미국의 동아시아전략과 중국의 대응 -해상패권경쟁과 갈등을 중심으로-

강병환(Byung Hwan Kang) 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2014 중소연구 Vol.38 No.1

This paper discusses the U.S. hegemony and the rising of China in EastAsian sea. China and the U.S. have been entered into tensions in East Asia. Asia-pacific is experiencing a transformation, over the years, one can observe the shift in the global strategic focus to the region. The war onterror directed by the Bush administration led to the decrease of US presence in the Asia-Pacific region. Under the context of an influence growing Asia-Pacific, conducts of “reemphasizing US influence and presencein Asia” has been adopted by Barack Obama’s administration. In the one hand, the US has consolidated its traditional alliances, and has stressed the improvement of US-Vietnam and US-India relationships on the other hand. The efforts to rebalance has created a new situation in East Asia:Firstly, a shift in US strategic focus to East Asia has occurred simultaneously with the world’s growing focus in the region. Secondly, the regionaly small and medium-sized states are seeking balance between thegreat powers. Thirdly, the underlying frictions have emerged as disputes inthe region, such as the disputes in Diao-yu (Senkaku) Islands , South China Sea, Yellow Sea has emerged. These factors have constituted the disputes and frictions throughout the region.The US has declared its uncompromising sea supremacy, as to China,such a declaration over China was made for the first time regarding to theimportance of South China Sea to the territorial integrity of China as thecore national interest in March 2010. China has clarified the red lines of itsinterest in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea.This article hypothesizes that the US sea supremacy in the region has clashed with China’s national development. China’s rise has extended China’s capabilities beyond the economic sphere and into the territorial claims in the central Asian and eastern ocean regions. Yet The US retainsits vested interests from the traditional alliances system, which was established during the cold war, and is upholding it’s supremacy over the regal sea of which constituted US sea supremacy and providing the US foundational resources in exerting influences such as setting constraints on China’s power projection capabilities or conducting interdictions. The clash between the two states is essentially induced by the stead fast US regionalsea supremacy and expansion of China’s national strength of which thefeasibility was given by China’s rise.At this stage, the perspective of the Sino-U.S. future relations can bedivided into two views of optimism and pessimism. This paper argues thatthe two countries in the East Asian region have embrace more factors in conflict than in cooperation.

테니스 포핸드 스트로크 시 스탠스별 하지에 대한 영상 및 근전도 분석

강병환(Kang, Byung-Hwan),김정태(Kim, Jung-Tae) 한국체육과학회 2015 한국체육과학회지 Vol.24 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic variables by analyzing three-dimensional image and electromyogram of lower extremity in each stance. 1. Open stance appears quickly got time to square stance, backswing in preparation operation was more advantageous than the open stance strikes under the fast ball. 2. Showed that the difference in stance hip angle. Square stance is both hip flexion, extension, was the flow of the temple. Right hip in the open stance is kept constant woke up sharply since the impact of the temple, the left hip showed a flow that maintains a temple to follow up on the backswing swing. 3. Knee angle showed the flow of both square stance and open stance flexion, extension, extension, without any difference stance, in square stance and open stance knee showed that a similar role. 4. Moving weight from muscle activity as a square stance and open stance right leg during the backswing by going to impact all with ow swing arm showed a similar overall flow of muscle activity that weight is moved to the left leg. The difference between the two was a weight on the leg stance open stance is right in the process is to move on to the impact on the backswing because they have a little longer.

안전보건경영시스템 운용분석

박동준(Dong-Joon Park),강병환(Byung-Hwan Kang),김호균(Ho-Gyun Kim) 한국경영과학회 2015 經營 科學 Vol.32 No.2

The firms with OHSAS (Occupational Health and Safety Management System) registration should be audited every six months and they have to be reregistered every three years by a third party. In our article audit data were collected from the audit processes of fifty four firms that OHSAS 18001:2007 was implemented and audited by LRQA (Lloyd’s Register Quality Assurance). Fifty four firms are largely classified as four categories: civil engineering and construction industry, metal and heavy industry, chemical industry, and other industries including electric, electronic, food, and services. Especially the minor conformity data are analyzed by statistical methods to find out the relationship between four categories of 54 firms and the average number of minor nonconformities. The most frequently appeared minor nonconformities among sub-requirements of OHSAS 18001:2007 are investigated and the reasons for minor nonconformities are specifically explained. The average number of minor nonconformities of firms before and after OHSAS 18001:2007 registration are compared to understand the maturity of OHSAS implementation. Some comments and suggestions are provided for OHSAS to be effectively implemented to the firms if revision is necessary.

시진핑 출범 이후 중국 방송정책의 특징과 변화

이순임(Soon-Im Lee),강병환(Byung-Hwan Kang) 부산울산경남언론학회 2015 지역과 커뮤니케이션 Vol.19 No.4

2012년에 취임한 중국의 시진핑 국가주석은 집정이념을 ‘중국꿈(中国梦)’으로 설정하고, 이를 달성하기 위해 ‘4개전면(4個全面)’을 국가정책으로 제시했다. 시진핑 주석이 제시한 4개전면의 구체적인 내용은, 중국이 2021년까지 국가의 자원을 총체적으로 집약시켜서 전면적인 소강사회 건설(全面建成小康社会: 중산층 사회 건설)을 완성하고, 2049년까지 현대화된 사회주의를 완성하여 ‘중국꿈’을 실현하겠다는 계획이다. 상명하복의 정치 · 문화적 전통을 유지하고 있는 중국의 정치체제는 시진핑 주석이 제시한 ‘4개전면’의 목표를 달성하기 위한 홍보수단으로서 방송을 정책적으로 활용하고 있다. 시진핑 주석은 그의 집정이념을 달성하기 위한 통치수단으로, 당의 시각으로 언론을 통제한다는 3대 정치가판(政治家瓣)을 언론정책을 제시하였다. 3대 정치가판이란 정치가판보(政治家辦報, 신문)와 정치가판간(政治家辦看, 잡지), 정치가판대(政治家辦台, 방송)를 말하는데, 이것은 과거 마오쩌둥(毛澤東) 시절에 활용하던 언론정책이다. 시진핑 주석은 중국의 모든 신문과 잡지, 방송분야를 당의 시각으로 견지하고, 이를 통해서 사상정신과 군중노선 및 사회여론을 주도하여 전파 · 인도하며 교육실천운동으로 결합해야 한다고 방송정책의 내용과 방향을 제시했다. 중국의 시진핑 정부가 제시한 방송정책의 특징과 변화를 살펴보면, 이전보다 강력한 언론 통제를 통해서 기존 사회주의 체제의 문화체계를 그대로 유지하면서도 한편으로는 우수한 외래문화를 점차적으로 받아들이려는 노력의 일환으로 보여진다. 즉 중국의 전통문화를 보호하면서 타문화로부터의 침투와 범람을 막기 위한 전면적인 ‘문화 안전’을 구축하기 위한 구체적인 조치라고 하겠다. 이러한 선상에서 현재 중국에서는 포맷 구입을 통해 중국식으로 제작한 한국의 예능프로그램이 크게 인기를 끌면서 새로운 한류시대를 맞고 있다. 중국정부의 강력한 견제와 한류의 시장성 간의 미묘한 균형이 또 다른 형태의 한류로 나타나고 있는 것이다. ‘정열문냉(政熱文冷)’ 즉 정치적으로는 가까운 관계를 유지하면서도 문화적으로는 한류를 견제하려는 중국의 문화정책의 틈을 비집고, 한국의 방송콘텐츠는 중국의 문화시장에서 상품성과 경쟁력을 갖춘 새로운 형태의 한류로 출현하여 다시 인기를 끌고 있다. 이것은 이제 세계가 글로벌화되어 있음을 반영하는 것이며 동시에 문화를 정책적으로 제한하려는 중국의 문화정책의 한계를 보여준다고 하겠다. 중국의 문화정책의 범위 내에서 예능이라는 새로운 차원의 방송콘텐츠로 제작된 한국의 예능 프로그램은 중국의 문화시장을 무대로 또 다시 새로운 한류 바람을 일으키고 있다. New era of Xizinping has begun with various policies, for instance, the four overall(4個全面), and China dream(中國夢), which shapes and characterizes the future of China. Xi’s main idea in politics accelerated its socialist ideology sternly. Such ideological principal gave a way of direction in cultural policies through media policies. Cultural policies by Xi regime showed more conservative trend in the name of protecting Chinese traditional culture. As a ideological tool of education to the people, Xi’s policies in culture aimed at giving a political influence to Chinese through political hardware with cultural software, stressing renaissance of Chinese traditional culture. With a purpose of vitalizing cultural competitiveness to the world in cultural industry, China launched duplicate policies, has opened its broadcasting market to Chinese-speaking regions, Hong, Taiwan and restricted to the regions of western societies including Korea. Hallu was a undeniable phenomenon that enjoyed its heyday triggered by dramas in China. Big success of Korean drama in China created a sensation to the Chinese, stimulated Chinese government to be able to step up its level of making dramas through policies. The heyday of Hallu in China suffered a bitter blow to protect Chines culture from Korean culture. Various restrictions, especially to Korean dramas seemed to be success of calming Hallu fever down temporarily. The development of internet made it possible to reappear Hallu in China, which is totally different trend and phenomenon from former way of enjoying Korean dramas. “lover from star” triggered the newly formed Hallu fever in Chines society by using internet device. So called second Hallu also was surged by drama resulted in Chines tourism and gigantic consumption market. Despite of striction to Korean daramas by Chines government, new form of cooperation between two countries has been established in the form of buying entertainment programs and co-work for dramas and other entertainment programs. The new way of cooperation and purchasing popular program from Korea signify that culture is not an object of control by policy but a global phenomenon. And competitiveness in culture cross the frontiers and stimulates mutual development without being shaped by political policies. The Korean government and those who work in an area of cultural industry should prepare new alternatives in case of being a scapegoat of cultural policy by Chinese government in a period of hot politic with cool cultural relationship between Korea and China.

ISO 9001:2008 사후관리심사의 실증적 연구: 조선업 협력업체를 중심으로

박동준 ( Dong Joon Park ),강병환 ( Byung Hwan Kang ),김호균 ( Ho Gyun Kim ) 한국경영공학회 2011 한국경영공학회지 Vol.16 No.3

International Organization for Standardization has recently published ISO 9001:2008 which is the basic requirements for a quality management system(QMS) that an organization must fulfil to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products that enhance customer satisfaction and meet applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. In order to effectively maintain ISO 9001:2008 QMS certification and continuously enhance quality management activities, we have performed a statistical analysis for the minor nonconformity data generated from surveillance audits for subcontractors of shipbuilding industry based on ISO 9001:2008 requirements. In particular, statistical methods are used to show relationships between the minor nonconformity data and three classification criteria: the type of business, the size of business, and the maturity level of quality management system. We also suggest recommendations that are commonly discovered at the scene of surveillance audits but are not stated on the ISO 9001:2008 requirements.

조선기자재 관련 기계금속업체의 품질,환경경영시스템 평가: 인증심사결과 사례연구

박동준 ( Dong Joon Park ),강병환 ( Byung Hwan Kang ),김호균 ( Ho Gyun Kim ) 한국품질경영학회 2009 품질경영학회지 Vol.37 No.2

녹색경영시스템 시범인증기업 심사 자료의 이해

박동준(Dong-Joon Park),강병환(Byung-Hwan Kang),김호균(Ho-Gyun Kim) 한국경영과학회 2013 經營 科學 Vol.30 No.2

Climate changes and environmental pollution recently became a matter of global interest. Korean government established low carbon green growth act in the light of international environment regulation and started demonstration certificate project for GMS (Green Management System). We aim to explore audit data resulted from demonstration companies that pursued the GMS certificate. The demonstration companies are consisted of 11 companies that a certification body L gave the certificate. The audit data results were formed by minor nonconformities detected in the field evaluation based on GMS standards, KS I 7001/2 : 2011. We found out significant differences for minor nonconformities between types of industry and between major clauses of Part 1 and Part 2 in GMS standards. We make an effort to figure out the implication of causes of the significant differences. These results are expected to contribute to understand GMS operation situations and are utilized as a reference for energy management, social responsibility, and green gas reduction.

Operation Assessment of ISO 14001: 2004 Environmental Management System in Manufacturing Industry of Southeastern Korea

박동준(Dong Joon Park),강병환(Byung Hwan Kang),김호균(Ho Gyun Kim) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2014 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.37 No.2

Environmental pollution including air, land, and water has become one of the most critical issues in global interest. The damages due to environmental pollution lead to serious disasters. Nations have realized the importance of environment protection and have been starting to force organizations to implement environmental management system (EMS) as way of protecting environment. ISO 14001 requirements that are the most popular standard as EMS have been developed to support continuous improvement to environment management. It has been revised once since publication and ISO 14001 : 2004 version is currently available. Organizations globally started to acquire the certificate of EMS to observe environment related laws, accept customers' and stakeholders' request, increase market share, and fulfill implementation motives. This article examines the audit data that were collected for several years from manufacturing companies including shipbuilding, machinery, metal, automobiles, and chemical companies in southeastern Korea on the basis of ISO 14001 : 2004 requirements. The audit data were classified into minor nonconformities based on factors such as business size, business type, and EMS implementation period. We conduct hypotheses test using statistical methods in order to see if there are any significant differences based on the factors. We draw conclusions for the results of hypotheses test and address the necessities of energy, greenhouse gas, green management, and continuous improvement to enhance the efficiency of EMS implementation.

A Fundamental Concept of Risk-Based Thinking and Risk Management for ISO 9001:2015 Certification

Ho Gyun Kim(김호균),Byung Hwan Kang(강병환),Dong Joon Park(박동준) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2017 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.40 No.3

ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems-Requirements has been revised in 2015. It has been updated four times since its publication in 1987. It is the most widely used International Standard in the world. There are over one million companies and organizations in over 170 countries certified to ISO 9001 from an ISO survey. Organizations are supposed to be certified to this new version by late 2018. The key changes in ISO 9001:2015 are to establish a High Level Structure (HLS) and focus on Risk-Based Thinking (RBT). Risk-Based Thinking means the process approach to decide how risk is addressed in establishing the processes to improve process outputs and prevent undesirable results. It pursues process planning and controls based on risks so that organizations can improve the effectiveness of the quality management system. It maintains and manages a Quality Management System that inherently addresses risks and meets objectives. In this article we firstly attempt to explain how to understand the fundamental concept of Risk-Based Thinking which is a systematic approach to consider risks rather than treating prevention as a separate component of a Quality Management System. We comment on the detailed requirements that contain risks in ISO 9001:2015 clauses. We also summarize recent advances on the risk assessment and management in line with ISO 31000:2009 Risk Management-Principles and Guidelines. We finally propose the practical risk management procedures for implementing ISO 9001:2015 with an emphasis on RBT. This article would contribute to help quality managers and practitioners convert to ISO 9001:2015.

ISO 9001:2015 개정규격 전환에 따른 제조업체의 대응 방안

김호균(Ho Gyun Kim),강병환(Byung Hwan Kang),박동준(Dong Joon Park) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2016 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.39 No.3

The ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 9000 QMS (Quality Management System) standards specify requirements that need to demonstrate an organization’s ability to consistently provide products or services. Korean companies have been implementing ISO 9000 QMS to compete in global markets. ISO 9000 QMS standards have been revised in 1994, 2000, 2008, and 2015 since the first release in 1987. The key change in ISO 9001:2015 is focused on risk-based thinking. It means that risk inherent within an organization is early identified and proactively controlled by use of all aspects of QMS rather than taking preventive actions. In this article we did literature review mainly on empirical study related to motivation and operation performance of ISO 9000 implementation. We present the necessity of changeover, features of new version, and comparison between new and old version. In order to see how well organizations can implement the new ISO 9001:2015 we focus on manufacturing companies that are going to convert to ISO 9001:2015 registration. We collect their key characteristics such as yearly sales, the number of MPI (Management Performance Indicators), the number of KPI (Key Performance Indicators), the number of quality control engineers, quality control engineer work experience, and the degree of adaptiveness between new ISO 9001:2015 QMS and QMS currently operating in manufacturing companies. Especially the degree of adaptiveness is analyzed by correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, and t-tests to discover the relationships among their characteristics. We found out that the degree of adaptiveness is linearly related to quality control engineer work experience and the number of MPI and KPI that is practically utilized in manufacturing companies. We summarize the implications discovered to help manufacturing industry convert to ISO 9001:2015 registration.