보중익기가미길경탕에 의한 A549 인체 폐암세포의 Apoptosis 유도

배종훈,신동역,박철,최영현,박동일 대한암예방학회 2011 Journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.4

Bojungikkigamikilkyung-tang (BJIKTP) is a traditional oriental herbal formulation consisting of crude ingredients extracted from nine herbs. This prescription has been widely used for patients suffering from a lung disease in Oriental medicine. In the present study, it was examined the biochemical mechanisms of apoptosis induced by BJIKTP in human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. It was found that exposure to BJIKTP was found to result in a concentration-dependent growth inhibition by induction of apoptosis, as evidenced by chromatin chondensation, DNA fragmentation and the accumulation of sub-G1phase, in NSCLC A549 cells, but not in NCI-H460 cells. Apoptosis induction of A549 cells by BJIKTP was connected with a modulation of Bcl-2 and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family members, and up-regulation of death-receptor related members. BJIKTP treatment also induced proteolytic activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9, and degradation of caspase-3 substrate proteins including poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase and phospholipase C γ-1. In addition, BJIKTP-induced apoptosis is associated with the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cleavage of Bid proteins. Taken together, the results indicate that BJIKTP may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for use in the control of human lung cancer and that further studies are needed for the identification of the active compounds. (Cancer Prev Res 16, 358-370, 2011)

The Boundaries of Brokerage-Based Knowledge Transfer

배종훈 한국인사조직학회 2010 인사조직연구 Vol.18 No.4

This paper analyzes the theoretical boundaries of brokerage-based knowledge transfer, a model based on Burt’s (1992) structural hole theory. To this end, this paper specifies three theoretical assumptions underlying brokerage-based knowledge transfer and examines whether the violations of those assumptions facilitate or hinder brokerage-based knowledge transfer. In doing so, this paper seeks to identify which assumption is fundamental to brokerage-based knowledge transfer. The following are the three basic assumptions concerning brokerage positions: 1) actors hold knowledge different from one another. 2) the cost of having a tie or forming a relationship is nontrivial. 3) there is no information loss when transferring information from one actor to another. To further examine these assumptions, this paper proposes a model for a tolerable level of information loss that leads to brokerage-based information benefits. In particular, this paper derives two different types of brokerage and shows that brokerage with substitution is preferred to brokerage with minimum direct ties as the ratio of networking cost to information value increases. Moreover, this study shows that the tolerable level of information loss that facilitates brokerage-based knowledge transfer is matched with the cost of having a tie and the ex ante value of knowledge held by partners. In this regard, the working of the third basic assumption is contingent upon that of the first and the second basic assumptions. Finally, it shows that the optimal mix of redundant and non-redundant ties depends again on information loss.

The Tragedy of Contract and the Naturalistic Fallacy at the Workplace

배종훈 서울대학교 경영연구소 2020 Seoul Journal of Business Vol.26 No.1

This study concerns business ethics. In particular, this study is a critical review of consequentialist ethics, namely, the tragedy of contract, which underlies managerial practices at the workplace and which equates empirical flourishing with behavioural morality, an instance of the naturalistic fallacy. It shows that the application of consequentialist ethics in the corporate world is fundamentally flawed such that empirical consent, a key element of consequentialism, obtains at the expense of the weaker party to an exchange and that consent-based contracting both precludes the autonomy of the subject and paradoxically invites the influence of the third-part expert. The alternative practice is addressed with respect to the tradition of social contract, which places public ordering over private ordering.

Illegitimacy Discount, Sensitivity to Trivial Difference and Distance-keeping Competition

배종훈 한국전략경영학회 2014 전략경영연구 Vol.17 No.2

This study examines whether the positive association between the radicalness of innovation and the creation of competitive advantage will always hold true. From the perspective of institutional theory, this study suggests the following: (1) the selection environment of producers does not always favor radical innovation; (2) as is the case with the ecological model of legitimation (Hannan and Freeman, 1984; Polos, Hannan and Carroll, 2002), the legitimacy of a product category creates demand for a product that belongs to that category; and (3) as is the case with the model of illegitimacy discount as well as Harrison White’s model of the market (White, 2002; Zuckerman, 1999), consumers are sensitive to trivial quality difference among producers that belong to a reliable product category, yet insensitive to quality difference outside a acceptable and thus legitimate zone of quality. From a two-staged model of R&D race with illegitimacy discount, it shows that innovators with radical innovations may pay the price of illegitimacy discount, facing little demand from the market; that the institutional pressure arising from consumers renders managers to compete for trivial quality difference, not radical one, keeping their products to have comparable qualities yet in a differentiable fashion; and that rivalry in product markets is more likely to place products in the legitimate zone of quality difference, namely, distance-keeping, not distance-destroying, as is assumed in radical innovation.

혁신의 한계: 가치 창출 혹은 가치 이전?

배종훈,박경민,최영록 한국전략경영학회 2019 전략경영연구 Vol.22 No.3

This study makes a media-based account of the possibility of innovation-induced social value, which draws on the demand-based view of innovations and is presented as a viable alternative to the competition or capability-based views of innovations. The argument of this study has the following structure. First, we view as a necessary condition for the creation of social value a market-creating innovation that explores and designates the non-consumer, i.e., the opportunities outside the boundary of the current market, which develop in the form of a novel category of commodities. Those not accompanying the exploration of non-consumer are a project that transfer social values from one party to the other, not creating new values. Second, the exploration of non-consumer is not a sufficient condition for the creation of social value, for the economic success of an innovation is subject to its comparability with the extant system of difference that distinguishes the offerings of producers and governs the choices of consumers. The requirement of comparability, from which head-to-head competition ensues, applies to any innovation, irrespective of whether its goal is deemed to present a demand-shifting innovation or to a market-creating innovation. Lastly, the authenticity of a commodity resides in the system of difference in product offerings and a market-creating innovation that cuts across the extant boundaries of product markets remains ambiguous in the eyes of the consumers, who hesitate to try innovations. The creation of a new market that resonates with the extant system of difference may deflect or interfere with a future market afterwards. To conclude, the economist discovery of the non-consumer cannot be value-creating, for it enhances the current system of difference by obsolescing partially and on an ad hoc basis the system with its own new commodity. 본 연구는 혁신의 사회적 가치 창출의 사회적 조건을 혁신의 매체로서의 특징 측면에서 논증한다. 기술 혁신에 관한 기존의 논의가 혁신의 경쟁 효과 혹은 개별 기업의 혁신 역량을 중심으로 살펴보았으나, 본 연구는 수요 효과 측면에서 혁신의 본질을 읽고 있다. 구체적으로 사회 전체의 후생을 증가시키는 가치 창출 혁신의 제도적 조건을 탐색하였다. 본 연구의 논증은 다음의 구조를 가진다. 첫째, 비고객 탐색을 수반하는 시장 창출 혁신은 가치 창출 혁신의 필요조건이다. 공급 측면이 아니라, 수요 측면에서 기술 혁신의 본질을 이해하는 선행연구는 새로운 시장의 창출, 새로운 상품 카테고리의 창출, 즉 기성 시장 외부에 존재하는 비고객의 발굴을 중심으로 논의가 진행된다. 비고객의 발굴이 수반되지 않는 혁신은, 한 사람의 이익이 다른 사람의 이익으로 이전되는 수요 대체 혁신은 가치 이전에 불과하다. 둘째, 비고객 탐색은 가치 창출의 충분조건은 아니다. 기성 상품의 체계와의 비교 가능성이 충족되어야 상업적 성공이 가능하므로, 시장 창출 혁신은 부분적으로 수요 대체적이다. 셋째, 혁신의 미디어적 특성으로 인하여, 성공적인 시장 창출 혁신은 역설적으로 미래 시장의 창출을 억제한다. 즉 혁신가의 이익은 지속가능하다. 따라서 기성의 차이 체계와 독립적이지 않는 혁신은, 즉 모호하지 않는 상품은 가치 창출의 가능성이 낮다.

Organizational Knowledge and Localized Competition: A Case of a High Performer that is Socially Constructed

배종훈 서울대학교 경영연구소 2014 Seoul Journal of Business Vol.20 No.1

This study seeks to elucidate conditions under which high performers emerge independent of their internal resources even when competition in the output market is intense. In particular, I present an extended model of localized competition in which ‘ill-informed’ producers compete with each other by ‘observing’ the actions of their rivals and ‘inferring’ the association between the cost and benefit of their action from observable market response to the action of their rivals. To this end, I combine three independent streams of research, including the ecological model of localized competition, organizational knowledge and Harrison White’s model of market (Carroll and Hannan 2000; Garicano 2000; Grant 1996; Nelson and Winter 1982; White 1981). An analytical strategy chosen is to parameterize the interplay of organizational knowledge and localized competition so that this study seeks to theorize a general competitive process that underlies the emergence of high performers without ignoring the role of firm heterogeneity in internal resources. In particular, this study characterizes market competition with respect to four parameters, including (1) the size of the neighborhood of a firm, (2) the upper and (3) lower bound of knowledge bases, and (4) a type of the market. The implications of this model are further explored in the context of multimarket competition as well as resource-partitioning.

이해상충 그리고 기업의 윤리적 임의성

배종훈 한국인사조직학회 2019 인사조직연구 Vol.27 No.4

This study seeks to criticize the contemporary basis of business ethics. To this end, it deconstructs the moral basis of ethical discourse, which presents morality in the workplace as a simple matter of choice between shareholders’ and social values. Organization theory departs from the dichotomy of the market and the firm, whose internal workings differ from each other. In a similar vein, this study draws on the dichotomy of agency and fiduciary relationships, each of which constitutes distinct norms and regulations. This study finds and deconstructs fiduciary relationships as the basis of business ethics. The argumentative structure of this study is as follows. This study examines the moral arbitrariness of fiduciary relationships with respect to the normative status of the manager as well as that of the shareholder and evaluates a reductionist tendency that arises from the moral arbitrariness of business ethics and that implicitly converts the matter of morality to that of efficiency in production. Moral arbitrariness refers to the lack of an objective basis on which a moral judgement is made. It differs from empirical arbitrariness, which refers to the lack of empirical regularity, i.e. randomness. Moral arbitrariness arises from two distinct sources that serve to shape the contemporary basis of business ethics. Unchosen contingencies act as one source, including customs, traditions, and positive laws, and which are exogenously given to the sole sovereign agent of choice, i.e. the individual. Practices supported by these unchosen contingencies are morally arbitrary. The other source for moral arbitrariness is the incompatibility of practices, a case in which mutually conflicting or incompatible approbations of acts are derived from a given moral judgment. This study presents the management of conflicts of interest as an alternative to overcome moral arbitrariness. 이 글은 기업 윤리에 관한 비판이다. 주주 가치 혹은 사회적 가치, 양자 간의 선택의 문제로 기업 윤리를 이해하는 기성 담론의 토대를 비판하고, 그 대안으로 이해 상충의 관리를 제안한다. 조직 이론이 시장의 작동 방식과 조직의 작동 방식을 구분하듯이, 본 연구는 대리인 관계와 신인 관계를 구분하고 후자를 중심으로 기업 윤리를 정초하고 비판한다. 전자는 당사자주의, 자율, 합의를 근간으로 하는 시장의 작동 방식이고, 후자는 이해관계자주의, 절차, 정치를 근간으로 하는 조직의 작동 방식이기 때문이다. 신인 의무는 통상의 계약 행위에서 요구되는 자율적 동의, 의무와는 차이가 있다. 계약 당사자 간의 합의와 무관하게 국가에 의해 강제된다는 점에서 차이가 있다. 따라서 경제학적 관점에서 관심을 두는 대리인 비용보다는 넓은 개념이다. 본 논문의 논증 구조는 다음과 같다. 먼저 신인 의무의 주체인 경영자, 통상의 객체인 주주, 그 각각의 규범적 지위가 임의적이고, 그로 인하여 윤리의 문제가 효율의 문제로 환원되는 부작용을 분석한다. 당사자주의, 즉 효율적인 계약을 체결하는 것과, 전문가주의, 즉 추상적 가치를 외피로 입고 구체적인 전문가 권리, 경영권을 보호하는 경향이 그것이다. 당사자주의와 전문가주의가 윤리의 문제를 계약과 측정의 문제로 축소시키는 것을 극복하기 위한 대안으로, 본 연구에서는 객체가 특정화되지 않은 이해 상충의 관리를 제안한다. 물론 이러한 경향을 회피할 수 있는 직접적 해결책은 신인 의무의 객체를 명시적으로 특정하는 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 근대 사회의 윤리가 다원주의 윤리에서 출발한다면, 의무의 객체를 특정화하는 것을 고집할 수는 없다. 객체가 특정화되지 않은 이해 상충의 관리는 이와 같은 제약 조건에서 윤리적 대안을 살펴보는 한 방편이다.

보중익기가미길경탕에 의한 A549 인체 폐암세포의 전이 억제

배종훈,신동역,박철,박상은,홍상훈,박동일,최영현 대한암예방학회 2011 Journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.3

Bojungikkigamikilkyung-tang (BJIKTP), a traditional korean herbal formulation, has been used for patients suffering from a lung disease in oriental medicine. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BJIKTP-induced anti-invasiveness and anti-metastasis have not been thoroughly studied. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BJIKTP on the correlation between tightening of tight junctions (TJs)and anti-invasive activity in human lung cancer A549 cells. It was found that low concentrations of BJIKTP were not cytotoxic effects, whereas high concentrations of BJIKTP could inhibit the cell proliferation as determined by MTT assay. Within the concentrations which were not cytotoxic effects,BJIKTP markedly inhibited the cell motility and invasiveness in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-invasive activity of BJIKTP was found to be associated with increased tightness of the TJ, which was demonstrated by an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). The activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in A549 cells were dose-dependently inhibited by treatment with BJIKTP,and this was correlated with a decrease in expression of their mRNA and proteins, and up-regulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) expression. Additionally, BJIKTP repressed the levels of the claudin family members, which are major components of TJs that play a key role in control and selectivity of paracellular transport. Furthermore, the levels of E-cadherin, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein,and snail, an epithelial to mesenchymal transitionregulator and zinc finger transcription factor,were markedly inhibited by BJIKTP treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest that TJs and MMPs are critical targets of BJIKTP-induced anti-metastasis in human lung cancer A549 cells. (Cancer Prev Res 16, 238-248, 2011)

SOC를 위한 효율적인 IP 재활용 방법론

배종훈 대한전자공학회 2002 전자공학회지 Vol.29 No.1

VLSI 기술의 발전은 보다 많은 양의 로직을 단일 칩에 집적 가능하게 했고, 이는 System-on-a-chip 시대의 도래를 가능하게 했다. System-on-a-chip을 가능하게 하기 위해서는 많은 종류의 IP (Intellectual Property)가 필요하고, 공정 변환을 쉽게 하기 위해서는 합성이 가능한 RTL 설계가 절실히 요구된다. 본 논문은 이러한 요구에 부응하기 위해서 hard macro 형태의 기존의 IP로 부터 합성 가능한 IP를 자동 생성해 주는 ART(Automatic RTL Translation)로 명명된 기법에 관한 것이다. 제안된 ART 기법을 이용하여 80C52 호환의 8-bit MCU(Micro-controller Unit)의 합성 가능한 RTL model을 자동 생성하였고, 개발된 Soft IP를 이용하여 TCP/IP 전용 MCU를 표함해서 다양한 제품들을 개발하였다.

The Elements of Learning : Coordination Capacity and Search Scale

배종훈,강성춘 한국인사조직학회 2010 인사조직연구 Vol.18 No.2

Given a firm’s limited coordination capacity, the balance between the initiation of new search and the termination of old search appears critical to its long-term survival. But the current research on technological innovation and organizational learning has exclusively concerned how to initiate a new search and neglected the need for the termination. This study aims to uncovering the balance between the initiation and termination of searches. Using patent applications in the telecommunications equipment industry from 1991 to 1999, this study suggests that the change in a firm’s search scale is related to its human resources capabilities, prior knowledge, and organizational age.