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      • KCI등재

        러시아의 대외 군사·안보정책 결정과정 : 대한반도 정책에 미치는 영향 Its Effects on Policy toward Korea

        김병기 한국전략문제연구소 1998 전략연구 Vol.5 No.3

        When Boris Yeltsin was elected President of the Russian Federation in 1990. the former Soviet republic lacked those crucial political institutions necessary for consolidating his power and authority. These organs-which existed in other republics. which thereby enhanced the political consolidation of former Communist Party members who came into power-constituted the republican Committee on State Security (or the KGB). the Ministry of International Affairs. and even Academy of Sciences and radio/television channels. Lacking the institutional bases for effective rule, Yeltsin on the other hand, inherited Soviet power ministries with whom he had to struggle to "Russianize" it. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and the Liberal Democratic Party which inhetrited the balk of the organizational and ideological remanants of the powerful Soviet Communist Party apparatus. moreover, generated major barriers towards institutionalization of Yeltsin's presidency. Such difficult situation, on the whole. helped generate the bloody suppression of the Parliament on October of 1993, the consolidation of the anti-center oriented Siberian Agreement of 1994, and even the Chechen crisis from the same year. Andrei Kozyrev followed a policy of full and complete Westernization in 1992, agreeing on all major issues which NATO and the United States positively thought. including the joining of the military coalition against Irag--a former ally of the Soviet Union. Such policy, however, brought not full economic, political and military integration with the West, but isolation and new ideological division along the shrunken border of the Russian Federation with the Baltic countries, and the CIS. Contrary to expectations, former members of the now defunct Warsaw Pact Organization began to join NATO, while even members of the former Soviet Union begin to seek membership. Kozyrev, all in all, ignored not only Russia's strategic interests vis-a-vis the West, but also, its immediate concerns in the Near Abroad where millions of ethnic Russians resided, who were facing daily economic, social and even political threats to their security. These problems were seriously politicized; the Communists and the Liberal Democrats along with the scattered Russian armed forces began to call for a turn towards "within" and the much ignored "Near Abroad." Between the years 1992 and the beginning of 1996, Kozyrev was forced to follow the lines of the domestic conservatives, thereby weakening the institution of the Presidency, and generating the popular image of a weak-willed administration. At the beginning of 1996 Yeltsin appointed Yevgeny Primakov--then the Director of Counter- Foreign Intelligence Agency--as Foreign Minister. A Middle Eastern expert by training and a long-time bureaucrat in the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee he began to reorient Russian foreign policy away from US/West Europe to the Near Abroad. In the national security concept developed in 1998, for example, the predominant emphasis is placed on domestic dimension, namely, stablized economic transition towards market economy, and parellel social conditions. In the field of external policy, Primakov proved instrumental in preempting a formation of second military coalition against Iraq--with the help of France and China. In fact, Primakov is reportedly supplying Iraq with nuclear technology for energy purposes. Primakov also actively opposed the expansion of NATO, pressuring the Baltic countries not to join the military bloc. Parenthetically, such show of pressure against the West meant that within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) no outside forces can interfere: moreover by exporting missiles to Northern Cyprus, an area controlled by Greece. which has a confrontation with Southern Cyprus. an area controlled by Turkey. Primakov intends to weaken NATO internally. by accelarating tension among the two members. The contraction of the border in the Western frontier. and threat of NATO toward it has forced Russia to seek compensation in the Southern frontier. In the Caucasus. Moscow was successful in forcing Georgia to join the CIS by supporting the Abkhazian seperatists as was also with Azerbaijan whose enemies Armenia and its seperatists in contentious Nargono-Karaback it also supported. Moscow felt threatened by the ethnic-disturbances in the Caucasus and the geopolitical encroachements being made by Turkey. a strong ally of the United States. Primakov is reinforcing Russia's relations with Iran for three reasons: (1) to offset Turkey. China and the US' influence in the Middle East and Central Asia: (2) to deny US rapproachment with Tehran with whom Washington desires closer trade and political relations: and (3) to export, like towards irag. nuclear related technology for energy purposes. In Kosovo. moreover. Primakov has intervened on behalf of the Serbs against the Albanians. whose forces are supported by the Western diplomatic community. These policies have earned Primakov not only the support of the Communists and the Liberal Democrats who form the majority in the Duma, but also, have strengthened Yeltsin's. domestic position through essential conservatization of Russia's foreign policy. It is support for these feats that Yeltsin awarded the highest medal of public service to Primakov as well as personally visiting him at the Foreign Ministry this year. Primakov has also recently engineered the breakthrough in the reestablishment of talks with Tokyo for normalizing its relations. a moved aimed at weakening the US grip on Japan. Moscow knows and appreciates the markedly grown influence of China in both Koreas: it also worries the recent improvement of US-Sino relations. Only by improving its relations with Pyongyang can Moscow redress its imbalnce on the Korean peninsula; but given the five years of freeze in its relationship. Moscow had no means of approaching Pyongyang other than by way of kicking out the South Korean diplomat as a way of showing Pyongyang that it is ready to deal more equally with North Korea. Given the current freeze in North Korean-US. North Korean-Japanese and inter-Korean talks. Seoul must be ready to exercise more independent initiative in its foreign policy.

      • KCI등재

        蘇軾 〈寒食詩卷〉 黃庭堅 跋文考(Ⅰ)―作詩․作書 時期 문제와 「此詩似李太白, 猶恐太白有未到處」句 析意

        김병기 한국중국어문학회 2012 中國文學 Vol.70 No.-

        本研究首先指出蘇軾書寫〈寒食雨〉書藝作品的時期, 然後以其爲基礎詳細地分析黃庭堅對蘇軾〈寒食雨〉詩的跋文. 並且推論黃庭堅比較〈寒食雨〉詩與李白詩的理由, 查明跋文中論及的‘李書臺’, 考察蘇軾與顔眞卿(顔魯公)、楊凝式(楊少師)、李書臺的書法之關系. 進而分析“無佛處稱尊”的意義, 指出黃庭堅對蘇軾的整體評價. 本稿是這一系列之硏究的第一篇, 因此, 在本稿中只推斷〈寒食雨〉的作詩時期與作書時期, 而分析「似李太白,猶恐太白有未到處」句之含意, 來考察李白與蘇軾的比較論形成初期, 所提出的李白詩與蘇軾詩之間的相同性之原因. 以下是硏究結果的摘要. 1. 〈寒食雨〉詩的第一句爲 “自我來黃州, 已過三寒食”. 以此推斷, 作詩時期爲元豊6年(1083), 是蘇軾48歲時. 現存〈寒食詩帖〉墨跡中有“右黃州寒食二首”的記錄, 故可推斷〈寒食詩帖〉墨跡並不是作詩當時寫的初稿, 應是後來以一個書法形式書寫的作品. 〈寒食詩帖〉墨跡中有三處修改的痕跡, 因此主張〈寒食詩帖〉墨跡爲作詩當時的初稿是不懼說服力的. 因為古代文人書寫書藝作品時大部分背寫書題, 所以在其過程中經常會寫錯字. 2. 通過蘇軾的〈題李白詩草後〉, 黃庭堅對李白詩好評的理由可歸納爲以下三點. ➀ 無首無尾 ➁ 不主故常 ➂ 不煩繩削而自合. ‘無首無尾’的含義是‘無法抑制的自由與豪放性’; ‘不主故常’的含義是‘不拘於老一套的淸新性’; ‘不煩繩削而自合’的含義是‘無人爲雕刻痕跡的自然性’. 蘇軾的〈寒食詩〉具有李白詩中亦有的‘自由’, ‘豪放性’, ‘淸新性’, ‘自然性’, 因此黃庭堅評價〈寒食詩〉爲“似李太白, 猶恐太白有未到處”.

      • KCI등재

        습사료와 부상사료에 대한 강도다리( Platichthys stellatus)의 성장과 소화 특성

        김병기 한국수산과학회 2012 한국수산과학회지 Vol.45 No.6

        A study was carried out to observe the effects of feed types on the growth, feed preference, and enteric feed transition rate of juvenile starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus for 45 days. Fifty fish (avg. 135 g) were stocked each in replication, and fed a commercial extruded pellet diet (EP, 45% protein) and a moist pellet diet (MP, 65% raw mackerel+35% feed powder in wet basis), respectively. The MP presented the higher performance than that of the EP on the feed efficiency (68.3±0.9% for EP and 92.3±4.3% for MP) and the specific growth rate (1.07±0.07 for the EP and 1.20±0.05% for the MP). In contrast, the EP showed the higher feed preference in terms of the daily feed intake (1.57±0.08% for the EP and 1.30±0.01 for the MP) and the ad libitum feeding rate after a fast of 72 hours (1.73% for the EP and 1.35% for the MP). The feed transition rate through intestinal canals decreased exponentially in both the EP and the MP, showing the faster transition rate with the EP. In the result, starry flounder appeared to have the better feed preference to the EP, but have the higher feed efficiency and growth performance to the MP.

      • KCI등재

        A Study on the Control Method of Customer Voltage Variation in Distribution System with PV Systems

        김병기,최성식,왕용필,김응상,노대석 대한전기학회 2015 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.10 No.3

        This paper deals with the modified modeling of PV system based on the PSCAD/EMTDC and optimal control method of customer voltages in real distribution system interconnected with the photovoltaic (PV) systems. In order to analyze voltage variation characteristics, the specific modeling of PV system which contains the theory of d-q transformation, current-control algorithm and sinusoidal PWM method is being required. However, the conventional modeling of PV system can only perform the modeling of small-scale active power of less than 60 [kW]. Therefore, this paper presents a modified modeling that can perform the large-scale active power of more than 1 [MW]. And also, this paper proposes the optimal operation method of step voltage regulator (SVR) in order to solve the voltage variation problem when the PV systems are interconnected with the distribution feeders. From the simulation results, it is confirmed that this paper is effective tool for voltage analysis in distribution system with PV systems.

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