곡류 가공품중의 미생물 오염도 조사

김중범(Jung-Beom Kim),박용배(Yong-Bae Park),강정복(Jeong-Bok Kang),김종찬(Jong-Chan Kim) 대한환경위생공학회 2005 대한환경위생공학회지 Vol.20 No.1

This study was performed to survey distribution of microorganisms and food-borne pathogenic bacterium in order to estimate microbiological safety in seonsik and saengsik. Total aerobic bacteria was detected over 10^5 CFU/g in raw materials(4.3%) and products(35.7%) of saengsik. Coliforms were detected over 10² CFU/g in seonsik products(27.3%) and in raw materials(4.3%) and products(35.7%) of saengsik. Cl. perfringens was detected in saengsik products(4.8%). B. cereus was detected in raw materials(12.5%) and products(18.2%) of seonsik and raw materials(13.0%) and products(23.8%) of saengsik. Concentration and detection rate of microorganisms in products were higher than raw materials.<br/> These results show some food hygiene problems but do not cause food poisoning because concentration of Clostridium perfringens and B. cereus were lower than 10^5 CFU/g.

어린이집 유아 휴대 수저 및 수저집의 미생물학적 위해 분석 및 저감화

김중범(Jung-Beom Kim),박용배(Yong-Bae Park),김기철(Ki-Cheol Kim),김대환(Dae-Hwan Kim),강석호(Suk-Ho Kang),임영식(Young-Sik Lim),박포현(Po-Hyun Park),윤미혜(Mi-Hye Yoon),이정복(Jong-Bok Lee) 한국식품영양과학회 2011 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.40 No.1

어린이집 유아 휴대 수저 및 수저집의 미생물 오염도를 분석하고, 가정과 어린이집에서 수저 및 수저집의 위생 안전성을 확보할 수 있는 세척 방법과 자외선 살균소독 시간을 제시하고자 유아 휴대 수저 36건 및 수저집 42건 등 총 78건을 실험하였다. 수저 36건 중 20건(55.6%), 지퍼형 수저집 20건 중 9건(45.0%), 플라스틱형 수저집 22건 중 13건(59.1%)에서 2.7 log CFU/100 ㎠ 이상의 일반세균수가 검출되어 즉각적인 위생조치를 강구해야 하는 수준으로 조사되었다. 또한, 수저 36건 중 19건(52.8%), 지퍼형 수저집 20건 중 14건(70.0%), 플라스틱형 수저집 22건 중 14건(63.6%)에서 대장균군이 검출되어 어린이집 유아 휴대 수저 및 수저집에 대한 위생조치가 요구되며, 가장 높은 위해수준을 나타낸 지퍼형 수저집에 대한 각별한 주의가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 수저와 플라스틱형 수저집에서는 실험한 모든 식중독 미생물이 검출되지 않았으나, 지퍼형 수저집 20건 중 2건 (10.0%)에서 Staph. aureus가 검출되었고, 3건(13.6%)에서 B. cereus가 검출되어 지퍼형 수저집이 식중독 미생물 오염에 가장 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 세척 방법에 따른 미생물 저감화 효과를 실험한 결과 수세미에 주방세제를 첨가하여 30초간 세척한 후 30초간 흐르는 수돗물로 세척했을 경우 수저, 지퍼형 및 플라스틱형 수저집 모두 대장균이 검출되지 않았다. 따라서 가정에서 수저 및 수저집을 1분 이상 깨끗이 세척, 건조시켜야 될 것으로 판단되었다. 자외선 살균소독시간에 따른 미생물 저감화 효과를 실험한 결과 15분 살균시 대장균이 검출되지 않아 어린이집에서 수저 및 수저집을 15분 이상 자외선 살균소독기로 살균할 경우 대장균을 제어할 수 있을 것으로 판단되나, 각 어린이집의 자외선 살균소독기의 램프 출력량과 살균대상 수저집의 수량을 고려하여 각각의 제조사가 제시하는 자외선 살균소독기 권장살균시간 이상 수저 및 수저집을 살균하여 제공하여야할 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to investigate the microbiological hazard of spoons and their cases carried by nursery school children and to evaluate the reduction effects of washing methods and ultraviolet (UV) treatments against Escherichia coli on the spoon and spoon case. A total of 78 spoons and their cases were sampled to test about total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp. Total aerobic bacteria were detected over 2.7 log CFU/100 ㎠ in 20 out of 36 spoons (55.6%), 9 out of 20 zipper-type spoon cases (45.0%) and 13 out of 22 plastic-type spoon cases (59.1%). Coliform bacteria were also detected in 19 out of 36 spoons (52.8%), 14 out of 20 zipper-type spoon cases (70.0%) and 14 out of 22 plastic-type spoon cases (63.6%). The pathogens tested in this study were not found in all samples except for the zipper-type spoon cases which were contaminated with Staph. aureus (2 samples) and B. cereus (3 samples). The results indicated that the sanitary conditions of spoons and their cases should be improved promptly. To evaluate the reduction effects of washing methods and UV treatments against E. coli, the spoons and their cases were treated at different cleaning times with and without soap, and different UV exposure times, respectively. E. coli with initial cell number of 4 log CFU on the spoons and their cases was not detected when they were cleaned at running water for 30 sec after dish sponging with soap for 30 sec. In UV treatments, E. coli with the same level of washing method was not detected after UV exposure for 15 minute in the spoons and their cases. From the results, the washing and UV treatment should be used to control the microbial contamination of spoons and their cases for more than 1 and 15 minutes, respectively.

보육시설 급식실 실내 환경에서 분리된 식중독 미생물의 항생제 내성 특성

김중범,김종찬,Kim, Jung-Beom,Kim, Jong-Chan 한국환경보건학회 2012 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.38 No.5

Objectives: This study was performed in order to evaluate antibiotic resistance and analyze the multiple antibiotic resistance of food-borne pathogens isolated from indoor air and an air cleaner at a lunch room in a child care center. Methods: An antibiotic test of food-borne pathogens, including four Staphylococcus aureus and 23 Bacillus cereus was conducted through the disk diffusion method from Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Results: All Staph. aureus was resistant to Ampicillin and Penicillin, while B. cereus was also resistant to Ampicillin, Cefepime and Penicillin. All isolates showed Vancomycin susceptibility but three out of four Staph. aureus and all B. cereus were resistant to Oxacillin. Staph. aureus and B. cereus presented two or more multiple antibiotic resistances. Conclusions: The results indicated that food-borne pathogens isolated from indoor air and an air cleaner at a lunch room in a child care center showed multiple antibiotic resistances. The repeated control of indoor environment quality is required and continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistant strains is demanded.

보육시설 급식실 실내공기에서 분리된 식중독 세균의 독소 유전자 및 독소 생산 특성

김중범,김종찬,Kim, Jung-Beom,Kim, Jong-Chan 한국환경보건학회 2012 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.38 No.6

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the microbiological contamination of the indoor air of the lunchrooms at child care centers and investigate the toxin genes and toxin production ability of food-borne pathogens. Methods: A total of 64 child care centers were sampled to test total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, fungi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp. according to the Korea Food Code. All toxin genes of pathogens were detected using the Polymerase Chain Reaction method. The Sthaph. aureus enterotoxin was detected by a Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin-reversed passive latex agglutination kit. The heamolysin BL (HBL) and non-heamolytic enterotoxin (NHE) produced by B. cereus were detected using a B. cereus enterotoxin-reversed passive latex agglutination kit and Bacillus diarrheal enterotoxin visual immunoassay kit, respectively. Results: The means of total aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria were $1.91{\pm}1.84$ log CFU/plate and $0.47{\pm}0.62$ log CFU/plate, respectively. The mean of fungi also showed $0.59{\pm}0.71$ log CFU/plate. Among the pathogenic bacteria tested in this study, Staphy. aureus and B. cereus were detected in four (6.3%) and 21 (32.8%) out of 64 indoor air samples from lunchrooms in child care centers, respectively. All Staphy. aureus tested in this study possessed no toxin genes and did not produce enterotoxin. The detection rate of nheABC, hblCDA, entFM and ces toxin gene in B. cereus was 100, 57.1, 76.2 and 0%, respectively. B. cereus isolates were classified into four groups according to the presence or absence of toxin genes. The nheABC gene was the major toxin gene among B. cereus tested in this study. The HBL was detected in 11 out of 21 B. cereus isolates (52.4%) and three B. cereus isolates produced NHE (14.3%). Conclusion: The results indicated that the contamination by microorganisms in the indoor air of lunchrooms was unqualified to supply safe catering in child care centers. The ongoing control of indoor air quality is required.

국내산 및 수입산 냉동 송이버섯과 능이버섯의 수분함량과 Drip양 비교

김소망(So-Mang Kim),김경제(Kyeong-Je Kim),조아로(A-Ro Jo),박준기(Jun-Ki Park),조천호(Cheon-Ho Jo),권기성(Kisung Kwon),김중범(Jung-Beom Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2018 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.47 No.4

본 연구는 인위적으로 증량된 냉동 송이버섯 및 능이버섯의 유통을 차단할 방안을 모색하고자 냉동 송이버섯 및 능이버섯에 인위적으로 증량된 첨가물과 수분 및 drip양을 실험하였다. 국내산 및 수입산 냉동 송이버섯 및 능이버섯에 대해 첨가물별 정성시험을 실시한 결과 모두 음성으로 나타나 냉동 송이버섯 및 능이버섯의 인위적 증량을 위해 첨가물이 사용되지 않았음을 확인하였다. 냉동 송이버섯의 수분함량은 국내산이 88.54%로 가장 낮았으며, 연길 90.65%, 티베트 92.75%, 운남 94.88%로 시료 간 유의적 차이를 나타내었고, 능이버섯의 수분함량은 중국산 92.37%, 국내산 91.63%로 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 중국산 냉동 송이버섯을 산지별로 확보하여 해동 후 drip%를 측정한 결과 티베트 및 운남산 냉동 송이버섯이 각각 23.13%, 20.07%, 연길산 냉동 송이버섯이 14.51%, 국내산 냉동 송이버섯이 11.65%로 국내산보다 중국산 냉동 송이버섯에서 다량의 drip이 발생하였다. 냉동 능이버섯의 경우 국내산 20.79%, 중국산 22.69%로 두 집단 간 drip양에 유의적 차이가 없었다. 따라서 국내산 냉동 송이버섯보다 유의적으로 높은 수분함량과 drip양을 나타낸 운남 및 티베트산 냉동 송이버섯의 경우 세척 과정 중 장시간 물 침지를 실시하여 인위적 증량을 하였을 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 생송이버섯을 각각 0.5에서 24시간까지 물 침지한 후 냉동시켜 해동하였을 때 발생한 drip양을 비교한 결과 대조구의 경우 8.84%, 2시간 침지한 경우 21.42%로 물 침지 시간이 증가함에 따라 drip양이 증가하였다. 생능이버섯을 0.5에서 24시간 동안 각각 물 침지하여 drip양을 측정한 결과 침지 시간이 길어질수록 무게가 유의적으로 증가하였다. 따라서 침지 시간에 따른 drip양 변화를 기반으로 인위적 가수 여부를 판단할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 그러나 중국산 냉동 송이버섯의 경우 수입 시 발생할 수 있는 검역문제를 예방하기 위해 물로 세척한 후 냉동하여 수입하는 특징을 가지고 있어 물 침지를 실시하지 않은 냉동 송이버섯의 drip양을 인위적 증량 판별 기준점으로 선정하기 곤란하다. 따라서 내용량이 표시량보다 20% 이상 부족할 경우 행정처분을 가하는 식품위생법과 2시간 이상 물 침지를 실시하여야 drip양이 20%를 초과하는 본 실험결과 및 송이버섯 세척에 2시간 이상 소요되지 않는 세척공정을 고려하여 drip양 20%를 냉동 송이버섯의 인위적 증량 기준점으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. This study investigated the additives and water content used for artificial weight increase in frozen Tricholoma matsutake and Sarcodon aspratus. No additives were detected in mushrooms based on the additives identification test. Moisture content of domestic frozen T. matsutake was lowest at 88.54%, whereas those of Yanji, Tibet, and Yunnan were found to be 90.65%, 92.75%, and 94.88%, respectively. The drip% of frozen T. matsutake in Tibet, Yunnan, and Yanji were 23.13%, 20.07%, and 14.51%, respectively, whereas drip% of domestic frozen T. matsutake was 11.65%. The drip% of frozen S. aspratus was 20.79% of Korean and 22.69% of Chinese products, with no significant difference between the two groups. It is suspected that long-term water immersion is carried out during the washing process for frozen T. matsutake from Tibet and Yunnan, which showed significantly higher moisture content and drip% than domestic frozen T. matsutake. Artificial water immersion of raw T. matsutake was performed from 0.5 to 24 hours respectively, followed by freezing and thawing to compare the drip amount. As a result of artificial water immersion of T. matsutake, higher than 20% drip percentage was observed 2 hours after water immersion. Considering that water immersion processes do not take longer than 2 hours to wash mushrooms and food hygiene applies administrative measures when the net weight is 20% or less than the stated quantity, we suggest higher than 20% drip percentage to judge the artificial weight increase in frozen T. matsutake.

국내산과 수입산 송이의 다량 및 미량 미네랄 함량 비교

정희경,김경제,서경순,진성우,고영우,임승빈,하늘이,김중범,Jeong, Hee-Gyeong,Kim, Kyung-Je,Seo, Kyoung-Sun,Jin, Seong-Woo,Koh, Young-Woo,Im, Seung-Bin,Ha, Neul-I,Kim, Jung-Beom 한국식품위생안전성학회 2022 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.37 No.5

The mineral content of Tricholoma matsutake was evaluated for comparison of mineral contents according to the area of cultivation. Ten domestic and thirty Chinese (10 Yanji, 10 Yunnan and 10 Tibet) T. matsutake specimens were assessed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The Na, Mg, K, and Ca contents of domestic T. matsutake were 128.12±85.25 mg/kg, 218.52±105.35 mg/kg, 7,534.58±2,691.52 mg/kg, and 17.69±7.14 mg/kg, respectively, while those of Yanji T. matsutake were 124.89±57.24 mg/kg, 64.07±27.52 mg/kg, 1,439.18±311.04 mg/kg, and 10.88±4.52 mg/kg, respectively. The Na, Mg, K, and Ca contents of Yunnan T. matsutake were 90.78±23.23 mg/kg, 77.40±28.36 mg/kg, 1,446.29±126.33 mg/kg, and 28.42±5.18 mg/kg respectively, while those of Tibet T. matsutake were 143.50±41.54 mg/kg, 124.64±50.18 mg/kg, 3,530.95±2,714.99 mg/kg, and 21.05±8.71 mg/kg, respectively. The Cu contents of domestic, Yanji, Yunnan, and Tibet T. matsutake were 105.43±32.97 mg/kg, 19.92±8.95 mg/kg, 54.51±16.91 mg/kg, and 64.80±23.01 mg/kg, respectively. Both domestic and Chinese T. matsutake samples showed significantly different K, Mg, and Cu levels in this study. Therefore, a comparative evaluation of the K, Mg, and Cu contents of multiple domestic and Chinese T. matsutake varieties is needed to determine the appropriate area of cultivation in the future.

국내산과 중국산 능이의 미네랄 함량 비교

정희경,김경제,서경순,진성우,고영우,임승빈,하늘이,김중범,Jeong, Hee-Gyeong,Kim, Kyung-Je,Seo, Kyoung-Sun,Jin, Seong-Woo,Koh, Young-Woo,Im, Seung-Bin,Ha, Neul-I,Kim, Jung-Beom 한국버섯학회 2021 한국버섯학회지 Vol.19 No.1

국내산과 중국산 능이에 대한 다량미네랄, 미량미네랄 및 유해중금속 함량을 비교하여 원산지 판별 가능성을 분석하고자 하였다. 능이의 미네랄 함량은 원자흡광광도계(Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, AAS) 및 유도결합플라즈마 질량분석기(Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, ICP-MS)를 사용하여 분석하였다. 국내산 능이의 Na, Mg, K 및 Ca 함량은 각각 170.3±44.0 mg/kg, 81.3±20.8 mg/kg, 1,123.8±274.3 mg/kg 및 12.1± 4.1 mg/kg으로 분석되었으며, 중국산 능이는 각각 112.2±40.8 mg/kg, 297.8±20.9 mg/kg, 10,938.4±2,914.1 mg/kg 및 52.5±27.7 mg/kg으로 분석되어 유의적 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 미량미네랄 및 유해중금속 함량은 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 능이의 원산지 판별 지표 확립을 위하여 향후 다수의 국내산 및 중국산 능이를 사용한 Na, Mg, K 및 Ca 함량 비교분석이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. The mineral contents of domestic and Chinese Sarcodon aspratus were analyzed for comparing the differences in the mineral contents according to the production sites. The mineral contents of 10 domestic and 10 Chinese S. aspratus were analyzed by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The sodium, magnesium, potassium, and calcium contents of domestic S. aspratus were 170.3±44.0 mg/kg, 81.3±20.8 mg/kg, 1,123.8±274.3 mg/kg, and 12.1±4.1 mg/kg, respectively, while those of Chinese S. aspratus were 112.2±40.8 mg/kg, 297.8±20.9 mg/kg, 10,938.4±2,914.1 mg/kg, and 52.5±27.7 mg/kg, respectively. There were no significant differences in the micro mineral contents and hazardous heavy metal contents between domestic and Chinese S. aspratus, while there was a significant difference in the macro mineral contents between domestic and Chinese S. aspratus. Thus, the comparative analyses of the sodium, magnesium, potassium, and calcium contents of many domestic and Chinese S. aspratus are required to determine their production sites in the future.

어린이집 급식실 정수기의 미생물학적 오염 평가

윤미혜,김중범,오혁수,Yoon, Mi-Hye,Kim, Jung-Beom,Oh, Hyuk-Soo 한국식품조리과학회 2012 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.28 No.5

In this study, the prevalence of microbiological hazard on water purifiers at lunchroom in child care center was investigated. A total of 49 water purifiers and their purified cold water were sampled to test about the total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. Total aerobic bacteria was detected over 2.0 log CFU/mL in 6 out of 49 purified cold water (12.2%), ranged from 2.0 to 2.4 log CFU/mL, and the average number of total aerobic bacteria was showed to be 3.3 log CFU/drain spout. The drain spout turned out to be a major contaminant in water purifier and needs to be improved. Coliform bacteria were also detected in 7 out of 49 cold faucets (14.3%) and 7 out of 49 drain spouts (14.3%), but not detected in purified cold water. All samples were not contaminated with the pathogens tested in this study, except for B. cereus, which was contaminated on 2 out of 49 cold faucets (4.1%) and 4 out of 49 drain spouts (8.2%). All of B. cereus isolates produced enterotoxin, such as heamolysin BL enterotoxin (HBL) or non-heamolytic enterotoxin (NHE). The HBL was detected in 5 out of 6 B. cereus isolates (83.3%), including B. cereus PCF-11 and B. cereus PDS-30 isolate only produced NHE (16.7%). These results showed that the sanitary conditions of cold faucets and drain spouts should be improved promptly.

과자류 HACCP의 중요관리점 및 한계기준 개선

김찬영(Chan-Yeong Kim),정은선(Eun-Sun Jeong),오도경(Do-Gyung Oh),정혜진(Hye-jin Jeong),김중범(Jung-Beom Kim) 한국식품과학회 2023 식품과학과 산업 Vol.56 No.2

알코올 농도 및 담금비에 따른 숙성 기간별 매실주의 에틸카바메이트 함량조사

김난영 ( Nan Young Kim ),엄미나 ( Mi Na Eom ),도영숙 ( Young Sook Do ),김중범 ( Jung Beom Kim ),강석호 ( Suk Ho Kang ),윤미혜 ( Mi Hye Yoon ),이정복 ( Jong Bok Lee ) 한국식품저장유통학회(구 한국농산물저장유통학회) 2013 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.20 No.3

매실주의 숙성 중 에틸카바메이트의 발생을 알아보고자 일반 가정에서 담그는 방식으로 매실주와 복분자주를 담아 저장하면서 발생량을 측정하였다. 매실주는 매실과 ㅅㄹ탕 및 19.5°~35°담금주의 담금비를 달리하여 담아, 15일부터 180일까지 15~30일 간격으로 에틸카바메이트의 함량을 분석한 결과 숙성 90일까지 매실을 설탕만으로 숙성한 경우와 복분자주에서 에틸카바메이트는 발생하지 않았으나 매실의 알코올의 농도가 높을수록 에틸카바메이트의 생성량이 증가하였다. 매실과 담금주의 비율을 달리한 결과, 매실보다는 알코올 함량이 에틸카바메이트 발생에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였으며 120~150일 숙성기간이 지나면 서 에틸카바메이트 발생량은 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 90일 숙성 후 여과처리 하였을 경우 여과하지 않았을 경우보다 180일까지 2배가량 높은 에틸카바메이트가 발생하였으나 이들 모두 안전한 수준이었다. This study was designed to investigate the formation of ethyl carbamate (EC) during the ripening of Maesil with sugar and Soju (19.5~35%alcoho contents) using a homemade method. Maesil, sugar and Soju were purchased at ordinary market in June of 2012. The preparation of sample for analysis was conducted by method of Henry et al. The analysis of GC/MS was used SIM mode (m/z 89, 74, 62). Quantification was performed in terms of the 62 ion and was based on an intermal standard procedure. Good linearity was obtained with a regression coefficient (r² = 0.993). Low detection limits (LOD) was achieved 4.31 ug/kg and recovery for alcohol was 74.8%. During 90days, fermentation with sugar was not detected EC (under LOQ). 15 days ripened Maesil wine contained EC between non detected~32.7 ug/kg and 90 days ripened Maesil wine was 19.7~87.4 ug/kg. Higher proportion of Maesil and Soju increased EC contents. EC levels were increased 32.7 ug/kg to 87.4 ug/kg in the ratio of Maesil to 35% alcohol-Soju (1:1). In the ratio of Maesil to 35% alcohol-Soju (1:3) was increased non detected to 69.7 ug/kg. After 90 days, Maesil wine was filtered Maesil through a seive and ripened by 180 days to investigate the formation of EC compared with non filtered. Treatment of filtered, EC contents was much higher level compared with non filtered. Therefore, this result showed that alcohol contents contribute to increase EC formation more than Maesil.