계산주의, 연결주의, 그리고 칸트의 건축술

백승환 서양근대철학회 2024 근대철학 Vol.23 No.-

본고는 오늘날의 철학적 화두인 인공지능 문제를 계산주의자들과 연결주의 자들이 어떻게 상반되게 다루는 것인지를 검토한 후에 칸트의 건축술적 방 법론에 기초해서 양자의 유의미한 절충을 기도한다. 첫째, 필자는 서양근대 철학사에서 완전히 반대됐던 두 입장들인 이성주의와 경험주의가 계산주의 와 연결주의가 형성하는 긴장에 드러나고 있음에 주목하여, 비판기 칸트의 사유가 이성주의와 경험주의의 절충에서 실효를 보였듯이 크게 다르지 않 게 계산주의와 연결주의의 절충에도 실효를 보일 것임을 주장한다. 둘째, 필자는 특히 양자에 공유되는 체계성과 조합성을 중심으로 삼아서 실제로 계산주의와 연결주의가 맞서는 상황을 단계별로 꼼꼼히 검토한다. 셋째, 칸 트의 비판철학적 통찰을 구현하는 방법론인 건축술이 경험의 가능성 개념 을 통해 어떻게 계산주의적 독단주의와 연결주의적 회의주의를 떨치는 길 을 열 수 있는 것인지에 대해 논설한다. 넷째, 칸트의 비판철학 체계가 끊임없이 변화를 겪는 역동적 모습에 필자는 시선을 두고서 결국 표준화된 계산주의 대 연결주의 논의에서 비판기 칸트의 사유에 의해 새겨질 의의와 한계를 음미하는 것으로 논의를 끝맺는다. This paper aims to explore how computationalists and connectionists convey their opposing views about today’s important philosophical topic A.I. and then to come up with a feasible compromise between them by referring to Kant’s architectonic methodology. Firstly, from the fact that rationalism and empiricism run directly counter to each other in the history of modern western philosophy, and the fact that the conflict between them has been mirrored in the conflict between computationalism and connectionism, I argue that the critical Kant’s thinking would be effective in the treatment of the latter (computationalism versus connectionism) conflict, as already quite effective in the treatment of the former (rationalism versus empiricism) conflict. Secondly, I address it concretely in a step-by-step way with a particular emphasis on ‘systematicity’ and ‘compositionality’, both of which are shared by the two parties. Thirdly, I show how Kant’s architectonic methodology, supposed to embody his critical-philosophical insight, with its very key term the ‘possibility of experience’, can prepare the ground for overcoming the pitfalls of both computationalist dogmatism and connectionist skepticism. Fourthly, I close this paper by seeking to appraise what contributions the dynamics of Kant’s critical-philosophical system does make to the future discussion of computationalism versus connectionism.

흄의 외부 세계 현존 문제

백승환 서양근대철학회 2022 근대철학 Vol.20 No.-

본고는 흄의 외부 세계 현존 문제에 대한 비판적 재구성을 꾀한다. 흄은 그의 주저 『인성론』 1권, 4부, 2절 논의(“감관들에 관련된 회의주의에 대해서Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses”)에서 지금까지도 계속 철학자들의 골치를 썩이는 이 문제를 다룬다. 하지만 흄의 논의는 필요 이상으로 장황하고 복잡다단하며 불분명한 탓에, 일단 먼저 그가 제시한 논증을 차례대로 좇아서 살피기 전에 논증의 전 구조를 망라하는 그림이 필요하다. 따라서 본고에서 필자는, 첫째, 외부 세계 현존 문제를 위한 흄의 논증 기저에 놓인 근본적 사유틀을 압축해서 드러낸다. 둘째, 이러한 사유틀을 기초로 해서 발현된 흄의 논증에 깃든 다양한 문제점들을 살핀다. 필자는 흄의 논증에 대한 비판을 면밀하게 수행하는 과정에서 김효명 교수가 『영국경험론』 제5장 말미(pp.152-162.)에서 흄의 견해를 줄곧 따라서 보인 해석이 직면하는 어려움도 보인다. 셋째, 지금까지 검토한 내용을 바탕으로, 결국 흄은 그의 자연주의를 지탱하는 능력에 일관되게 호소하면서 외부 세계 현존 문제에 대한 의미 있는 (즉, 존재론적 차원의 논의를 심리학적 차원의 논의로 전환하는) 답변을 제시하고자 하지만, 그의 노력은 그가 매우 의도성 짙게 ‘지각’과 ‘대상’을 상호 무분별히 뒤섞어서 쓰는 사정에 기인하기 때문에 논의에 일관성이 없으며, 이러한 비일관적 상황이 초래하는 결과는 그의 인간학에 대한 근원적 회의로 나타남이 지적될 것이다.

가토에서 심낭대치물에 관한 실험적 연구

백승환,양석린,김선한,남충희,이길노,Baeck, Seung-Hwan,Yang, Suk-Rhin,Kim, Sun-Han,Nam, Choong-Hee,Lee, Khil-Rho 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1989 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.22 No.5

The development of severe pericardial adhesion after cardiovascular surgical procedures often increases the risk of injuring the heart, great vessels, or extracardiac grafts during resternotomy. Several pericardial substitutes have been tested in an attempt to facilitate reoperation with inconclusive results. This study was designed to evaluate the applicability of two different materials as pericardial substitutes to minimize the pericardial adhesion and epicardial reaction. A procedure for induction of pericardial adhesion was carried out in 30 rabbits. Rabbits were divided into three groups of ten rabbits each: Group 1[control, simple pericardial closure]: Group 2[bovine pericardium as pericardial substitute]: Group 3[e-polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane, e-PTFE as a pericardial substitute]. Bovine pericardium or e-PTFE surgical membrane was interposed between the sternum and the heart. Rabbits were sacrificed at 4 weeks after operation. The development of adhesions and epicardial reactions were graded as: none [I]; minimal[II]; moderate[Ill]; and severe[1V]. Histologic studies of the substitute, the pericardium, and the epicardium were performed. The results were as follows; l. In group 1[control group], the degree of pericardial adhesions were grade I in none, grade II in 1, grade III in 3, and grade 1V in 6 animals. Epicardial reactions were grade I in none, grade II in 3, grade K in 4, grade 1V in 3 animals respectively. 2. In group 2[bovine pericardium], the degree of pericardial adhesions were grade I in 1, grade II in 5, grade III in 3, and grade 1V in 1 animal. Epicardial reactions were grade I in 1, grade II in 2, grade III in 4, and grade 1V in 3 animals respectively. 3. In group 3[e-PTFE], the degree of pericardial adhesions were grade I in 7 animals, grade II in 2, grade III in 1, and grade g in none. Epicardial reactions were grade I in 4, grade II in 3, grade III in 2, and grade IV in 1 animal respectively. Pericardial adhesions more than grade II were 90.9% in group 1, 40 % in group 2, and 10% in group 3. Pericardial adhesions were significantly reduced in group 3 compared to group 1 or 2. Epicardial reactions more than grade II were 70 % in group 1, 70 % in group 2 and 30 % in group 3. We concluded that this 0.1mm thick polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane is a suitable pericardial substitute to minimize the development of pericardial adhesion or epicardial reaction following cardiovascular surgery.

흉선지방종-1례 보고-

백승환 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1990 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.23 No.3

We experienced thymolipoma which is a rare benign mediastinal tumor, an admixture of atrophic thymic tissue and matured adipose tissue. The patient was, 13 years old boy, admitted due to anterior mediastinal mass on routine chest X-ray and complained of mild exertional dyspnea. The physical examination revealed percussion dullness, decreased breathing sound at right anterior hemithorax. The chest PA and lateral views showed both paracardiac mass density and obliteration of retrosternal clear space. The chest CT Scan showed tubular structure containing of thymic tissue and enhanced fatty tissue, suggested thymolipoma. Operation was performed under the impression of thymolipoma. Through median sternotomy, the huge mass was resected. Grossly, the mass was yellowish fatty colored, measured 15X12X10cm, weighed 600gm. Light microscopic examination showed that thymic tissue containing of Hassal`s corpuscles were surrounded by matured adipose tissue, as the characteristic finding of thymolipoma. The postoperative course was uneventful.

개척행전 성령행전 : 춘천드림교회

백승환 기독교대한성결교회 활천사 2018 활천 Vol.770 No.1

심방중격결손을 동반하지 않은 부분 폐정맥이상환류 : 1례 보고 One case report

백승환,양석린,김선한,남충희,이길노 大韓胸部外科學會 1991 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.24 No.5

사용자 안전성을 고려한 상지 재활치료 로봇의 병렬 안전 제어 시스템

백승환,박성원 대한전기학회 2022 전기학회논문지 P Vol.71 No.3

This study proposes a parallel safety control system for upper-limb rehabilitation robots to ensure patient safety. The mechanical and electrical safety devices to ensure patient safety are designed and developed to operate in several stages. The mechanical safety device is configured in a way to set the limit, and the electrical safety is constructed considering electrical insulation and failure. The safety switch could directly and immediately stop the robot's motion, and it is also implemented by the software safety switch for hazardous situations. The electrical safety system, the safety switching system, and the monitoring system are designed in a multiplexed structure that operates organically at any time in case of danger at various stages to ensure reliability against failures and malfunctions

일양성-상이성 반성개념 쌍을 통한 라이프니츠의 무구별자 동일성의 원리 비판

백승환 서울대학교 철학과 2005 哲學論究 Vol.33 No.-

802.11p 기반 차량 간 통신 환경에서 도플러 효과 극복을 위한 고성능 채널추정 방법에 관한 연구 동향

백승환,한승호,송창익 대한전자공학회 2017 전자공학회지 Vol.44 No.7

미각 장애 환자 5례를 대상으로 한 대한 한방 치료의 효과

백승환,김진성,장승원,손지영,최제인,한성준,이엄지,류봉하,Baek, Seung-Hwan,Kim, Jin-Sung,Jang, Seung-Won,Son, Ji-Yeong,Choi, Jane,Han, Seong-Jun,Lee, Eom-Jee,Ryu, Bong-Ha 대한한방내과학회 2014 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.35 No.3

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to report the effect of traditional Korean medical therapy such as acupuncture, electroacupuncture and herbal medicine in taste disorder patients. Methods: We surveyed 5 taste disorder patients visiting the Oral Diseases Clinic in the Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine Hospital from January, 2014 to June, 2014. Before starting traditional Korean medical therapy such as acupuncture, electroacupuncture and herbal medicine, the subjects were evaluated on severity of discomfort using visual analogue scale (VAS), salivary flow rate (SFR), quality of life about oral health (based on the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile-14) and qi-stagnation condition (based on the 23-item qi-stagnation Questionnaire). Visual analogue scale was re-evaluated during the treatment period. Results: There was no relationship between diminished SFR and severity of discomfort. Also change or loss of taste did not influence the quality of life about oral health. However, stress which refers to qi-stagnation could be one of the reasons taste disorder occurs. After receiving traditional Korean medical therapy, all 5 patients' visual analogue scale score decreased. Conclusions: Traditional Korean medical therapy may potentially be an option for taste disorder. Further evaluations including pre-post comparison with larger number of cases will be needed in the future.