戰略金屬 스크랩 資源化를 위한 코발트 物質흐름 現況調査

손정수,양동효,신선명,강은희,Sohn, Jeong-Soo,Yang, Dong-Hyo,Shin, Shun-Myung,Kang, Eun-Hee 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2005 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.14 No.2

세계의 인구증가와 경제성장에 따라 천연자원 특히 전략금속의 수요가 급격히 증가하고 있다. 국가가 보유하고 있는 자원의 양은 천연자원 뿐 아니라 재활용을 통하여 얻을 수 있는 폐자원을 함께 포함해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 전략금속의 안정적 확보와 폐자원의 효율적 재활용을 위하여 코발트의 국내외 사용현황 등을 조사하였으며 아울러 미국 내에서의 코발트 물질흐름에 대한 자료를 정리하였다. 그 결과 미국에서는 2003년도에 약 8,000톤의 코발트가 사용되었으며 원료로 재사용된 스크랩의 양은 총사용량의 28%인 2,200톤이었다. 미국의 경우 초합금과 촉매의 재활용은 잘 이루어지고 있으나 자석류와 초경합금의 경우 재활용율이 다소 낮음을 알 수 있었다. As world population increases and the world economy expalds, so does the demand for natural resources especially strategic metals such as cobalt. An accurate assesment of the nation's minerals must include not only the resources available in the ground but also those that become available through recycling. In this paper, data on domestic and international supply of cobalt and its applications by end-user were analyzed for stable security of cobalt resources and effective recycling of cobalt scraps. Also, an initial evaluation of the flow of cobalt-containing materials in the United States was prepared. In 2003, 8,000 metric tons of cobalt were consumed in the United States and an estimated 28% of U.S. cobalt supply was derived from scrap. The superalloy industry and catalyst industries have well-established recycling or cobalt recovery practices. Recycling rates of cobalt scraps from magnet alloy and cemented carbide were relatively low.

크로뮴의 기능과 응용

손정수 ( Jeong Soo Sohn ),이강인 ( Kang In Rhee ) 대한금속·재료학회 2008 재료마당 Vol.21 No.5

전과정평가를 이용한 폐리튬이온전지의 소각에 대한 장/단기 환경영향 평가

정수정 ( Soo Jeong Jeong ),이지용 ( Ji Yong Lee ),손정수 ( Jeong Soo Sohn ),허탁 ( Tak Hur ) 한국공업화학회 2006 공업화학 Vol.17 No.2

코발트 기초소재와 기술 ; 맞춤형 친환경 코발트 제련기술

손정수 ( Jeong Soo Sohn ),양동효 ( Dong Hyo Yang ),김수경 ( Soo Kyung Kim ),신선명 ( Shun Myung Shin ),이강인 ( Gang In Rhee ) 대한금속재료학회 2012 재료마당 Vol.25 No.5

폐전지의 재활용 기술개발

손정수 ( Jeong Soo Sohn ),신선명 ( Shun Myung Shin ),양동효 ( Dong Hyo Yang ),김태현 ( Tae Hyun Kim ) 대한금속재료학회 ( 구 대한금속학회 ) 2005 재료마당 Vol.18 No.4

특허(特許)로 본 폐리튬전지 재활용(再活用) 기술(技術) 동향(動向)

손정수,신선명,강경석,최미정,Sohn, Jeong-Soo,Shin, Shun-Myung,Kang, Kyung-Seok,Choi, Mi-Jeong 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2007 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.16 No.3

배터리는 공기아연 리튬 망간 산화은 수은 나트륨-유황 납축 니켈-수소 이차 니켈-카드뮴 리튬이온 알칼라인 전지 등의 여러 종류가 있다. 경제적, 효율적 관점에서 폐전지의 재활용 기술은 폭넓게 연구되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 폐리튬 전지의 재활용 기술에 대한 특허를 분석하였다. 분석범위는 1986년$\sim$2006년까지의 미국, 유럽, 일본, 한국의 등록/공개된 특허로 제한하였다. 특허는 키워드를 사용하여 수집하였고, 기술의 정의에 의해 필터링하였다. 특허동향은 연도, 국가, 기업, 기술에 따라 분석하여 나타내 보았다. There are several kinds of battery such as zinc-air battery, lithium battery, Manganese dry battery, silver oxide battery, mercury battery, sodium-sulphur battery, lead battery, nickel-hydrogen secondary battery, nickel-cadmium battery, lithium ion battery, alkaline battery, etc. These days it has been widely studied for the recycling technologies of the used battery from view points of economy and efficiency. In this paper, patents on the recycling technologies of the used lithium battery were analyzed. The range of search was limited in the open patents of USA(US), European Union(EP), Japan(JP), and Korea(KR) from 1986 to 2006. Patents were collected using key-words searching and filtered by filtering criteria. The trends of the patents was analyzed by the years, countries, companies, and technologies.

전기자동차용 폐배터리 재활용 현황과 향후 연구방향

손정수 ( Jeong-soo Sohn ),김홍인 ( Hong-in Kim ),김수경 ( Soo-kyung Kim ),양동효 ( Dong-hyo Yang ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2020 한국폐기물자원순환학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2020 No.-

전 세계적인 환경오염 문제를 해결하기 위한 노력에 힘입어 국내 전기자동차 등록대수가 2020년 3월, 10만대를 돌파하면서 본격적인 전기자동차 시대가 열리고 있다. 우리나라 전기자동차 등록대수는 2011년 344대에서 2016년 10,855대로 1만대를 넘어섰으며 2019년에는 34,162대로 급증하여 2019년까지 등록된 전기자동차는 총 89,918대에 달한다. 환경부에서는 2020년도에는 승용차 6만5천대, 화물차 7,500대, 버스 650대 등 총 84,150대의 전기자동차에 보조금을 지급할 계획을 갖고 있으며 2020년까지 전기자동차를 433,000대까지 늘린다는 계획을 갖고 있다. 전기자동차 보급이 확대됨에 따라 전기자동차 폐배터리 발생량도 증가하여 2024년도에는 1만대, 2031년도에는 10만대 이상이 배출될 것으로 예상하고 있다. 이에 환경부에서는 거점수거센터 구축 등 미래폐기물 재활용 관련 입법 등 이에 대비하고 있다. 현재 국내외적으로 전기자동차용 폐배터리 재활용에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며 2018년 기준 약 20개의 재활용회사가 글로벌하게 운영되고 있으며 그 중 5개 재활용업체가 시장을 선도하고 있다. 그러나 Umicore, BRUNP, Huayou cobalt, GEM, 성일하이텍 등 5개 회사들도 배터리 제조공정 스크랩과 소형 폐배터리 재활용을 통해 기술을 상용화하였을 뿐 자동차에 사용되는 대용량 리튬이온배터리의 처리에 대해서는 기존 공정을 응용하는 정도에 그치고 있다. 대용량전지의 경우 해체에서부터 방전, 파쇄, 선별 등의 전처리 공정이 기존 공정과 다르며 처리물량 또한 규모에서 차이가 나기 때문에 새로운 기술개발이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 기존 재활용현황을 살펴보고 최근 3년간의 자동차용 대용량 폐배터리 재활용 연구결과를 바탕으로 향후 개발해야 할 기술의 방향을 제안하였다.

학술 논문 : 신개념 재활용기술을 이용한 폐망간전지 및 폐리튬이온전지의 효율적 처리방안

손정수 ( Jeong Soo Sohn ) 한국전과정평가학회 2011 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.12 No.1

Annually above 1 billion unit cells (15,000 tons) of spent batteries have been generated as wastes in Korea. Spent Ni-Cd batteries have been recycled but the other spent batteries did not be treated yet. So recycling processes of spent lithium-ion battery and zinc carbon battery should be developed for environmental aspect as well as the effective utility of resources. In case of spent zinc-carbon and alkaline battery, magnetic material and zinc sheet from the battery were regained by physical treatment process. A series of mechanical processing is conducted in the following sequence to yield enriched Zn and Mn particles: crushing, magnetic separation, sieving and classification. The crushed particles including Zn and Mn were dissolved in sulfuric acid solution with hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent. After removing impurities such as Fe, Cu and Al, Zinc sulfate and Manganese sulfate were precipitated into compounds powders by low pressure vaporization process. These co-precipitated metal-compounds could be used for feedstuff. In case of spent Li-ion battery, physical treatment of waste LIBs is consist of discharge, dehydration, dry, and crushing step; crushing, magnetic separation, and screening. The leaching was carried out on -16 mesh crushed powders of lithium ion batteries by using diluted sulfuric acid solution and reducing agent. After removing impurities such as Fe, Cu and Al, cobalt ion was separated by solvent extraction process. Purified cobalt sulfate solution could be used for source of lithium secondary battery. Therefore the recycling process of spent lithium secondary battery without waste solution could be developed.

활동성 궤양성 대장염 환자에 있어서 도플러 초음파의 유용성

정수석(Soo Suk Jung),조용균(Yong Kyun Cho),박정식(Jeong Sik Park),김시영(Si Young Kim),김창섭(Chang Seop Kim),손정일(Chung Il Sohn),박창영(Chang Young Park),김병익(Byung Ik Kim),정을순(Eul Soon Jung),박해원(Hae Won Park),전우규(Woo K 대한소화기학회 2002 대한소화기학회지 Vol.39 No.3

Background/Aims : An increase in splanchnic blood flow in both artery and vein has been observed in activeulcerative colitis (UC). Doppler ultrasonography (US) is a non-invasive evaluation method of splanchnic arterialinflow in superior mesenteric artery (SMA). This study was undertaken to assess the usefulness of Doppler Usin detecting changes of the hemodynamic variables in patients with UC. Methods: Twenty-two patients with UC(14, active UC; 8, inactive UC) were studied, and compared with 14 matched healthy subj ects. Flow velocity,resistance index (RI), and pulsatile index (PI) of the SMA were evaluated by Doppler US. Results: Peaksystolic velocity was significantly higher in patients with active UC than in patients with inactive UC and control (178±53 m/sec vs. 117±15 m/ sec, 111±24 m/ sec; p<0.05). The PI of SMA was significantly lower inpatients with active and inactive UC than in control (1.58±0.53, 1.7±0.52 vs. 2.9±0.44; p<0.05). Minimaldiastolic velocity and RI of the SMA were not significantly different among three groups. Conclusions: Peaksystolic velocity of SMA reflects the activity of the disease in patients with UC. Doppler US in patients with UC is an important non-invasive, readily available method to evaluate the activity of the disease and predict itsrecurrence. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2002;39 :192-197)

한국 음악산업의 성장패턴과 권역별 경쟁력에 관한 연구

손정수(Jeong-Soo Sohn),이원형(Won-Hyong Lee) 한국무역연구원 2021 무역연구 Vol.17 No.4

Purpose - Korean pop music and movies have attracted a vast audience across the world, resulting in a rapid increase in the export of cultural products in the 21st century. This phenomenon is often called as the Korean Wave. The Korean music industry has played a pivotal role in the export of cultural goods and services, as well as the general Korean Wave phenomenon. This research was performed to examine the growth pattern and competitiveness of the Korean music industry by region. Design/Methodology/Approach - This study collected data on the seven sub-industries of the music industry of Seoul, seven Cities and nine Provinces for the period from 2013 to 2018. The data are regrouped for four regions: Seoul Metropolitan Region (Seoul, Incheon, and Kyunggi-do), Central Region (Daejeon, Sejong, Kangwon-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Chungcheongbuk-do), Honam Region (Kwangju, Cheonranam-do, Cheonrabuk-do, and Jeju-do), and Yeongnam Region (Busan, Daegu, Wulsan, Kyungsangnam-do, and Kyungsangbuk-do). The paper then examined the data by applying shift-share analysis and regional growth differential analysis. Findings - The Korean music industry has experienced rapid growth, while the metropolitan region leads the Korean music industry in sales. However, the metropolitan region lacks competitiveness in some sub-industries. Such sub-industries in other regions will be able to compete with leading regions and increase their competitiveness over capital regions. Research Implications - The Korean music industry plays a central role in the export of culture related services, products and goods. Moreover, the Korean music industry can improve images of Korean goods and services of international consumers. For a sustained growth of the Korean music industry, it is pivotal to find effective methods to correct the regional imbalances within the Korean music industry.