대구.경북 지역 한국인 다낭성 난소 증후군 환자의 임상 양상

배진영,김미연,성수경,오정은,전상식,이택후,Bae, Jin-Young,Kim, Mi-Yeon,Sung, Su-Kyung,Oh, Jeong-Eun,Chun, Sang-Sik,Lee, Taek-Hoo 대한생식의학회 2009 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.36 No.1

목 적: 다낭성 난소 증후군은 생식기 여성에서 나타나는 가장 흔한 내분비 질환 중 하나이며 다양한 임상 양상을 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국인 다낭성 난소 증후군 환자 특유의 임상 양상 및 혈액학적 소견을 밝히고자 하였으며 그 결과를 터키와 미국의 다낭성 난소 증후군 환자와 비교 분석하였다. 연구방법: 2000년 1월부터 2008년 4월까지 경북대학교 병원 불임치료실을 찾은 88명의 다낭성 난소 증후군 환자를 대상으로 하여 후향적으로 임상 양상 및 혈액학적 소견을 연구하였다. 결 과: 한국인 다낭성 난소 증후군 환자군 내에서는 통계학적으로 유의한 연령에 따른 임상 양상의 차이가 없었으나 터키와 미국의 다낭성 난소 증후군 환자와 비교했을 때 고안드로겐혈증의 빈도는 유의하게 낮았다. 결 론: 다낭성 난소 증후군 환자 내에서도 인종간의 임상 양상 및 혈액학 소견의 차이가 있다고 생각되며 유전 및 생활 습관의 차이 등이 그 원인을 설명할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 연구 대상인 환자의 수가 적고 연령군의 분포가 좁아 향후 좀 더 큰 규모의 연구가 필요하다. Objective: PCOS is one of the most common endocrine disorder affecting reproductive age women. It shows wide range of reproductive and metabolic manifestations. This study was to determine the differences of clinical and laboratory characteristics between adolescent and adult Korean Daegu Kyungpook PCOS patients. We also compared clinical and laboratory values of Korean PCOS patients to Turkish and American PCOS patients. Methods: 88 cases were diagnosed and enrolled as PCOS patients, based on 2003 Rotterdam criteria, who visited KNUH Reproductive Endocrinology division between Jan. 2000 and Apr. 2008. We retrospectively reviewed clinical characteristics, serum hormone levels, ultrasono-graphic findings. And we divided into 2 groups, adolescent and adult. We analyzed them with Chi-square test and Student's t-test statistically. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between adult and adolescent Korean PCOS patients. The prevalence of hyperandrogenism such as facial acne or hirsutism, obesity, and insulin resistance of Korean PCOS women was significantly lower than Turkish and American PCOS women. Conclusion: From the results of this study, we can suggest that it is sure that there are differences of clinical and laboratory characteristics of PCOS patients between races. Genetic background, dietary habits and life style affect the expression of clinical symptoms of PCOS. But we could not find out the difference between adolescent and adult PCOS patients of same race. It might be due to the limitation of small patient number and narrow range of age distribution. So, there must be large scale and multi-center and multi-regional study.

Fluorene 단위 구조를 함유한 감광성 고분자의 합성 및 LCD 컬러필터용 카본블랙 포토레지스트로의 응용

배진영(Jin Young Bae),김주성(Joo Sung Kim),박경재(Kyung Je Park),이동근(Dong Guen Lee) 한국고분자학회 2011 폴리머 Vol.35 No.1

본 연구에서는 LCD 컬러필터 레지스트용 fluorene 단위 구조를 가지는 다기능 바인더 고분자를 개발하여 카본블랙 기반 감광성 레지스트(CBR)를 제조하고 블랙 매트릭스(BM)에 적용하였다. 다기능 바인더 고분자를 얻기 위해 bisphenol fluorene epoxy acrylate를 함유한 불포화 폴리에스터(BFEA-polyester)를 합성하였으며 이는 1H NMR, GPC 및 FTIR을 이용하여 분석하였다. 합성된 BFEA-polyester 바인더 고분자를 상업용 아크릴 바인더와 비교 평가하기 위하여 각각 CBR 제조 후 BM 리소그래피 테스트를 수행하였다. 그 결과, 본 연구에서 합성된 BFEA-polyester 바인더 고분자는 적합한 광경화 반응성과 알칼리 용해성을 가질 뿐만 아니라 기존 아크릴 바인더보다 더 우수한 공정 마진, 패턴 특성 및 유리 기판에 대한 접착력을 나타내었다. We developed a fluorene-containing multifunctional binder polymer for LCD color filter resist, and employing the binder polymer, carbon black based black photoresist (CBR) was prepared in order to apply it to the black matrix (BM). To obtain the multifunction of the binder polymer, we synthesized bisphenol fluorene epoxy acrylate-containing unsaturated polyester (BFEA-polyester) and identified the binder polymer structure with 1H NMR, GPC and FTIR. The corresponding BFEA-polyester binder polymer was compared with the commercially available acryl binder toward the application to the CBR. From the BM lithography test, we found that the synthesized BFEA-polyester binder had better photo-crosslinking capability and alkali solubility. In addition, the newly developed binder gave a good process margin, good resolution and adhesion property on a glass substrate.

니켈 촉매를 이용한 호모커플링 중합법에 의한 Poly ( p - phenylene ) 의 합성

배진영(Jin Young Bae),이태수(Tae Soo Lee) 한국고분자학회 2001 고분자 과학과 기술 Vol.12 No.3

일제 강점기 민족동화정책과 부산 서양화단의 형성 연구 - 조선미술전람회를 중심으로 -

배진영 ( Bae Jin Young ) (재)동아시아문물연구학술재단 동아시아문물연구소 2018 文物硏究 Vol.- No.33

한 시대의 미술은 그 시대의 역사를 반영한다. 따라서 당대의 미술을 올바로 이해하기 위해서는 미술적 관점과 함께 역사적 관점을 함께 이용해야 한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 지금까지 부산 지역의 미술을 연구할 때, 미술적 관점에만 치중해 왔던 것이 사실이다. 이러한 문제는 자료의 부족 등과 연계되어 부산 서양화단의 성립을 제대로 이해하지 못하는 한계를 낳았다. 상기의 문제를 해결하기 위하여 본 논문은 일제 강점기 조선총독부의 민족동화정책이 조선미술전람회에 어떤 영향을 주었으며, 이에 대해 부산 화단이 어떻게 반응하였는지를 연구하였다. 이를 위해 부산 출신의 조선미술전람회 입선자들을 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 더불어 부산미술전람회를 통하여 부산 지역의 서양화단이 어떻게 성립되었는지를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 부산 지역의 화가들은 다양한 방식으로 일제의 민족동화정책에 대응 했음을 알게 되었다. 임응구 등은 그것에 철저하게 순응하였고, 기의벽은 사회주의에 기반을 두고 저항하였다. 우신출은 부산의 독자성을 강조하였고, 서태로 등은 정물화를 그리며 시대에서 비켜나 있었다. 한편 양달석은 조선의 농촌과 민중을 그려 현실을 있는 그대로 표현하고자 했다. 이렇듯 다양한 움직임은 해방 이후 부산 서양화단의 독자적인 흐름의 배경을 이루었고, 이후 형상미술을 중심으로 하는 향토적 리얼리즘을 탄생시키는 밑거름이 되었다. Art of an age reflects the history of that time. Therefore, to understand contemporary art properly, both its artistic point of view and its historical point of view must be used together. Nevertheless, it is true that until now, when we studied art in Busan, we focused only on the artistic point of view. Such a problem had to do with the lack of materials, which led to a limitation in the understanding of the formation of a group of Busan artists. The above the Chosun Governor-General's office this paper are Japanese occupation in order to solve the problem of ethnic assimilation policies, Busan, about this, and about the Joseon art exhibition, Studied how response to a group of art. To that end, the research was carried out on the winners of the Joseon Art Exhibition from Busan. In addition, through the Busan Art Exhibition, we saw how the group of Busan artists formed. As a result, I found out that Busan painters responded to Japanese national assimilation policies in various ways. Lim Eung-gu and others thoroughly adjusted to it. And Ki Ui-byuk resisted based on socialism. Woo Shin-chul emphasized the uniqueness of Busan. Seo Tae-ro was out of the way of the times, drawing still life. On the other hand, Yang Dal-seok tried to portray the reality of Joseon's farming villages and people. The diverse movements formed the background of the Busan artist group's independent trend after liberation, and then paved the way for the birth of the native realism based on the form art.

홉스의 사회계약론에 함축된 정부의 역할과 시장경제질서

배진영 ( Jin Young Bae ) 한독경상학회 2009 經商論叢 Vol.27 No.2

본 연구는 정부의 존재 이유와 그 역할과 범위에 관한 홉스의 입장과 의도를 규명하기 위함이다. 이를 통해 홉스의 사회계약론이 시장경제질서에 어떤 사상적 기여를 하였는지를 평가한다. 홉스는 그의 사회계약론에서 비록 국가에 절대 권력을 부여하고 있지만 그것은 단지 개인의 자연권과 행복 유지를 위함이다. 홉스가 그리는 국가는 오늘날 의미의 큰 정부라기보다는 엄격한 법집행을 통한 개인의 자연권 실현을 위한 수단적 도구로서 작은 정부를 의미한다고 해석하는 것이 홉스의 진정한 속내인 듯하다. 홉스의 사회계약론은 비록 아담 스미스의 ‘보이지 않는 손’의 원리나 하이에크의 ‘지식 문제’를 다루고 있지는 않지만 그로부터 스미스의 ‘야경국가’와 ‘자발적 경제질서’를 추론할 수 있는 여지는 남아 있다. 특히 인간의 심리 상태와 평등에 관한 그의 가정, 소유권 확립과 교환 경제의 필요성, 교환정의와 수요와 공급에 의한 가치이론, 조세와 복지에 대한 그의 입장, 법체계 등은 이런 추론에 논리적 가능성을 더해준다. 연구 결과는 한편으로는 무정부를 주장하는 극단적인 시장주의자들에 대한 논리적 반박을 제공해 주고 또 다른 한편으로 작은 정부를 주장하는 자유주의자들의 논리적 배경을 넓혀주는 계기도 마련해 줄 수 있다. Mainstream economists tend to view market failure as a case to justify the government`s market intervention while free market economists try to reconstruct market failure and limit its implication. But even free market economists admit the need of a minimal role for the government to protect individuals` security and property. Then where can we find a logical explanation for the minimal role of the government? Thomas Hobbes` social contract theory may provide an answer and this is the subject of this research. Thomas Hobbes argued for the rule by an absolute monarch and a social order where all individuals in that society should cede their rights to the strong central authority for the sake of protection. The general understanding is that an absolute monarch controls the entire society and exerts his power on every economic activity performed by individuals. The perception seems to derive largely from the provocative phrase of `the war of all against all` and the title and frontispiece of his book `Leviathan.’ But a closer look at how he set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and the principles of sovereign rights based on the assumption of men in the state of nature raises a question about the legitimacy of the general interpretation. Rather, Hobbes seems to have called for a world where a strong governing power can maintain the social order while ensuring individuals` property rights and their freedom of economic activities. This is exactly what is demanded for a small government in recent days. Hobbes firmly believed that men were so selfish and independent to pursue only his self-protection and self-interest that they were ineligible for the disciplined and mature enterprise of self-government, a situation leading to an inevitable conflict. He called for an absolute monarch only for the purpose of helping men to escape from the state of war. To him, the absolute monarch was merely a means to meet and amplify individuals` desires. He was aware of the possible abuses of power by the absolute authority but it was not his focus. He believed that whenever the ruler asked for an absolute power, it should be used only to ensure the citizen`s security and happiness. Since the citizens ceded their natural right to the ruler through a social contract, the abuses rooted in the citizens and therefore they were also held accountable. He made it clear that individuals` natural right should precede any other things, including the state, as he derived the natural law defining the role of government from the natural right. Hobbes had no concept corresponding to Adam Smith`s `individual hand,` the principle of market economy. However, Hobbes viewed individuals` freedom of behaviour as the first and overriding value of setting up a society and the reason for being of the government, opening a door for interpretation that he advocated a strong but small government. This is not far different from Adam Smith`s proposal for the role of the state. It is no surprise that Friedrich Hayek`s `knowledge problem` could not be found in Hobbes given the underdeveloped state of the economy and economics of his days. But Hayek`s concept of `spontaneous economic order` can be spotted in Hobbes here and there. His political conclusion and the famous title and picture of his book suggest he was a `structurist` supporting artificial economic order, running counter to Hayek`s theory of market economy. However, his discussion about natural right implies he took a spontaneous exchange network for granted. His book `Leviathan` contains many parts that allow us to call him a market defender regardless of his intention. His assumption about men`s psychological state, natural right and equality renders a foundation for the market economy order. His argument that the state should ensure property rights and adopt the exchange economy to increase the national wealth and improve individuals` welfare also supports the principles of market economy. Furthermore, he acknowledged the men`s right to self-government and believed that the value of human and all other objects were determined not by their inherent material value but by the economic value based on everyone`s assessment, which was set in a contract between a buyer and a seller. This is nothing different from the market economy theory. His thought for law system gives an impression that he pursued society dominated by private laws. He also warned against excessive demand by lazy and idle people on the society and stressed the need of respect for hard-workers. All of the arguments are neatly in line with what market advocates say about the society.

해대(海垈) 용산문화(龍山文化)의 농업(農業)과 환경(環境)

배진영 ( Jin Young Bae ) 한국농업사학회 2009 농업사연구 Vol.8 No.2

용산(龍山)시대 해대(海岱)지구 도작문화(稻作文化) -도작(稻作)의 전파와 확산 기제(機制)-

배진영 ( Jin Young Bae ) 한국중국학회 2010 중국학보 Vol.61 No.-

The purpose of this research was to investigate the reasons why rice farming was disseminated in Haidai district in the period of Longshan Culture. After this research, for this, examined the dissemination process of the farming into the district and the substance of rice farming management in the district, a mechanism for the spread of the farming was presumed. According to the examination, the dissemination the farming in the district in the period began in full scale from the latter half period of Daiwenkou Culture, and the farming spread quickly at the coming period of Longshan Culture. The inflow of the farming into the district was a phenomenon that appeared during the dissemination process of the farming in the north bound throughout the long period of time. Besides, the beginning of the farming in the period of Longshan Culture was not caused by either climate changes or the movement and replacement of foreign political states as external causes. It is considered that such spread of the farming was caused intertwiningly by two internal causes: firstly, evolution of Longshan Cultureto to etiquette society and, secondly, population increase. The first cause can be examined by the following process. The evolution to etiquette society was maintained throughout frequent religious ceremonies. And, in the process of the ceremonies, the brewing industries developed greatly. Consequently there was a need for rice as the main raw material of brewing. The second cause is as follows. The extremely developed Longshan Culture caused increase of population. Consequently a need for food source was raised to support the increased population. Therefore, it is considered that necessary was the restructuring of the agriculture that cultivated rice, the most productive farming. As stated, it is considered that there is a strong aspect that the dissemination and spread of the rice farming in the district in the period of Longshan Culture was caused by the internal needs of the Longshan society.

오스트리아 학파의 시각에서 본 2011년 글로벌 재정위기의 원인과 과제

배진영 ( Jin Young Bae ) 한독경상학회 2012 經商論叢 Vol.30 No.1

1930년대의 대공황과 현재 진행되고 있는 세계금융위기 그리고 이어진 글로벌 재정위기는 경기변동의 일반적인 패턴을 보여준다. 그것은 경기변동은 정부의 통화량 조작과 신용팽창에서 비롯되며 그 과정은 붐(boom)과 버스트(bust)로 진행된다는 것이다. 현재의 글로벌 재정위기의 원인은 이런 패턴 속에서 찾을 수 있다. 글로벌 재정위기는 가깝게는 금융위기를 극복하기 위하여 은행 시스템에 제공되는 대규모 구제 금융과 경기부양책에서 비롯된다. 그러나 그것의 근본적인 원인은 금융위기를 초래하는 통화 및 신용의 팽창정책에 있다. 남 유럽 국가들의 재정위기 사태에는 여기에다 유럽통화연맹(EMU)의 경제질서와 지나친 복지 정책도 그것의 원인이다. EMU의 경제질서는 회원 국가들로 하여금 재정정책만 시행할 수 있게 하지 개별적인 통화정책은 구사하지 못하게 한다. 이것은 남유럽 국가들의 정부와 민간 부문들에게 도덕적 해이를 초래하여 단일 화폐인 유로라는 ``공유지의 비극(tragedy of commons)``의 현상을 가져왔다. 이것이 경상수지의 적자와 국가부채의 증대로 이어지게 했다. 글로벌 금융위기 후 미국을 비롯한 유럽 국가들은 대규모 경기부양책을 실시하였고 금융 위기를 초래한 통화 팽창정책을 다시 실시하였다. 그러나 그것의 경기부양 효과는 미미하였으며 금융위기를 초래한 원인은 도려내지지 않은 상태로 여전히 남아 있을 뿐이다. 위기를 모면하기 위해 실시되는 통화 팽창정책과 확장적인 재정정책은 또 다른 위기의 불씨가 될 가능성이 높다. 남유럽 국가들의 재정위기는 여기에다 EMU 경제질서의 개혁이라는 숙제를 남기고 있다. 그것은 회원국들의 통화정책에 이은 재정정책의 대 통합으로 나아갈 것을 요구 한다. We find important policy implications from the analysis of the recent global fiscal crisis sparked by the collapse of the bubble in the U.S. housing market. One concerns the business cycle and the other concerns the economic order of the EMU. Policy implications of the business cycle are as follows: (1) Recent business cycles including the Great Depression of the 1930s show us a general pattern in that all result from the expansionary monetary policy. This is different from the business fluctuation inherent in the market economy. (2) The business cycle proceeds with boom followed by burst. The boom formed by the expansionary monetary policy forces monetary authorities to tighten their money supply. This reveals false investments, leading to the burst of the boom. The banking system would sustain a severe blow due to the bankruptcy of firms. (3) The government supports the banking system with huge relief funds and carries out stimulus fiscal programmes to promote economic recovery. This rapidly worsens the government`s fiscal situation. An accumulation of excessive social welfare spendings also is another factor that causes a fiscal crisis. (4) People of the country in fiscal crisis will not tolerate the infliction that comes unavoidably in the process of bursting. They ask the government for strong stimulus fiscal measures and expansionary monetary policies in order not to burst the boom. Government deems it natural and necessary to intervene in the market with strong measures. (5) From the Great Depression of the 1930`s and other recent experiences, we learn, however, that such a strong measure of the government has only a temporary affect similar to a pain reliever. The causes of the problem are not cut away, still hiding deep within the economy, and bud into another crisis. (6) Absent of interest and monetary manipulation, there can be no tendency for entrepreneurs to make systemic errors that can create economy-wide booms followed by bursts. (7) If a country that undergoes a fiscal crisis has not sufficient foreign exchange reserves resulted from the chronic current account deficits, other countries or institutions will not be willing to purchaseits bonds. As it is not easy to roll-over maturing bonds, this country is then downgraded to junk status by major credit rating agencies and driven to a crisis of national default. The economic order of EMU (European Monetary Union) is another factor of the fiscal crisis of PIIGS countries. Policy implications of EMU are as follows: (1) In order to allocate resources efficiently, institutions which configure an economic order are to be composed in harmony, without conflicting with each other. However, EMU`s economic order does not perform this function. This is owing to the fact that EMU was established for more political reasons than economic. EMU member countries are under the ECB (Economic Central Bank)`s single monetary policy, but each member can enforce its own fiscal policy. Therefore, all member states cannot have a consistent and harmonious fiscal and monetary system. Global financial crisis has served only to reveal the fatal defects of economic order inherent in EMU.(2) EMU was established in 1999, despite of significant differences in the economic environments and monetary policies between member countries. It has brought moral hazard to the governments and its people, the Southern European members in particular. The Euro is advantageous to these countries in that inflation would go on but it would be more hidden. They could enjoy more imports and overconsumption. Their moral hazard has led to such as a `tragedy of the commons` of a single currency euro. (3) In the system of EMU an individual country cannot implement her own monetary policy to cool an economic boom and to cope with the current account deficit. She can make such an effort only through fiscal policies of tax increases, the workforce reductions in public sector, pension cut, etc. The EMU blocks the way for the market to heal the misled price mechanism. (4) Unless the elements that can cause moral hazard in the economic order of EMU are not removed, a fiscal crisis such as now is bound to be repeated at any time. If they want to keep this system, major countries like Germany must support economically weaker countries. It`s very skeptical, however, if the German government and her people would support them in any case.

연구논문 : 구어,문어 통합 문법 기술의 방향과 자료 구축의 문제

배진영 ( Jin Young Bae ),손혜옥 ( Hye Ok Son ),김민국 ( Min Gook Kim ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2011 人文論叢 Vol.27 No.-

본고에서 추구하고자 하는 문법 연구의 방향은 구어와 문어 상에서 나타나는 문법 실현 양상의 차이를 단순히``구어``對``문어``라는 이분법적 관점으로 보는 것이 아니라 발화 혹은 기술상에서 정도성을 지니면서 다양하게 나타나는 사용역의 차이라는 관점에서 접근하려는 것이다. 본고에서는 구어와 문어 문법을 서로 대비되는 문법으로 파악하지 않고, 이 둘의 문법을 아우르는 문법 기술을 이론화하여 체계화하는 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 이러한 방향을 근간으로 실제 언어 자료를 바탕으로 사용역에 따른 문법적 현상을 기술하고 그에 대한 차이를 비교하며 그 원인을 적절하고도 자세하게 설명하는 것을 구어와 문어의 통합 문법 기술의 궁극적인 목적으로 삼는다. 본고는 먼저 국내의 구어 문법 연구가 어떤 관점으로 진행되었는지를 살피고 이를 통해 구어와 문어의 통합적인 문법 기술의 입장에서 지양되어야 하는 문제들을 보인다. 그런 다음 구어와 문어로 대비되는 기존 문법 기술 양상에 대한 전반적인 반성과 함께, 앞으로 진행해야 할 구어와 문어 문법을 통합하여 기술을 위해 필요한 문법 기술의 관점이 어떠해야 하는지는 제안한다. 또한 현재 구어와 문어와 관련하여 이들의 문법을 기술하기 위해 사용되었던 기존 말뭉치의 설계와 구축 현황에 대한 반성을 통해 향후 사용역에 따른 구어와 문어의 통합 문법을 기술하기 위한 말뭉치의 구축이 어떻게 이루어져야 하는지에 대해 논의한다. This study intends to theorize and systemize an integrated grammar covering both spoken and written language while not characterizing the grammars of both spoken and written language as extremities that are discrepant or remote. The direction of the study of grammar that this study pursues is to approach the difference in grammar realization aspects in spoken language and written language not from a simple dichotomous perspective ``spoken language vs. written language.`` Instead, the approach takes the viewpoint arguing that the difference in the aspects of grammar realization is the difference in a register that is diversely expressed in degrees in speaking or writing. Accordingly, the ultimate purpose of the description of the integrated grammar of spoken and written language is to describe the grammatical phenomena according to register based on actual language material, to compare the differences of such phenomena, and to explain the reason for the difference in proper detail. When describing and analyzing various grammatical aspects that were expressed in spoken and written language, we also felt it necessary to include the situations in which the language was placed, that is, the intention of the language user which included the text register element as assumed by us. This study suggests that a functional perspective should be taken to describe a grammar system that covers the grammar of both spoken language and written language. In addition, this study notes that we need material that was classified with various registers for the description of an integrated grammar as pursued here. We also mentioned the problem of building the actual corpus for such a purpose.

오스트리아 학파의 관점에서 본 시장경제질서에서 경쟁과 독점의 의미

배진영 ( Jin-young Bae ) 한국질서경제학회 2008 질서경제저널 Vol.11 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 시장경제와 관련된 핵심적인 몇 가지 개념들을 통념적인 의미와는 다르게 해석하여 시장경제의 본질을 이해하는 데 도움을 주고자 하는 데 있다. 본 논문에서 다루어질 개념은 시장과 경쟁 그리고 독점이며 이들의 개념 이해를 오스트리안 경제학자들의 시각에서 정리하고 해석하였다. 시장은 교환의 상징적 표현에 불과하며, 시장은 개인의 자발적 거래로 형성된 질서이다. 따라서 시장은 무엇을 의도하지 않기 때문에 시장 실패라는 용어는 잘못된 것이다. 경쟁은 지식의 교환과 평행 과정이고 미지로의 탐험이며 조정과 혁신의 과정이다. 또한 경쟁은 승패의 과정이 아니라 차별화의 과정이며 각자의 능력과 장점을 발견해 주는 절차이기도 하다. 따라서 경쟁이 비인간적이고 냉혹한 과정이란 편입 견을 버려야 한다. 모든 제품과 생산요소는 소비자의 위치와 판매되는 시공간의 차이에 의해 동일하지 않다. 그렇다면 독점이란 처음부터 존재하지 않으며 시장을 완전경쟁, 독점, 불완전경쟁, 과점 등으로 분류하여 분석하는 것은 의미가 없다. 완전경쟁은 현실에서 존재하지 않기 때문에 누구도 경쟁가격을 모른다. 그렇다면 경쟁가격과의 비교로부터 나오는 독점가격도 존재하지 않는 개념이다. Korea is engulfed everyday by uproar of thousands of citizens against U.S. beef imports in May 2008. The textbook of economics always teaches that trade can make everyone better off. Regardless of this principle, the everyday uproar of beef imports leads to the situation of anarchy. This shows evidently how difficult it is to get them to understand logics of market economy order and competition from their hearts. To a certain extent this difficulty should result from the somewhat distorted and false interpretation about competition and monopoly. Economists should at least be responsible for providing an accurate knowledge about the essentials of the disciplines of market economy. This paper aims to provide a valuable appraisal of crucial aspects of market, competition and monopoly which differs from the textbook of economic principles which is dominated by Marshallian and Keynesian paradigm. This paper is based on the thoughts of Austrian School, especially Hayekian and Misesian paradigm. Market economy is a spontaneous order of a collaboration of free human actions. It is not the result of human design. This implies that a free market economy can be interpreted and understood in the best way only by analysing human behaviors and circumstances which set the limit of human actions, stressing knowledge and discovery. The Austrians adhere to these paradigms. It is the reason why this paper on the topic of competition and monopoly is written in the Austrian school's perspectives Despite all the criticism given on the model of perfect competition, it still occupies the starting point of all the positive and normative discussions. In fact, perfect competition is a sleeping competition. There is no competition at all. This has virtually ignored the role of competition in the market. As a result, it makes lots of students sketch the real market falsely and leads to the inaccurate interpretation of competition. Competition is a process of knowledge exchange between buyers and sellers. It is interpreted as a voyage of exploration and discovery into the unknown, too. It is also a process of differentiation through which one discovers his own best advantage that others have not. Therefore it could not be said that competition is inhumane. Interpreting competition like that, we can observe and understand the vitality of a real dynamic market process. There can be no monopoly or monopoly price on the free market. Monopoly can be defined only as a grant of privilege by the state. Monopoly price can not be distinguished at all from competitive price, because there is no discernable and identifiable competitive price. There is also no grounds that monopoly diminishes social welfare. The profit comes from the differences of the product and production factor. All profit should return not to the entrepreneur but to the production factors that enable to attain the profit.