김정은 시대 북한정치의 특징과 전망

김일기(Kim, Il-Gi),이수석(Lee, Su-Suk) 북한학회 2013 북한학보 Vol.38 No.2

이 글은 김정은 시대 북한 정치의 특징을 분석하고 향후 변화를 전망하고 있다. 북한 정치의 특정은 권력구조와 리더십 그리고 통치이념을 중심으로 분석하였다. 먼저, 북한의 권력구조는 수령체제라는 북한 정치체제의 특성에 주목하여 유일영도체계와 함께 권력엘리트의 재편에 초점을 두었다. 김정은 시대 유일영도체계는 김정일 시기에 비해 약해지고 있으며, 권력엘리트들은 당-정-군 모두에서 세대교체가 가속화되고 있다. 둘째, 김정은의 정치적 리더십은 인격적 리더십과 제도적 리더십을 통해 분석하였다. 김정은은 김정일 사망 직후 최고지도자의 지위에 기반한 제도적 리더십을 갖춘 이후, 현재까지 인격적 리더십 확립에 매진하고 있다. 셋째, 북한의 통치이념은 주체사상에서 김일성-김정일주의로 변경되었다. 그리고 북한은 김정은 시대의 실천담론으로서 김정일 애국주의를 확산시키고 있다. 결론적으로, 북한은 김정은 시대의 새로운 비전과 목표를 제시할 것이며, 이를 통해 김정일과의 차별성 및 변화를 모색할 가능성이 높다. This paper analyzes the characteristics of North Korean politics and predicts future changes under Kim Jong-Un era. It is analyzed power structure, political leadership and ruling ideology as the characteristics of North Korean politics. First, The power structure is consist of 'uilyongdochege (monolithic leadership)' and change of power elite. The 'uilyongdochege' has weakened and the replacement of power elite has accelerated compared to Kim Jong-Il era. Second, there were analyzed personal leadership and positional leadership as Kim Jong-un's political leadership. Kim Jong-Un established institutional leadership based on position of supreme leader soon after the death of Kim Jong-Il and has been trying to establish personal leadership. Third, The ruling ideology of North Korea changed from 'Juche Ideology' to 'Kimilsung-Kimjongilism'. And The 'KimJongil Patriotism' is spreading to the entire society as the discourse for practice 'Kimilsung-Kimjongilism'. Finally, North Korea will present a new vision and goals and try to differentiate Kim Jong-Un era from Kim Jong-Il era.

일반논문 : 김정은 체제의 대남정책과 남북관계

김일기 ( Il Gi Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 글로벌정치연구소 2012 글로벌정치연구 Vol.5 No.1

북한은 작년 김정일 사망 이후 권력승계의 속도를 빠르게 진행하여 올해 4월의 제4차 당대표자회와 제12기 제5차 최고인민회의를 통해 김정은 체제를 공식적으로 출범시켰다. 현재 김정은 체제의 대내외 정책 방향은 김정일의 유훈에 따라 진행되고 있으나, 구체적 내용들은 아직 공개되지 않고 있다. 이 연구는 이러한 점에 주목하여 김정은 체제의 대남정책 방향과 남북관계를 전망하였다. 김정은 체제는 북한의 전통적 대남전략 목표인 ``한반도 공산화``를 계승함과 동시에 강온 양면의 이중적 대남정책을 전개할 것이다. 북한의 대남 유화정책은 경제난 해결과 미북 관계 개선 및 6자회담 재개를 위해 전개될 가능성이 높다. 반면, 대남 강경정책은 미북 관계와 북핵 협상 미진, 체제위기 탈피, 남북관계 주도권 확보 차원에서 추진될 가능성이 높다. 김정은 시대의 남북관계는 북한의 이중적 대남정책에 따라 경색과 회복의 국면을 반복할 것이다. 북한의 대남정책에서 새로운 변화가 없는 한 당분간 남북관계는 경색국면을 벗어나기 어렵다. 그러나 장기적 측면에서 보면 남북관계는 김정은 체제의 안정화 속에서 제한적이지만 점진적으로 개선되는 방향으로 나아갈 가능성이 높다. 아마도 남북관계와 한국, 미국, 중국의 권력교체가 완료되고 새로운 정부가 출범하는 2013년 이후에 새로운 변화의 가능성을 기대할 것으로 예상된다. Kim Jong-un regime has been officially launched from the fourth Conference of the Workers` Party of North Korea, and the fifth session of the 12th Supreme People`s Assembly was held on April 2012. The policy of Kim Jong-un regime has been followed by the teachings left by Kim Jong-il, but the details of it have not been known. So, this article analyzes not only the North Korea`s Policy against South Korea, but also inter-Korea relations which could be expected in the Kim Jong-un Regime. While it maintains the past policy objective, "the communization of the entire Korean peninsula", North Korea will be continued to purse the dual strategy of hardline and moderate toward South Korea. Inter-Korea relations of Kim Jong-un Era will be swung back and forth such as pendulum in the wall clock. If there is no change in strict policy toward South Korea, inter-Korea relations will become progressively worse. Taking the long-term perspective, however, inter-Korea relations will be improved gradually.

한국인 전반적 급진성 치주염 환자에서 IL-6 유전자 다변성에 관한 연구

방선정,김일신,김옥수,김영준,정현주,Bang, Sun-Jung,Kim, Il-Shin,Kim, Ok-Su,Kim, Young-Jun,Chung, Hyun-Ju 대한치주과학회 2008 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.38 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of generalized aggressive periodontitis with IL-6 promoter gene single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP). Material and Methods: The study population consisted of 52 generalized aggressive periodontitis patients(GAP) and 30 periodontally healthy control subjects, who were systemically healthy non-smokers. Genomic DNA was obtained from buccal swab. The IL-6 promotor SNP at the positions of -597, -572, and -174 were genotyped by amplifying the polymorphic region using polymerase chain reaction(PCR), restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. Result: The genotype distributions for G/G, G/A and A/A genotypes of IL-6 -597 were 30.8%, 40.4%, and 28.8% in the GAP group and 53.3%, 40%, and 6.7% in the control group and were statistically different between 2 groups(p<0.05). Allele 2 frequency of IL-6 -597 were significantly higher in the GAP group than the control group(p<0.01). At the position of IL-6 -572, the distribution for C/C, C/G and G/G genotypes were 23.1%, 55.8% and 21.2% in the GAP group and 20%, 33.3%, and 46.7% in the control group. In female subjects, the genotype distribution were significantly different between 2 groups(p<0.01). In male subjects, allele 2 frequency of IL-6-572 was significantly lower in the GAP group than the control group(p<0.05). The genotype distribution of IL-6 -174 in the GAP group were 96.2%, 3.8% for G/G, G/C genotypes whereas only the G/G genotype was detected in the control group. Conclusion: In conclusion, significant associations were found in IL-6 gene promoter(-597, -572) polymorphisms and generalized aggressive periodontitis. Further cohort study will be necessary in larger population.

괴화 추출물이 대식세포에서의 nitric oxide와 interleukin-6의 생성에 미치는 영향

이지은,이주연,최점일,김종관,김성조,Lee, Ji-Eun,Lee, Ju-Youn,Choi, Jeom-Il,Kim, Chong-Kwan,Kim, Sung-Jo 대한치주과학회 2005 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.35 No.1

Both nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been thought to have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease as it does in other inflammatory diseases, and the inhibitors of NO and IL-6 production have been considered as potential anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we evaluated methanol extract of Sophorae Flos for inhibition of NO and IL-6 production in Prevotella intermedia LPS-induced mouse macrophages RAW264.7 cells. Dried Sopharae Flos was sliced, and extracted with 100% methanol. LPS from p. intermedia ATCC 25611 was prepared by the standard hot phenol-water method. NO production was assayed by measuring the accumulation of nitrite in culture supematants and IL-6 was measured using mouse IL-6 ELISA kit. Western blot analysis of iNOS and analysis of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products were carried out. The methanol extract of Sophorae Flos concentration-dependently reduced the production of NO and the expression of iNOS protein and mRNA in RAw264.7 cells treated with P. intermedia LPS. Sophorae Flos also suppressed IL-6 production and the expression of IL-6 mRNA in RAw264.7 cells stimulated by P. intermedia LPS. The inhibition of NO and IL-6 production by Sophorae Flos may be useful in the therapy of inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis. This hypothesis, however, remains to be tested.

주조직적합항원이 불일치하는 마우스 동종 조혈모세포이식에서 IL-2로 유도된 CD4+CD25+ T세포를 이용한 이식편대숙주병의 억제

현재호,정대철,정낙균,박수정,민우성,김태규,최병옥,김원일,한치화,김학기,Hyun, Jae Ho,Jeong, Dae Chul,Chung, Nak Gyun,Park, Soo Jeong,Min, Woo Sung,Kim, Tai Gyu,Choi, Byung Ock,Kim, Won Il,Han, Chi Wha,Kim, Hack Ki 대한면역학회 2003 Immune Network Vol.3 No.4

Background: In kidney transplantation, donor specific transfusion may induce tolerance as a result of some immune regulatory cells against the graft. In organ transplantation, the immune state arises from a relationship between the immunocompromised graft and the immunocompetent host. However, a reverse immunological situation exists between the graft and the host in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In addition, early IL-2 injections after an allogeneic murine HSCT have been shown to prevent lethal graft versus host disease (GVHD) due to CD4+ cells. We investigated the induction of the regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells after a transfusion of irradiated recipient cells with IL-2 into a donor. Methods: The splenocytes (SP) were obtained from 6 week-old BALB/c mice ($H-2^d$) and irradiated as a single cell suspension. The donor mice (C3H/He, $H-2^k$) received $5{\times}10^6$ irradiated SP, and 5,000 IU IL-2 injected intraperitoneally on the day prior to HSCT. The CD4+CD25+ cell populations in SP treated C3H/He were analyzed. In order to determine the in vivo effect of CD4+CD25+ cells, the lethally irradiated BALB/c were transplanted with $1{\times}10^7$ donor BM and $5{\times}10^6$ CD4+CD25+ cells. The other recipient mice received either $1{\times}10^7$ donor BM with $5{\times}10^6$ CD4+ CD25- cells or the untreated SP. The survival and GVHD was assessed daily by a clinical scoring system. Results: In the MLR assay, BALB/c SP was used as a stimulator with C3H/He SP, as a responder, with or without treatment. The inhibition of proliferation was $30.0{\pm}13%$ compared to the control. In addition, the MLR with either the CD4+CD25+ or CD4+CD25- cells, which were isolated by MidiMacs, from the C3H/He SP treated with the recipient SP and IL-2 was evaluated. The donor SP treated with the recipient cells and IL-2 contained more CD4+CD25+ cells ($5.4{\pm}1.5%$) than the untreated mice SP ($1.4{\pm}0.3%$)(P<0.01). There was a profound inhibition in the CD4+CD25+ cells ($61.1{\pm}6.1%$), but a marked proliferation in the CD4+CD25- cells ($129.8{\pm}65.2%$). Mice in the CD4+CD25+ group showed low GVHD scores and a slow progression from the post-HSCT day 4 to day 9, but those in the control and CD4+CD25- groups had a high score and rapid progression (P<0.001). The probability of survival was 83.3% in the CD4+CD25+ group until post-HSC day 35 and all mice in the control and CD4+CD25- groups died on post-HSCT day 8 or 9 (P=0.0105). Conclusion: Donor graft engineering with irradiated recipient SP and IL-2 (recipient specific transfusion) can induce abundant regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells to prevent GVHD.

슈반세포가 골수간엽줄기세포의 분화에 미치는 영향

김초민 ( Cho Min Kim ),김수미 ( Su Mi Kim ),김순희 ( Soon Hee Kim ),이일우 ( Il Woo Lee ),김문석 ( Moon Suk Kim ),이종문 ( John M. Rhee ),강길선 ( Gilson Khang ),이해방 ( Hai Bang Lee ) 한국조직공학·재생의학회 2007 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.4 No.1

We have investigated differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells(BMSCs) through co-culture system with Schwann cells(SCs). Expression of the S-100, Schwann cell markers, was determined by immunocytochemical staining and reverse transcriptase polymer chain reaction(RT-PCR). The morphology and growth in terms of differentiated BMSC was observed by invert microscope. Following co-culture time with SCs, BMSCs underwent morphological changes similar to those of cultured SCs and stained positively for S-100 protein as well as high proliferation aspect were detected. Electrophoresis analysis revealed that the levels of S-100 on BMSC co-cultured with SCs related with other group maintained up to 21 days. These findings support the assertion that BMSCs can be differentiated into cells that are Schwann cell-like in terms of phenotype using Schwann cell only.

무슬림 여성의 외상 후 스트레스장애 수준이 건강요인, 불안 및 우울지수, 그리고 심근 자율신경계에 미치는 영향

김만성(Kim, Man-Sung),김성대(Kim, Seong-Dae),김아란(Kim, Ah-Ran),김선휘(Kim, Sun-Hwi),한동유(Han, Dong-Yoo),정일규(Jeong, Il-Gyu) 한국사회체육학회 2016 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.65

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of muslim women’s post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) level on health, anxiety·depression index, and cardiac autonomic system. The subjects of this study were ninety seven college women(age 21.18±1.70 yrs) in Peshawar, Pakistan. Participants were assigned into four groups according to Posttraumatic stress Diagnosis Scale(PDS): high PTSD level(HP), middle PTSD level(MP), low PTSD level(LP), and no PTSD level(NP). Measurement of anxiety·depression index was conducted by Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ(BDI-Ⅱ). For the factors of health status total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TC), blood sugar, body fat, hypertension were also measured. The heart rate variability parameters such as low frequency(LFnu), high frequency(HFnu), and total power(TP) were also measured by Pulse-wave HRV analyzer(ubplus T1). In order to find any difference of health-related factors according to PTSD level, one way ANOVA analysis was applied and LSD post-hoc test. Futhermore, Simple regression analysis was applied for subjects in PTSD groups to evaluate the effects of PTSD level on anxiety·depression index and cardiac autonomic system. The results were shown as follows: First, there was no significant difference among four groups in health-related parameters. Second, PTSD level had a significant corelation with depression index(R²=.402, p<.001). Third, PTSD level had a significant corelation with anxiety index(R²=.244, p<.001). Finally, PTSD level had a significant but low corelation with TP index(R²=.103, p<.05). These results suggest that without direct effect of PTSD on physiological factors in young Muslim women, high level of PTSD might induce the negative psychological or emotional response such as depression and anxiety and the changed cardiac autonomic status.

Effect of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children

김일한(Il Han Kim),최두호(Doo Ho Choi),김종훈(Jong Hoon Kim),하성환(Sung Whan Ha),박찬일(Charn Il Park),안효섭(Hyo Seop Ahn) 대한방사선종양학회 1989 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.7 No.2

1979년 8월부터 1986년 12월까지 관해유도 치료후 골수 관해(M1)가 온 134예의 소아 급성 임파구성 백혈병 환아가 18Gy 또는 24Gy의 전뇌 방사선 조사와 척수강내 methotrexate 주입의 예방적 중추신경계치료를 받았다. 중추신경계에서 처음 재발한 환자는 14.2%(19/134)였고 이중 중추신경계에서만 재발한 예는 5.2%(7/134), 골수 또는 고환에서의 재발과 동시에 재발한 예는 9%(12/134)였다. 남아와 연령이 많을수록 중추신경계 재발이 높았으며 진단당시 말초혈액내의 백혈구수가 50,000/ul 이상인 예는 재발율이 높았다. 방사선 조사량 24Gy에서의 중추 신경계 재발율이 18Gy인 경우보다 높았으나 유의하지는 않았다. 전체 중추신경계 재발예 중 89%가 예방적 중추신경계 치료개시후 4년이내에 발생하였으며, 중추신경계에서만 재발예는 100%가, 중추신경계와 골수 또는 고환의 재발과 동시에 재발한 예의 83%가 각각 관찰되었다. 재발의 위험이 있는 환자를 감안한 전체 중추신경계 재발율은 유지 화학 요법 기간 중에는 11.9%였고 유지화학 요법 종료 이후의 기간에서는 4.9%였다. CNS prophylaxis with 18 or 24 Gy cranial irradiation plus intrathecal methotrexate was given to 134 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients who had got bone marrow remission (M1) after remission induction chemotherapy from August 1979 to December 1986. The rate of initial total CNS relapse was 14.2% (19/134), the rate of isolated CNS relapse was 5.2% (7/134), and the rate of CNS relapse concomittantly combined with bone marrow relapse or testicular relapse was 9% (12/134). Male sex or older age was accociated with higher CNS relapse and the initial peripheral leukocyte count over 50,000/ul had higher relapse rate. Relapse with radiation dose of 18 Gy was somewhat lower than that with 24 Gy. Within 4 years after CNS prophylaxis occurred 89% of the total CNS relapses, 100% of the isolated CNS relapses, and 83% of the combined CNS relapses. Adjusted to exposed cases to risk of CNS relapse, the total CNS relapse rate was 11.9% during maintenance chemotherapy and 4.9% after maintenance chemotherapy.

이동 멀티미디어 컴퓨팅 환경에서 동적 우선순위를 기반으로 한 QoS 제어 기법

김명일(Myung Il Kim),최창호(Chang Ho Choi),김성조(Sung Jo Kim) 한국정보과학회 1999 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.26 No.2Ⅲ

이동 컴퓨팅 환경은 유선망에 비하여 대역폭이 낮고, 호스트의 성능이 낮으며, 사용자의 이동에 따른 여러 가지 문제점이 나타난다. 이러한 이동 컴퓨팅 환경에서 멀티미디어 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 무엇보다 QoS 제어가 중요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이동 멀티미디어 컴퓨팅 환경의 동적 변화에 적응하고, 효율적으로 QoS를 제어하기 위하여 동적 우선순위를 기반으로 한 QoS 제어 기법을 제시한다. 동적 우선순위는 최초 연결설정 시에 결정되는 정적 우선순위와 보상을 기반으로 한 대역폭 변화값에 따라 결정되며, QoS 제어를 위한 기준으로 사용된다. 이러한 동적 우선순위는 낮은 QoS를 제공받은 MH(Mobile Host)가 핸드오프를 수행하여 새로운 셀로 이동한 경우에도 지속적으로 낮은 QoS를 제공받는 문제를 해결함으로써 공평하게 대역폭을 할당하는 장점이 있다.

이모작 논 밀 재배시 파종방법이 뚝새풀의 생장에 미치는 영향

김선(Sun Kim),안승현(Seung-Hyeon Ahn),임일빈(Il-Bin Im),정영근(Young-Keun Cheong),김시주(Si-Ju Kim) 韓國雜草學會 2010 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.30 No.3

뚝새풀의 친환경 관리법 개발을 위해 밀 파종 전 토양 로타리 경운을 추가하고 파종한 결과 뚝새풀 발생 수는 85%가 감소되었다. 잔여 뚝새풀의 발생밀도를 더 줄이기 위하여 밀 파종시기와 파종량에 따른 효과를 검토코자 밀 종자량 150㎏ ha-1을 기준하여 시기를 달리하여 파종한 결과 10월 16일 파종시에는 뚝새풀 발생이 ㎡ 당 40개가 발생하였으나 10월 26일 29개 11월 6일 파종시에는 4개로 밀 파종시기가 늦을수록 뚝새풀 발생이 감소되었다. 밀 파종량에 따른 영향은 10월 26일에 ha당 종자 150㎏을 파종하였을 때는 ㎡당 29개가 발생하였으나 파종량 200㎏ ha-1 이상에서는 8~11개로 감소되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 남부지방에서 10월 하순경 밀 파종 전에 로타리를 이용하여 토양을 파쇄하고, 종자량을 ha당 200㎏으로 증량하여 파종하면 제초제를 사용하지 않고도 뚝새풀을 비롯한 잡초에 의한 수량감소를 최소화 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. The experiments were carried out to develop ecological weed control system in wheat field of rice-wheat cropping system. The results were, depression effect on water foxtail by wheat seeding method decreased the seeding after doing soil rotary by 85% compared with the no practices. The occurrence of Water foxtail was 40 piece m-2 on October 16, 29 piece m-2 on October 26, and 4 piece m-2 when surveying based on the standard of seeding the wheat at 15㎏ ha-1 which decreased as the seeding time got later. According to the wheat seeding quantity 29 piece m-2 occurred at 150 ㎏ ha-1, and 8-11 piece m-2 decreasingly at more than 200 ㎏ ha-1 of wheat seedlings based on seeding on October 26. As a result of summarizing the above results, crushing the soil by use of rotary before seeding wheat against the end of October, and seeding by increasing the seedling quantity (200 ㎏ ha-1) it is judged that the competition damage by weeds including water foxtail can be reduced without any use of herbicide.