I found out that Heo Joon used a medical method called ‘Syndrome differentiation (辨證)’ in treating smallpox. Next, I compared the medical cases of smallpox left behind by physicians before and after Heo Joon, so as to shed light on the meaning Heo Joon’s smallpox medicine has in the history of medicine. Heo Joon read the Compendium of Smallpox (瘡疹集) published by the Joseon government and medical books newly imported from Ming (明) China, in order to write the Essentials of Smallpox. His goal was to concentrate all the knowledge related to smallpox in just one book. One aspect that was considered was that this book’s target reader did not know anything about smallpox and could not read the Chinese letters. Heo Joon, to solve this problem, collected and organized the essentials of previous medical information and at the same time provided Korean translations. For Heo Joon, the main point of smallpox medicine was to discriminate the good or bad state of prognosis through the looks and colors of the smallpox, and to distinguish the lightness or heaviness of the symptoms through the concomitant symptoms. And such thoughts materialized into judging deficiency and excess, distinguishing concomitant symptoms, and discriminating similar symptoms. Not long after the Essentials of Smallpox was published, Treasured Mirror was published. As a comprehensive medical book that covered many diseases, Treasured Mirror had to have a coherent theoretical system on diagnosing diseases and treating them. What Heo Joon regarded as the most important content, namely discrimination and distinguishment of the looks and symptoms of smallpox, was included in Treasured Mirror in the name of ‘Syndrome differentiation (辨證)’. There are not any specific Heo Joon’s medical case left today, so we do not know how much his smallpox medicine contributed to uplifting the cure rate of smallpox in reality. However, comparing the case in the Compendium of Smallpox to case recorded by later physicians such as Park Jinhee (朴振禧), Ryu Sang (柳瑺), syndrome differentiation proposed by Heo Joon was not only succeeded by physicians of later generations but also contributed greatly to the success in treating smallpox. Heo Joon did not know about the pathology, causes of the smallpox, discovered by biomedicine. Even considering this, his medical contribution is clear. Based on the visible symptoms of smallpox and medical accomplishments of the previous eras, he organized and compactly proposed the causes, progression, distinguishing concomitant symptoms, treatments for symptoms development, etc. of the smallpox. In addition, in order to overcome the limit of simple symptomatic treatment, he entitled the chapter of medical thought of analysis symptoms ‘syndrome differentiation’ present in the previous medical books. It was the advent of Joseon’s edition of smallpox medicine based on syndrome differentiation.

論文(론문) : 이규준 의서 『황제내경소문대요』의 유통 본과 그 저본이 된 조선 간본 『황제내경소문』

오재근 ( Chaekun Oh ) 대한한의학원전학회(구 대한원전의사학회) 2013 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.26 No.4

Objectives: The Major Essentials of Huangdi`s Internal Classics Plain Questions (黃帝內經素問大 要, MEHP) is one of the late-Chosun`s literate physician Lee Gyoojoon (李圭晙, 1885-1923)`s main work, which is known to have logically proofread the Huangdi`s Internal Classics Plain Questions (黃帝內經素問, HP). This study aims to examine two elements of the text: (1) the types of MEHP currently in circulation; (2) the types of publications of HP to be the MEHP`s original script. Methods: In this study, basically bibliographical analyses of the form and contents was utilized about the types of MEHP and HP. However, to compare the sentences and phrases between prints, I`ve used 20 examples that Qian Chaochen (錢超塵) had proposed in his preceding studies. Also, regarding Lee Wonse (李元世)`s proofreading on the MEHP in 1999, I`ve used interviews of his students. Results: First, I`ve discovered that there are three versions MEHP in circulation: the woodblock printed version; Lee Wonse`s handwritten version; Lee Wonse`s proofreading version; and confirmed that Lee`s proofreading version should be regarded as good version of MEHP. Also, I`ve discovered the possibility of other types of printed versions of the MEHP in existence, which is considered Lee`s handwritten version`s original draft. Second, I`ve confirmed that the original script of HP, which Lee Gyoojoon utilized for MEHP, is indeed not Gu Congde (顧從德) printed version HP, however, is the Chosun`s bureau for military drill (訓練都監) printed version HP. Conclusion: Through this study, I`ve provided strong evidence that Lee Gyoojoon`s MEHP is a unique and original research completed within the traditional realm of Korean medicine, which possesses the universality of Eastern Asian medicine represented by Huangdi`s Internal Classics (黃帝內經).

약 하나로 병 하나 고치기(用一藥治一病)

오재근(OH Chaekun) 대한의사학회 2013 醫史學 Vol.22 No.1

조선 후기 『본초강목』의 전래와 그 활용 : 『본초정화』, 『본초부방편람』을 중심으로

오재근(OH Chaekun),김용진(KIM Yongjin) 大韓醫史學會 2011 醫史學 Vol.20 No.1

Sakae Miki said Classified Emergency Materia Medica(證類本草) had been the dominant standard of herbology throughout Joseon Dynasty, and that Compendium of Materia Medica(本草綱目) had only been accepted so lately that a few books used herbological result of it in the late Joseon Dynasty. But according to Visiting Old Beijing Diary (燕行日錄) written by Munjoong Seo(徐文重) in 1690, Compendium of Materia Medica(本草綱目) was in fact introduced before the year 1712, the year Miki Sakae argued to be the year Compendium of Materia Medica was accepted to Joseon officially. Now, we can assume that the introducing year of Compendium of Materia Medica was faster than Miki Sakae’s opinion by the following reasons; the effort of Joseon government and intellectuals to buy new books of Ming (明) & Ching(淸); the publishing year of the book for living in countryside (山林經濟) regarded as the first citing literature of Compendium of Materia Medica. And the True Records of the Joseon Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄) and many collections written by intellectuals in the 18th century show that the herbological knowledge from Compendium of Materia Medica had already spread to the corners of Joseon Dynasty. Thus we can make the following assumption: Classified Emergency Materia Medica and Compendium of Materia Medica had coexisted in the late Joseon Dynasty. Sakae Miki suggested 6 examples which used Compendium of Materia Medica in the late Joseon Dynasty. I reviewed two of them in this paper, Essentials of Materia Medica(本草精華) & Handbook of Prescriptions from Materia Medica(本草附方便覽). Essentials of Materia Medica quoted Compendium of Materia Medica briefly focusing clinical use, and Handbook of Prescriptions from Materia Medica also re-compiled Compendium of Materia Medica to practical use according to the form of Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑). It means that the results of Compendium of Materia Medica have been used positively, based on the herbology of materia medica from countryside(鄕藥). From this point of view, the hyphothesis there weren’t any herbological progress after accepting Compendium of Materia Medica in the late Joseon Dynasty by Sakae Miki can be denied.

조선 의서 『동의보감』은 왜 본초 부문을 「탕액편」이라고 하였을까 : 『동의보감』 「탕액편」 중 이고, 주진형의 본초학 성과 활용 분석

오재근(OH Chaekun) 大韓醫史學會 2011 醫史學 Vol.20 No.2

Heo Jun, who is the main compiler of Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine (東醫寶鑑), states to applicate Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica (神農本草經), Rihuazi(日華子)'s annotations and Li Gao (李杲) and Zhu Zhenheng (朱震亨)'s opinion to arrange materia medica on the introductory notes of Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine. While Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica and Rihuazi's annotations are both conventional texts dealing with materia medica, Li Gao and Zhu Zhenheng are just clinical practitioners. Not only Li Gao has no authorship on materia medica, but also Zhu Zhenheng's Supplement to the Elucidation of Materia Medica (本草衍義補遺) is assessed to have no distinctive achievements. Nevertheless, Heo Jun shows positive considerations for their achievements of materia medica. Specifically, on the Decoction Section in Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine, theories of lift, lower, float, sink (升降浮沈) and Channel Entry (歸經), both representative achievements of Yishui school (易水學派)-including Li Gao-are adopted as it is, and Zhu Zhenheng's expressions are frequently utilized for conclusive remarks of medicinal effect. Furthermore, applications of both clinicians can be found within nature & flavour which is one of the principal terms of understanding materia medica. While being based on the conventional materia medica text Classified Emergency Materia Medica (證類本草), the Decoction section in Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine is not restrained by the intricate traditional compositions and shows a new aspect of depiction by adding clinical information. And I think it is a important meaning of the Decoction section, which is the herbal chapter of Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine.

조선 말기에 등장한 새로운 전통 의학 이론: 유의(儒醫) 이규준이 주창한 부양론(扶陽論)의 특징과 그 의미

오재근(OH, Chaekun) 의료역사연구회 2018 의료사회사연구 Vol.1 No.1

조선 말기, 세상은 무척이나 혼란스러웠다. 이규준은 유학자이자 의학자로서 조선이 처한 문제를 유학자들이 성인의 가르침을 제대로 구하지 않은 채 붕당을 조성해 철학적 개념인 리기(理氣)에 대한 논쟁만을 벌이는 바람에 발생한 것이라고 분석했다. 그리고 심과 성은 하나이며(心性一物), 리와 기는 합쳐져 있다고(理氣合體) 주장하며 관련 논쟁을 아우르고자 했다. 당대 조선 의학의 주된 흐름은 주진형(朱震亨)의 의학을 계승한 동의보감 과 장개빈(張介賓)의 의학이었다. 주진형은 간장과 신장에서 발동한 상화(相火)가 진음(眞陰)을 태워버리는 것에 대응해 음기를 자양하고 화기를 내려주는 자음강화(滋陰降火)의 치료법을 강조했다. 장개빈은 명문(命門)을 인체의 태극으로 여기며, 그 중에 상화가 간직되어 있다고 주장했다. 이어 명문에 간직된 화기(火氣)와 진음(眞陰)을 따뜻하게 덥히면서 보충해주어야 한다고(溫補) 주장했다. 이규준은 장개빈의 견해를 쫓아 주진형의 상화론(相火論)을 비판하고 양기를 도와줄 것을 주장했지만, 명문 상화에 대해서만큼은, 명문은 심포락이고, 상화는 심장의 화(火)가 신장의 수(水) 중에서 운행하는 것일 뿐이라며, 장개빈 의학과의 차별을 시도했다. 이규준은 부양론을 기치로 들며 기존 의학의 오류를 바로 잡으려 했다. 명문으로부터 태극을 분리시키고, 명문의 위치와 기능을 심장으로 집중시켰다. 명문과 심장을 결합시킨 그의 의학 이론은 리기(理氣)를 구분하지 않으려 했던 성리학적 주장과 긴밀하게 연결된다. 입증 불가한 성리학적 논쟁의 한계를 의학을 통해 해결하고자 했던 것이다. 그가 명문 상화를 부정하고 심장 군화를 강조했던 이유를 의학 이론 외적인 측면에서 어떻게 설명할 수 있을까? 혹시 유학자들에게 멋대로 운행하며 온몸의 진액을 말라버리게 하는 상화가 아니라 군주(君主) 곁에서 군주의 명령을 수행하는 상화로 활동하며 당대 조선이 처한 혼란상을 해결해야 한다는 권고로 본다면 지나친 해석일까? The late Joseon Dynasty, in which Lee Kyujoon ( 李圭晙 ) was active, was very confused period. He studied the scriptures of Confucianism and analyzed that the problem of Joseon at the time was caused by the fact that Confucian scholars did not properly seek the teachings of saints, formed faction, and fought against the philosophical concept of Li and Qi ( 理氣 ). Furthermore, he tried to embrace related debate by claiming that Mind and Human nature are a one thing ( 心性一物 ) and Li and Qi is combined ( 理氣合體 ). The medicine by Zhu Zhenheng ( 朱震亨 ) and Zhang Jiebin ( 張介賓 ) was the main stream in that Joseon Dynasty. Zhu emphasized the treatment of enriching yin and downbearing fire ( 滋陰降火 ), which stimulates yin energy and reduce fire in response to burning of genuine yin ( 眞陰 ) by ministerial fire ( 相火 ) from liver and kidneys. Zhang described the life gate ( 命門 ) as the Taiji ( 太極 ) of the human body and distinguished that the sovereign fire ( 君火 ) was kept in the heart and the ministerial fire was kept in the life gate. And he claimed to warm and tonify ( 溫補 ) the fire and genuine yin preserved in the life gate. But Lee criticized ministerial fire theory of fire formations held in the life gate and contended to enrich yang. As for the life gate ministerial fire, he tried be different from Zhang‘s medicine, saying that the life gate ( 命門 ) is pericardium ( 心包絡 ) and the ministerial fire is not a separate fire but the fire of heart runs in the water of the kidney. He obviously tried to correct the fallacy of existing medicine with the banner of Supporting Yang theory ( 扶陽論 ). Through this theory, he tried to separate the Taiji from the life gate, and concentrate the position and the functions of the life gate to the heart. If so, why did Lee, Kyujoon propose the Supporting Yang theory in chaotic state at the end of the Joseon Dynasty, deny the life gate ministerial fire, and emphasize the heart sovereign fire? Could it be the reflection of desire that the chaotic state of that time should be resolved by Confucian scholars who might not be regarded as the ministerial fire that makes stir frenetically and dries the essence of the whole body but the ministerial fire that faithfully follow orders of the monarch beside the monarch?

조선 의관 허준의 임상 의학 사유 엿보기

오재근(OH, Chaekun) 대한의사학회 2015 醫史學 Vol.24 No.3

황도연(黃度淵)의 의학과 그의 또 다른 이름 황도순(黃道淳)

오재근 ( Oh Chaekun ) 대한한의학원전학회(구 대한원전의사학회) 2017 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.30 No.3

Purpose : The purpose of this article is to make a clarification that Hwang Doyeon(黃度淵) was a official doctor(醫官) who even served as royal doctor(御醫), rather than merely a general doctor who worked in the private sector. The article also attempts to give a new perspective on the medical history about the late period of Joseon(朝鮮) Dynasty. Methods : In researching Hwang Doyeon`s master work, the Gains and Losses of Medical Orthodoxy(醫宗損益), the article looks at his clinical medicines. Analyzing the historical records, the article makes an assumption that Hwang Doyeon and Hwang Dosoon(黃道淳), who was selected as an officer to discuss medicine with other medical officers(議藥同參), are the identical person. On this assumption, the article tries to reinterpret the medicine during the later Joseon Dynasty period. Result & Conclusion : The records, including the royal medical treatment records of the Gains and Losses of Medical Orthodoxy, the Daily Records of Royal Secretariat(承政院日記), the genealogy of Changwon Hwangs(昌原黃氏世譜), academic paper and government documents released posthumously, demonstrated that Hwang Doyeon and Hwang Dosoon are the same person. If so, we can have new historical interpretation about medical history of late Joseon Dynasty. First, during the late of Joseon Dynasty, there was an official and active medical knowledge interaction between government and private sector. Second, the Joseon`s medicine has been established its own medical system based on the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine(東醫寶鑑), trying to cope with cholera and other contemporary epidemics without relying on Chinese warm disease(溫病) medicine. Third, the Compilation of Formulas and Medicinals(方藥合編), is regarded not only as a must-read medical reading for medical doctors, also playing an important role on popularization of Korean medical knowledge.