김일엽 시의 자의식과 求道의 글쓰기

김현자(Kim Hyun-Ja) 한국시학회 2003 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.9

Kim, Il-lyeop, together with Na, Hye-seok, and Kim, Myeong-soon, is one of the first modern women writers in Korea, who opened a way for women at that time to participate in the literary circles and to have their own jobs, breaking the shackles of deep-rooted, closed norms of the society. However, in spite of her leading role as a woman writer, Kim, Il-lyeop's works have not been paid serious attention to. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate her poetic world that has not been fully examined. What is noticed here is that we explore various poetic features and peculiar methodological development patterns she used in her poems, with respect to ontological awareness of femininity, to imagery orientation, and to optimistic point of view discovered in her works. First, her ontological realization of femininity is reflected only suggestively in her works. Looking at her early poems in the magazine "Shinyeoja"(new women), we can perceive her sense of the times only in a comparatively abstract, somewhat vague manner, i.e. through her linking the advent of new era with an image of spring. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that those poems in the magazine "Shinyeoja" represent the sense of the times and the consciousness of social involvement as a woman which were absolutely pioneering at that time of the day. Since the discontinuance of issuing the magazine "Shinyeoja," Kim's works which sing praise of a new era with the rhythm of 7.5, or 4.4, faced both substantial and formal changes. Especially in the substantial part, distinguished from the earlier works to convey something enlightening, her later verses concentrate on individual emotions such as solitude, agony, re￢morse, and yearning, as well as the passion and energy of the youth. Maintaining a single poetic voice of inner monologue, her works in this period can be phrased into the following: "the rhetoric of spring flowers." Next, the image of fire in the poems of Kim, Il-lyeop displays a kind of variation: it sometimes symbolizes a hearty laughter, fire burning allover the earth, or the torch which the Budda himself lit to incite ordinary people to pursue the truth. This kind of alternation of images of fire is in close accordance with the transformation of the poet's consciousness, that is, the progress from the emphasis on social enlightenment, to immerging into the individual emotion and passion, and finally to attaining the stage of unfathomable insight and spiritual awakening through the discovery of the absolute The Other, "Nim." Lastly, the poems written after her determination to be a monk, constantly reveal her ascetic attitude in seeking for the truth, though embracing the troubles in this world. They vividly show what a person will be like after burning her youth to the ashes, and eventually realizing the essence of life, and how optimistic her point of view can be. To sum up, Kim, Il-lyeop strived to live an independent life in such a period when women were considered to be subordinate to men in their private and social lives, and also persisted to sing the praises of liberty through the construction of her own literary world. Those efforts for liberty meant an attempt to free from the oppression of Japanese colonialism, a liberal expression of woman's desires and emotions curbed under the patriarch ideology, and sometimes a search for the ontological freedom toward the eternity and the universe. Conclusively, her writings as well as her life display the poet's endeavor to persue the freedom of body and spirit in the closed society, which are expressed as a cry for enlightenment, as a clamor against the discrimination of sex, as a remorse and a monologue resulting from the disappointing reality, and finally as so hearty a laughter as to seemingly burn out all over the earth.

도서관법개정법률안 제안 설명서

김현자,Kim, Hyeon-Ja 한국도서관협회 1987 圖協會報 Vol.28 No.5

한 농촌지역 주민에서 성, 연령 및 Helicobacter pylori 감염 여부에 따른 위축성 위염과 장상피화생 유병률

김현자,최보율,변태준,은창수,송규상,김용성,한동수,Kim, Hyun-Ja,Choi, Bo-Youl,Byun, Tae-Joon,Eun, Chang-Soo,Song, Kyu-Sang,Kim, Yong-Sung,Han, Dong-Soo 대한예방의학회 2008 예방의학회지 Vol.41 No.6

Objectives ; The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia according to gender, age and Helicobacter pylori infection in a rural population in Korea. Methods: Between April 2003 and January 2007, 713 subjects (298 men and 415 women, age range: 18-85) among the 2,161 adults who participated in a population-based survey received gastrointestinal endoscopy. All the subjects provided informed consent. Multiple biopsy specimens were evaluated for the presence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. The presence of Helicobacter Pylori was determined using CLO and histology testing. Results ; The age-adjusted prevalence of atrophic gastritis was 42.7% for men and 38.1% for women and the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia was 42.5% for men and 32.7% for women. The prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia increased significantly with age for both men and women (p for trend<0.001). The age-adjusted prevalence of Helicobacter pylori was similar for men (59.0%) and women (56.7%). The subjects with Helicobacter pylori infection showed a significantly higher prevalence of intestinal metaplasia (44.3%) compared with that (26.8%) of the noninfected subjects (p<0.001). However, the prevalence of atrophic gastritis was not statistically different between the Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects and the noninfected individuals. Conclusions : Our findings suggest that the prevalence of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia is higher for a Korean rural population than that for a Western population; this may be related to the high incidence of gastric cancer in Koreans. Especially, the prevalence of intestinal metaplasia was high for the subjects with Helicobacter pylori infection. The multistep process of gastric carcinogenesis and the various factors contributing to each step of this process need to be determined by conducting future follow-up studies.

LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) 열형광선량계를 사용한 $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}^-$선의 수중 흡수선량 측정

김현자,정운혁,이우교,도시홍,Kim, Hyun-Ja,Chung, Woon-Hyuk,Lee, Woo-Gyo,Doh, Sih-Hong 대한방사선방어학회 1990 방사선방어학회지 Vol.15 No.2

새로 개발한 LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) 열형광선량계를 사용하여 $^{60}Co$ 원격조사장치에 의한 수중흡수선량을 측정하였다. 공기중 조사선량으로 부터 TLD 공동의 흡수선량 교정인자($D_{TLD}$/TL)를 결정하였고, 수중흡수선량은 TLD 공동의 흡수선량을 측정하여 공동이론에 의해 해석하였다. $10{\times}10cm^2$ 및 $5{\times}10cm^2$의 빔 크기에서 팬텀내 여러지점에 대하여 LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) TLD로 수중흡수선량을 결정하고 동일한 위치에서 NE 2561 전리함을 사용하여 측정한 값과 비교한 결과, LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) TLD의 측정오차$({\pm}3%)$ 범위내에서 잘 일치 하였다. 빔의 크기가 $5{\times}5cm^2$, $10{\times}10cm^2$ 및 $30{\times}30cm^2$인 경우에 깊이-선량 백분율과 팬텀-공기 선량비를 측정하였으며 이 값들은 British Journal of Radiology(1983)의 데이터와 잘 일치하였다. Newly developed LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) thermoluminescence phosphors sealed in a plastic capsules (32mm dia., 0.9mm wall thickness) were used for in-phantom dosimetry of $^{60}Co$ $\gamma$-irradiation. The absorbed doses in water were determined by applying the general cavity theory to the absorbed dose in TLD cavity, which was computed from exposure. The absorbed doses at various sites in the water-phantom were measured by LiF(Mg, Cu, Na, Si) TLD and compared with doses obtained by the ionization method. Both results were consistent within the experimental fluctuation$({\pm}3%)$ Central axis percentage depth doses and phantom-air ratios measured by LiF(Mg. Cu, Na, Si) TLD showed good agreement with the published values[Br. J. Radiology, Suppl. 17(1983)].

암의 조기발견을 위한 CT촬영에서의 임상적 효능과 방사선위해에 대한 고찰

김현자,Kim, Hyun Ja 대한방사선방어학회 2013 방사선방어학회지 Vol.38 No.4

MDCT의 등장과 함께 병적 증상이 없는 개인이 조기검진을 위해 CT검사를 하는 예가 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 이러한 검사의 임상적 효용성과 방사선에 의한 암 발생위험에 대한 여러 가지 논란을 살펴보았다. 1. 저선량흉부CT(LDCT)를 이용한 폐암의 조기 검진 효용성을 보기 위해 설계된 무작위배정대조검사(randomized controlled trial)인 NLST(National Lung Screening Trial)의 분석 결과, CT선별검사가 선별검사를 하지 않은 그룹의 사망률 1.67%를 1.33%로, 20% (p=0.004) 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. CT선별검사군에서 양성결과를 보인 사람의 96.4%는 위양성(false-positive)이었다. 그리고 방사선에 의한 폐암의 ERR (excess radiation risk)은 다른 고형암과는 달리 나이와 함께 감소하지 않으며, 더욱이 흡연 위험과 방사선 위험이 상승작용을 하여 폐암 검진 대상인 고위험군에게 더욱 위험할 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 방사선에 의한 위험이 NLST에서 관측한 이득을 상쇄할 수도 있다. 아직은 최적의 전략이 확립되지 않은 상태이므로 임상에서 광범위하게 적용하기에는 한계가 있다. 2. 대장CT검사(CT colonography)는 10 mm보다 큰 용종의 검출에는 정확도가 뛰어나지만 이보다 작은 경우에는 민감도와 특이도가 급격히 감소하고, 용종이 발견되어 제거하고자 하는 경우 다시 기존의 대장내시경을 이용해야 하는 불편함이 있다. 현재 대장CT검사 1회 시행의 평균유효선량은 약 8-10 $mS{\nu}$로 보고되어, 만약 이 검사가 많은 사람들을 대상으로 일상적으로 행해지면 공중보건에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 집단검진 방법으로 정착하기 위해서 는 용종 크기 6-10 mm 범위에서 높은 민감도와 특이도를 확립하고, 하제를 사용하지 않는 방법을 개발하여야 하며, 선량을 더 감소시킬 수 있는 최적화된 전략을 세워 표준화하여야만 한다. 3. 전신CT검사는 그 효용성이 검증된 선행연구가 없는 상태이다. 이 검사는 약 90%의 검사자들에게서 최소한 하나 이상의 이상소견을 확인하였지만 그 중 약 2%만이 임상적으로 중요한 질환으로 판명되었다. 전신CT검사 1회 시행으로 인한 평균유효선량은 약 12 $mS{\nu}$이며 45세부터 75세까지 매년 검사를 받는 경우 LAR (lifetime attributable risk)이 1.9%로 보고되었다. 현재 의학계의 어떤 단체도 이 검사를 권고하고 있지 않다. 현재까지 CT선별검사는 정당화에 대한 충분한 논의를 위해 심도 있는 다양한 연구가 필요하며 최적화된 프로토콜이 확립된 후 이용하는 것이 바람직하다. Computed tomographic scan as a screening procedures in asymptomatic individuals has seen a steady increase with the introduction of multiple-raw detector CT scanners. This report provides a brief review of the current controversy surrounding CT cancer screening, with a focus on the radiation induced cancer risks and clinical efficacy. 1. A large study of patients at high risk of lung cancer(the National Lung Screening Trial[NLST]) showed that CT screening reduced cancer deaths by 20%(1.33% in those screened compared with 1.67% in those not screened). The rate of positive screening tests was 24.2% and 96.4% of the positive screening results in the low-dose CT group were false-positive. Radiation induced lung cancer risk was estimated the most important in screening population because ERR of radiation induced lung cancer does not show the decrease with increasing age and synergistic connection between smoking and radiation risk. Therefore, the radiation risk may be on the same order of magnitude as the benefit observed in the NLST. Optimal screening strategy remain uncertain, CT lung cancer screening is not yet ready for implementation. 2. Computed tomographic colonography is as good as colonoscopy for detecting colon cancer and is almost as good as colonoscopy for detecting advanced adenomas, but significantly less sensitive and specific for smaller lesions and disadvantageous for subsequent therapeutic optical colonoscopy if polyps are detected. The average effective dose from CT colonography was estimated 8-10 $mS{\nu}$, which could be a significant dose if administered routinely within the population over many years. CT colonography should a) achieve at least 90% sensitivity and specificity in the size category from 6 and 10 mm, b) offer non-cathartic bowl preparation and c) be optimized and standardized CT parameters if it is to be used for mass screening. 3. There is little evidence that demonstrates, for whole-body scanning, the benefit outweighs the detriment. This test found large portion of patient(86~90.8%) had at least one abnormal finding, whereas only 2% were estimated to have clinically significant disease. Annual scans from ages 45 to 75 years would accrue an estimated lifetime cancer mortality risk of 1.9%. There is no group within the medical community that recommends whole-body CT. No good studies indicate the accuracy of screening CT, at this time. The benefit/risk balance for any of the commonly suggested CT screening techniques has yet to be established. These areas need further research. Therefore wild screening should be avoided.

한국시 전통의 계승과 확장

김현자(Kim Hyun-Ja) 한국시학회 2008 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.22

This paper aims at exploring the archetypical identification and the tradition of Korean poetry through its sense of space and time, its sense of poetic distance and the point of views in it. The orientation toward dissolution of time frame and spacial boundaries has become a typical Korean way of thinking, or a typical framework of the Koreans. And the breaking-up of spacial thresholds is closely connected with the disruption of the boundaries between self and others in Korean literature and makes the discourse complicated in which self can be others and vice versa. This kind of spacial consciousness has been a poetic tradition in Korean poetry, expressed in call and response songs and by some literary parallelism. And these two poetic structures in turn take the readers to the poetic context, display multiple point of views in poems. form so-called 'Dialigizitat' and let the readers have extended experiences. This sort of poetic tradition has been maintained by the poets from Kim, So-Wol, Han, Yong-Woon, Yoon, Dong-Ju, and Yu, Chi-Whan through the poets like Park, Mok-Wol, Park, Doo-lin, Cho, Ji-Hoon, Kim, Kwang-Sub, and recently to Oh, Kyu-Won. The circular view of time which has been typical in Eastern culture contrasting to the linear view of time in Western culture, is also pervasive in Korean poems. Alongside with the circular view originated from the philosophical concepts like karma and regeneration, eternity of time. too, is one of the general characteristics consisting Korean poetic beauty and is embodied in a large number of poems written by Lee, Yuk-Sa, Seo, Jeong-Ju, Shin, Suk-Jeong, Park, Yong-Rae, Park, Jae-Sam, Kim, Kwang-Rim, Hwang, Dong-Kyu and Cheong, Hyun-Jong etc. Besides, various 'integrated' versions of time consciousness can be found in the poems of Lee, Sang where the linear time consciousness of Western culture has been modified in a Korean manner and in the works of some female poets such as Kim, Hye-Soon and Koh, Jeong-Hee who pursue a feminist solidarity through the images of mother, home and body. The sense of time the women poets have sometimes appears in forms of time trips to seek the archetypical attachment objects like mother, home or hometown and during the trips they delve into the essence of existence and life, speculating death. Korean poems extend the present by means of juxtaposing the present, the past and the future, with connecting some moments to others, and linking unrelated things together. Therefore the poets overcome fragmentation of time, leading it into the eternity, recreating and spiritualizing it. Korean poems do not simply deal with some universal conflicts among the contrasting orientations and dimensions but harmonize them from a poetic distance of beauty. So, it is this aesthetic distance in which Kim, So-wol sings songs about the time and space existing between life and death and Seo, Jeong-ju symbolizes the threshold space between the heaven and the earth, and it is also through this poetic distance which they lessen the conflicts between self and others, beyond the threshold spaces and the fragments of time. The poets have finally attained the balanced. positive sense of poetic distance between self and others, here and there, bright and dark side of life, in the result of their endeavor to ultimately go beyond the thresholds and limitations, which can be referred to as 'Mu-ae' (that means 'no limitations' or 'free from impedition') and their efforts to absorb all the thresholds or boundaries and dissolve them into a new unity, which may be referred to as 'Wonyung.' These two concepts are regarded as the archetype of Korean ways of thinking. These classes of manners of speculation extend the Korean tradition of poetry, supplying an energy to dream of harmony among discordances and of reconciliation among separations.

한국 근현대문학에 나타난 가족담론의 전개와 그 의미: 현대시

김현자(Kim Hyoun-ja),엄경희(Um Kyoung-Hee) 한국언어문학회 2003 한국언어문학 Vol.51 No.-

Family has been to be defined as an ambivalent organization having both sides of positivity and negativity. The former could have given protection and security to family and the latter could have repressed individuals in family. This study has discussed an archetypal sense of family and symptoms of familial deconstruction by focusing on this ambivalence of family. In history of the Korean modem & contemporary poetry the keyword 'family' has implied a sensitive atmosphere of history and times. Kim So-Worl's poetry have embodied a familial sense in his poetry as he has recognized family as an archetype and root of self-identity, and have succeeded to its sense as an experience of ethic universality. From 1930s to the Korean Liberation, the most poetry of Paik-Soek and Jung Ji-Yong had contained the tragic experience of the loss of family and homeland, and had sought for wishing persistently to revival of the imagination of familial community and the home-paradise. Through the Korean War after the Liberation, family has been emphasized as an existential being. The poetry of Park Mok-Worl and Soe Jung-Joo have not only relieved the familial sense in daily life by their perspectives into common lives but also emphasized familial functions of purgarion, cure, and reproduction. In difference of Kim So-Worl, Back-Soek, Jung Ji-Yong, Park Mok-Worl, and Soe Jung-Joo, Lee-Sang was to be a poet who had expressed an precursive anti-traditional consciousness by denying the pedigree, the family, the fatally given right of the eldest son, the married relationship, and the like. This was to be in gear with the modem consciousness which had supported individualism. Kim Soo-Young's poetry in deep relation with the urban mechanism in industrial society are to be examples that have shown the agitation of patriarchal dominion by having expressed disunited parental portrays. In industrialized society patriarchs have been to be placed in social proletariat, and then their disunion and contradiction in Kim Soo-Young's poetry have related deeply with the principle of exchange value which has been to be a dominant value in this industrialized society. After the midst of 1980s, fathers, as non-ethical, impotent, absent fathers, or disturbers threatening their families, have occupied in the center of the familial discourses. Especially, do-nothing fathers in poetry of Lee Soeng-Bok and Ki Hyoung-Dau have been highlighted as negative beings who have pushed their families into the breakdown. These familial discourses in the Korean modem & contemporary poetry have shown what have been first question and recognition about an existence appeared in the relation between an archetypical function of family and the 'I' having been placed as a member of that family. These question and recognition have very important meanings in terms of having offered a relationship between 'I' and a group, and the existential foundation of them. And, symptoms of familial deconstruction with radical changes of history have asked us what could be a new ideal model of life. The deconstruction has contained both positivity and negativity in terms of which has contained both crisis and possibility of new life. The phenomena in transitional period with familial deconstruction have signified by showing the possibility to be energy in order that poets' sensitive consciousness about the problem of a relationship among family, group and individual, and blood and non-blood as a society and its infra-unity may produce a better structure of life.

경기도내 어린이공원의 토양오염실태 연구

김웅수(Woongsoo Kim),송일석(Ilseok Song),신종현(Jonghyun Shin),오천환(Cheonhwan Oh),김은아(Eunah Kim),김극태(Keugtae Kim),김현자(Hyunja Kim),김종수(Kim, Jongsu Kim),최윤호(Yunho Choi) 한국환경보건학회 2017 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.43 No.3

Objectives: The pollution status of heavy metals within the soil was investigated with an aim to establishing a sustainable soil environment within parks and amusement facilities installed in urban areas of Gyeonggi–do Province. Methods: As sampling sites, 14 locations were selected from a city with a number of factories near a residential area, a residential area, and a children s park in a city with mixed green areas. Seven kinds of heavy metals, including Cd, Pb, and Hg, and the pH of soil were analyzed three times by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Results: In this study, the pH of the samples from the residential park and industrial park showed 5.7-6.5 and 5.9-7.0, respectively. The overall mean concentration (mg/kg) of heavy metals was Zn (132.8), Ni (73.0), Cu (47.4), Pb (35.9), As (4.84), Cd (0.39), and Hg (0.07), indicating that these concentrations of heavy metals were lower than those for the area 1 standard of soil pollution concern criteria. In addition, the sampling sites in the residential area and the industrial area also showed the same tendency for concentration distribution. Conclusions: We found that the soil pollution class (SPC) of some spots were over 200, which are third and fourth classes. In order to manage a sustainable soil environment in a city park, it is suggested that local governments, the management bodies for these parks, need to manage, supervise, and investigate soil pollution and quickly replace contaminated soil.

유아교사 전문성 관련 논의의 접근방법과 내용 분석

김현자(Kim Hyon-Cha) 한국열린유아교육학회 2008 열린유아교육연구 Vol.13 No.5

본 연구는 주로 국내에서 진행되어온 유아교사의 전문성 관련 논의들을 비판적으로 검토함으로써 유아교사의 전문성에 대한 개념의 재정립과 후속 연구의 방향 설정에 기초를 제공하고자 하였다. 유아교사의 전문성 관련 논의들은 접근방법 면에서는 교직전문성의 탐색, 유아교직과 교사에 대한 당위적?처방적 전문성 탐색, 일원화된 관점에서의 유치원교사와 보육교사 전문성 탐색에 주목하였고, 내용 면에서는 전문성에 대한 유아교사의 인식, 유아교사의 양성체제와 자격제도, 유아교사의 발달, 유아교직의 전문화를 위한 직무수행 요건 등을 중심으로 이루어졌다. 유아교사의 전문성에 대한 다양한 관점에서의 심층적 탐색, 유아교사의 직무와 정체성에 기반한 전문성의 개념 재정립, 그리고 유아교사 전문성의 구성 요건에 대한 탐색 및 전문성 모델 구축, 유아교사의 책무성 논의의 활성화 등이 과제로 제시되었다. By examining debates on professionalism and expertise of early childhood teaching profession, this study attempts to re-conceptualize the expertise of early childhood teachers and provide a direction for future study of the nature of teacher as a professional or an expert. Research on elementary and middle school teaching profession and the teachers mainly dealt with professionalism of teaching profession and presented key elements of teacher expertise from various perspectives. Researchers in expertise of early childhood teachers explored professionalism of early childhood teaching profession, drew an obligatory or prescriptive nature of early childhood teacher as an expert and considered the nature of expertise of kindergarten teachers and child care workers as identical one. Research on expertise of early childhood teachers ranged over such subjects as early childhood teachers' perception of expertise, the system of childhood teacher education and certification, development of early childhood teacher expertise, and professionalization of early childhood teaching profession. Future research needs to be pursued on expertise of early childhood teachers from socio-cultural perspectives, re-conceptualization of expertise based on early childhood teacher's duties and identity, a close conceptual examination of key elements of teacher expertise and the viewpoint justifying identical expertise between kindergarten teachers and child care workers, and the accountability of early childhood teachers.

뒤메질, 인도 - 유럽 신화와 3 기능 이데올로기

김현자(Hyun Ja Kim) 한국종교학연구회 2000 宗敎學硏究 Vol.19 No.-

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