지하수 중 탄소원으로 fumarate 주입과 유전자분석을 통한 질산성질소 자연저감도 평가

박선화,김현구,김소현,이민경,이경미,김영,김문수,김태승,Park, Sunhwa,Kim, Hyun-Gu,Kim, Sohyun,Lee, Min-Kyeong,Lee, Gyeong-Mi,Kim, Young,Kim, Moon-Su,Kim, Taeseung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.4

In the results of monitoring nitrate concentration in more than 8,000 groundwater wells around agro-livestock, the average and maximum nitrate concentration was 9.4 mg/L and 101.2 mg/L, respectively. Since about 31% of the monitoring wells was exceed the quality standard for drinking water, nitrate control such as remediation or source regulation is required to conserve safe-groundwater in South Korea. Typical nitrate-treatment technologies include ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biological denitrification. Among the treatment methods, biological denitrification by indigenous microorganism has environmental and economic advantages for the complete elimination of nitrate because of lower operating costs compared to other methods. Major mechanism of the process is microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and nitrogen gas. Three functional genes (nosZ, nirK, nirS) that encode for the enzyme involved in the pathway. In this work, we tried to develop simple process to determine possibility of natural denitrification reaction by monitoring the functional gene. For the work, the functional genes in nitrate-contaminated groundwater were monitored by using PCR with specific target primers. In the result, functional genes (nosZ and nirK) encoding denitrification enzymes were detected in the groundwater samples. This method can help to determine the possibility of natural-nitrate degradation in target groundwater wells without multiplex experimental process. In addition, for field-remediation application we selected nitrate-contaminated site where 200~600 mg/L of nitrate is continuously detected. To determine the possibility of nitrate-degradation by stimulated-natural attenuation, groundwater was sampled in two different wells of the site and nitrate concentration of the samples was 300 mg/L and 616 mg/L, respectively. Fumarate for different C/N ratio was added into microcosm bottles containing the groundwater to examine denitrification rate depending on carbon concentration. In the result, once 1.5 times more than amount of fumarate stoichiometry required was added, the 616 mg/L of nitrate and 300 mg/L of nitrate were completely degraded in 8 days and 30 days. The nitrite, byproduct of denitrification process, was also completely degraded during the experimental period.

회분식반응조 실험을 통한 탄소원(Fumarate) 주입조건에 따른 지하수 중 탈질율 및 탈질 관련 기능성 유전자 분석

박선화,김현구,김문수,이경미,전상호,송다희,김덕현,김영,김태승,Park, Sunhwa,Kim, Hyun-Koo,Kim, Moon-su,Lee, Gyeong-Mi,Jeon, Sang-Ho,Song, Dahee,Kim, Deok-hyun,Kim, Young,Kim, Tae-seung 한국지하수토양환경학회 2015 지하수토양환경 Vol.20 No.7

Nitrate is on the most seriou pollutant encountered in shallow groundwater aquifer in agricultural area. There are various remediation technologies such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and biological denitrification to recover from nitrate contamination. Biological denitrification by indigenous microorganism of the technologies has been reviewed and applied on nitrate contaminated groundwater. In this work, we selected the site where the annual nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentration is over 105 mg/L and evaluated denitrification process with sampled soil and groundwater from 3 monitoring wells (MW4, 5, 6). In the results, the nitrate degradation rate in each well (MW 4, 5, and 6) was 25 NO₃⁻ mg/L/day, 6 NO₃⁻ mg/L/day, and 3.4 NO₃⁻ mg/L/day, respectively. Nitrate degradation rate was higher in batch system treated with 2 times higher fumarate as carbon source than control batch system (0.42M fumrate/1M NO₃⁻), comparing with batch system with soil sample. This result indicates that increase of carbon source is more efficient to enhance denitrification rate than addition of soil sample to increase microbial dynamics. In this work, we also confirmed that monitoring method of functional genes (nirK and nosZ) involved in denitrification process can be applied to evaluated denitrifcation process possibility before application of field process such as in-situ denitrification by push-pull test.

연속흐름반응조에서 바이오필름형태의 탈염소화 미생물에 의한 TCE분해 모니터링

박선화,한경진,홍의전,안홍일,김남희,김현구,김태승,김영,Park, Sunhwa,Han, Kyungjin,Hong, Uijeon,Ahn, Hongil,Kim, Namhee,Kim, Hyunkoo,Kim, Taeseung,Kim, Young 한국지하수토양환경학회 2012 지하수토양환경 Vol.17 No.5

A 1.28 L-batch reactor and continuous-flow stirred tank reactor (CFSTR) fed with formate and trichloroethene (TCE) were operated for 120 days and 56 days, respectively, to study the effect of formate as electron donor on anaerobic reductive dechlorination (ARD) of TCE to cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (c-DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and ethylene (ETH). In batch reactor, injected 60 ${\mu}mol$ TCE was completely degraded in the presence of 20% hydrogen gas ($H_2$) in less than 8 days by anaerobic dechlorination mixed-culture (300 mg-soluble protein), Evanite Culture with ability to completely degrade tetrachloroethene (PCE) and -TCE to ETH under anaerobic conditions. Once the formate was used as electron donor instead of hydrogen gas in batch or chemostat system, the TCE-dechlorination rate decreased and acetate production rate increased. It indicates that the concentration of hydrogen produced in both systems is possibly more close to threshold for homoacetogenesis process. Soluble protein concentration of Evanite culture during the batch test increased from 300 mg to 688 mg for 120 days. Through the protein monitoring, we confirmed an increase of microbial population during the reactor operation. In CFSTR test, TCE was fed continuously at 9.9 ppm (75.38 ${\mu}mol/L$) and the influent formate feed concentration increased stepwise from 1.3 mmol/L to 14.3 mmol/L. Injected TCE was accumulated at 18 days of HRT, but TCE was completely degraded at 36 days of HRT without accumulation of the injected-TCE during the left of experiment period, getting $H_2$ from fermentative hydrogen production of injected formate. Although c-DCE was also accumulated for 23 days after beginning of CFSTR operation, it reached steady-state in the presence of excessive formate. We also evaluated microbial dynamic of the culture at different chemical state in the reactor by DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis).

『허랜드』와 『클레프트족 이야기』: 남성 서술자가 바라본 여성만의 나라

박선화 ( Sunhwa Park ) 한국현대영미소설학회 2020 현대영미소설 Vol.27 No.3

This paper aims to examine Gilman and Lessing’s intention of creating a world of only women with parthenogenesis. This feminist utopian world is observed and represented by male narrators who are unreliable for they just rely on their memories and archives about the stories. In Herland, women have managed their land with parthenogenesis for 2,ooo years; with the visit of three American men, this land faces with turmoil, which makes the women plan to restore the society of both sexes they used to have. In The Cleft, the women as an original organism consist of their generations with parthenogenesis while killing every boy-baby at birth; the women-only land, however, is dismantled by a group of male survivors, which causes the women’s loss of their ability of parthenogenesis. In Herland and The Cleft, the male narrators reveal the suppression and violence of the patriarchical system toward the women. On the other hand, they criticize the women’s atrocity and violence towards the boy-babies and the lowest girls. This paper argues that regardless of the time difference of about 90 years, Gilman and Lessing’s narrators propose the harmonious coexistence of the both sexes by capturing the limitations and possibilities of the women-only land.

영미권 대학 신입생 교육 비교 연구

박선화(Park Sunhwa),이연주(Lee Yeonjoo) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2020 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.20 No.4

최근 국내·외 대학들은 대학의 경쟁률 제고 및 신입생 학습동기 향상과 공동체 의식을 함양하는 신입생 교육에 대한 관심을 기울이고 있다. 본 연구는 국내 대학의 신입생 교육 발전을 위하여 미국, 영국, 호주 대학의 신입생 교육 경향을 분석하고, 우수 사례를 조사하였다. 이를 위해 신입생 교육의 선두주자인 미국에서 우수한 사례로 선정된 대학들을 조사하였다. 또한 영어권 국가 중 다른 문화적 전통을 가진 영국과 호주 대학의 사례와 비교 분석하였다. 비교 분석 결과 다음과 같은 결론에 도달하였다. 첫째, 신입생 교육은 과거 단일 오리엔테이션이나 세미나 형태에서 체계적으로 통합된 교육과정으로 발전하는 경향을 보였다. 둘째, 대학생활 정보와 같은 단순 정보전달 교육은 온라인기반 정보 전달로 빠르게 대체되는 추세를 보였다. 셋째, 해외 우수 사례 대학들은 전통적 교육의 형태에서 벗어나 학교의 비전과 전통을 반영한 형태의 신입생 교육 프로그램을 실시하였다. 특히, 지역사회 참여와 다양한 체험 활동을 통한 선배와의 인간관계 구축이 강조되었다. 넷째, 각 국가의 교육적 전통에 따라 신입생의 성공적 안착을 위한 전공과 학업 상담을 위한 체제는 전문적이고 다양하였다. 이 연구는 FYE프로그램 개발 시 정보통신기술의 발달과 지역사회와의 연계를 고려해야 한다는 시사점을 제시하였다. Recently, domestic and foreign universities have been paying attention to the First Year Experience (FYE) programs, which raises the competition rate of universities, improves the motivation for learning new students, and fosters a sense of community. This study analyzed the trends of FYE in universities in the United States, England, and Australia for the development of FYE in domestic universities, and investigated excellent cases. To that end, universities selected as excellent examples in the United States, a leader in the FYE, were surveyed. It also compared and analyzed the cases of British and Australian universities with different cultural traditions among Anglo-American Culture. Comparative analysis has led to the following conclusions: First, these days the FYE tends to change from a single program of orientation or seminars into a systematically integrative experience linked with various programs. Secondly, overseas universities have quickly adopted online-based systems to provide relevant and simple information for new students, for example, ‘Campus Life’ or ‘School Life’. Thirdly, overseas universities run new FYE programs which reflect their visions and traditions, moving away from traditional education programs; in particular, the universities focus on helping freshmen develop personal relationships with seniors through local community engagement and off-campus social activity. Finally, according to their different traditions of education, each university operates a variety of major courses and counseling programs for their freshmen’s successful settlement in a new campus. This study suggested that the development of ICT and the linkage with the community should be considered when developing the FYE program.

가즈오 이시구로의 『남아있는 나날』과 포스트제국주의 우울증

박선화(Sunhwa Park) 한국동서비교문학학회 2020 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.51

This paper aims to examine Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day through Paul Gilroy’s theory of postimperial melancholia, and then shows that Stevens is a postimperialist who cannot embrace the loss of the Empire but instead insinuates its glory. Gilroy argues that postimperial melancholia results from people’s refusal of acceptance of “the loss of a fantasy of omnipotence” (99), in which the multilayered trauma, political, economic, cultural and psychological, is generated. According to Gilroy, the postimperialists’ inability to mourn the loss of empire induces shame and guilty and on the other hand displays antipathy toward immigrants and aliens. Stevens, as a butler, is unable to conceal his postimperialism, revealing his ethical immaturity about racialism and multiculturalism. He identifies his concept of dignity with Englishness, by advocating the greatness of Lord Darlington who was anti-Semitic or had association with the British Union of Fascists. In this, reading The Remains of the Day through postimperial melancholia reveals that Stevens is unwittingly bound up with the rehomogenization of his lordship and at the same time he tries to adjust to his new American host’s bantering in revitalizing the Darling Hall with American capitalism.

중국의 일대일로(一帶一路) 참여확대 전략 분석: 샤프 파워(Sharp power)를 중심으로

박선화 ( Sunhwa Park ) 한국세계지역학회 2019 世界地域硏究論叢 Vol.37 No.3

본 연구는 일대일로 참여국 증가 원인을 규명하기 위해 샤프 파워라는 개념을 적용하여 참여국의 참여배경을 분석하였다. 샤프 파워는 권위주의 체제 국가가 국가이익을 위해 물리적 강제력을 사용하지 않고 상대방으로 하여금 내가 원하는 것을 하게하는 능력이다. 이는 조작, 강요, 협박, 압박이 결합된 규칙을 사용하여 자기검열을 촉진하고 국내행동을 강요하며 해외여론을 조작 및 강압, 설득하는 방식으로 이루어진다. 중국은 공산당의 체제정당화를 위해 거대자본을 이용한 경제적 지원과 화교커뮤니티, 공자아카데미, 정치 및 언론 등을 이용하여 중국에 대한 유리한 정보를 조장한다. 중국의 일대일로는 상호의존과 공공이익 추구를 통한 평화발전을 강조하지만 실제로는 참여국의 과도한 부채와 중국에게 종속되는 채무함정 등 여러 문제를 야기하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 일대일로에 참여하는 국가는 증가하고 있다. 중국은 샤프 파워의 정치권력, 강압, 설득, 유인, 문화와 언어 등의 방법을 통해 상대국에서의 중국과 일대일로에 대한 인식을 조장하고 왜곡하여 마침내 이들의 참여를 이끌어 낸다. 이에 본 연구는 최근 일대일로에 참여한 이탈리아의 사례를 통해 이를 분석하였다. This study analyzed the participation background of participating countries by applying the concept of Sharp Power to identify the cause of increase in participating countries One Belt One Road. Sharp Power is the ability of an authoritarian state to make the other person do what I want without using physical force for national interests. This is done by promoting self-censorship, forcing domestic action, and manipulating and coercion overseas public opinion using rules that combine manipulation, coercion, intimidation, and pressure. China promotes favorable information about China by using economic support using huge capital and Chinese community, Confucius Academy, politics and media for the justification of the Communist Party. China emphasizes peaceful development through mutual dependence and pursuit of public interests, but in fact it causes various problems such as excessive debt of participating countries and debt trap subordinate to China. Nevertheless, the number of countries participating in One Belt One Road is increasing. China encourages and distorts the perception of China and One Belt One Road in other countries through the methods of political power, coercion and attraction, culture and language of Sharp Power, and finally leads their participation. This study analyzed the cases of Italy which recently participated in One Belt One Road routes.

『클레프트족 이야기』에 재현된 선사시대와 로마시대의 여성관

박선화(Sunhwa Park) 한국동서비교문학학회 2016 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.38

This paper aims to examine various views of gender between the prehistoric age and the Roman period in Doris Lessing’s The Cleft. Lessing’s hypothesis is that the primal human stock was probably female. This reversed story of biblical myth is narrated by a male historian, Transit, in the time of Nero. Studying the documents hidden and suppressed throughout human history, Transit tells of a Cleft community consisting of a parthenogenetic race of proto-female creatures, who abandon, mutilate or kill boy babies because of their different body shape. Conversely, some of the boy babies who survive with the help of their brother eagles form a male community called the Squirts, and then fight against the females due to their gender difference. To show this, Transit adopts multiple points of view, which belongs to a historiographic metafiction, in fragmented memories of the Cleft and Squirts. With this, Transit indicates that in The Cleft history and fiction have porous genres, and re-writing the past is to inscribe his or her subjectivity into history. Focusing on this style of Lessing’s writing, this paper represents individual and imperialistic violence caused by the Cleft or Squirts as well as the Romans. With this, the novel seems to show the deepest roots of human violence. However, Lessing highlights the self-destructive results of their extreme violence. With the analysis of the perspectives of different time periods, I argue Lessing suggests women and men are equal and in mutual need of each other by elucidating the growth of empathetic understanding between them.

레싱의 『순진한 테러리스트』와 헤테로토피아

박선화(Park, Sunhwa) 건국대학교 스토리앤이미지텔링연구소 2012 스토리&이미지텔링 Vol.4 No.-

이 논문에서는 도리스 레싱의 『순진한 테러리스트』에 재현된 이데올로기와 권력 관계에 초점을 두고서 헤테로토피아로서의 스쾃하우스를 살펴본다. 이를 읽어내기 위해 르페브르와 푸코의 헤테로토피아의 개념을 규명한다. 헤테로토피아는 일상공간이나 장소와는 상반되는 반-공간이다. 여주인공 앨리스는 런던의 한 버려진 주택을 그녀만의 새로운 공간으로 탈바꿈시키고자 한다. 그녀는 자신의 헌신으로 거주자들에게 행복을 가져다 줄 것으로 믿는 반면, 게이, 레즈비언, 흑인, 여성, 노동자 계급으로 구성된 구성자들은 각자의 목적과 필요에 의해 스쾃하우스의 불법점유를 주장한다. 여기서 스쾃하우스는 주거지로 재형성되는 새로운 변화의 가능성을 지닌 헤테로토피아로 기능한다. 하지만 동시에 이 스쾃하우스는 가족의 삶을 파괴하는 장소이기도 하다. 구성원들은 죽거나, 자살하거나, 아니면 축출 당한다. 무엇보다도 이 스쾃하우스는 구성원을 수용, 배제하는 헤테로토피아 기능을 수행한다. 그래서 앨리스는 필요로 하는 자들에게 거주지를 제공하지만 궁극적으로 모든 구성원들을 축출하고 주택을 혼자 독차지한다. 이제 그녀는 다시 새로운 스쾃하우스를 찾아 변모시킬 계획을 세운다. 이런 점에서, 레싱의 스쾃하우스를 찾아 변모시킬 계획을 세운다. 이런 점에서, 레싱의 스쾃하우스는 해체와 생성을 반복하는 푸코의 헤테로토피아로 읽을 수 있을 것이다. This paper aims to explore the squat house as a heterotopia by focusing on the interplay of ideologies and power relations in Doris Lessing"s The Good Terrorist. Based on Lefebvre and Foucault, the paper looks into the notion of the heterotopia, which is a counter space in that it is different from normal spaces or places, and Alice"s attempts to create her new place using an abandoned house in London. As a revolutionary, she tries to transform the house into a new other space for the revolution of society. While she believes that her devotion and effort can bring the residents harmony and happiness, the residents of gays, lesbians, blacks, women and work people claim their adverse possession of the house. This squat house functions as a heterotopia in that it retains the possibility of initiating a new change which is represented in the re-formation of the house. However, the squat house, at the same time, functions as a heterotopia in that it can destroy its family life, for example, Philip is killed, Paye attempts to kill herself and then finally is blown away by a bomb, and Jim it falsely suspected and got rid of from the house. Above all, the house functions as a heterotopia in that it has the function of opening and closure of the house based on its own exclusive system. In the house Alice opens the house for people in need but at the end she breaks up the party ; she feels better when she is in command of everything; and she looks forwards to starting a new squat house. In this point, a Foucauldian heterotopia is de-constructed as well as de-centered.

마커 기반 증강 현실 환경의 마커 검출 단계에서 떨림 문제 개선

박선화(Sunhwa Park),한탁돈(Tackdon Han) 한국HCI학회 2010 한국HCI학회 학술대회 Vol.2010 No.1

본 논문에서는 마커 기반 증강현실에서 마커 위에 가상 객체가 증강되었을 때, 떨리는 문제가 사각형 마커의 좌표 값이 올바르게 검출되지 않는다고 판단하여 이를 개선하기 위한 알고리즘을 제안한다. 먼저 마커의 사각형 영역을 올바르게 검출하기 위하여 OpenCV 라이브러리가 제공하는 CvApproxPoly 함수를 통해 근사화된 선분이 사각형의 기하학적 특징을 이용하는 방법과 사각형의 네 점과 벡터 내적을 이용하여 좌표 평면에서 사각형 너비의 최대 값을 구해 추출하는 방법을 사용하여 어떤 알고리즘이 사각형을 검출하는데 효율적인지 비교하였다. 뿐 만 아니라, 임계 값 적용 알고리즘을 사용하여 마커의 좌표 값을 보정해서 떨림 문제의 원인을 제거하였다. 실험을 통하여 제안하는 알고리즘이 마커 검출 과정에서 떨림 문제를 개선하는 데에 효과적인 것을 확인할 수 있다. In this paper, we propose algorithms that can improve a jittering problem when a virtual object is augmented on a marker in a marker based system. We believe the reason of jittering is that the system cannot detect the right coordinates continuously. Firstly, we use two different algorithms to detect a square area. One approximates the lines and decides whether it is a square or not through geometric features by using CvApproxPoly function provided by the OpenCV library. Another algorithm decides the square area through maximum value of the square width coordinates by using the four of the points from the square and an inner vector. Besides, threshold value adaptation can revise the coordinates of the marker, so the problem of jittering can be removed. Through an experiment, therefore, the proposed algorithms in a marker detection step are efficient for solving the jittering problem.