피터 싱어의 동물해방론과 퇴계의 ‘인물위기지병 (認物爲己之病)’에 대한 뇌신경과학적 검증— 타자(他者)의 고통을 이해하는 기제(機制)를 중심으로 —

오형근 한국철학사연구회 2024 한국 철학논집 Vol.- No.82

피터 싱어는 쾌・고 감수능력을 기준으로 인간뿐 아니라 동물의 이익도 동등하게 고려되어야 한다는 ‘이익 동등 고려 원리’를 제시한다. 이때 우리는 타자의 고통을 직접 경험할 수는 없으며 타자가 보이는 다양한 외적 징후들로부터 그가 고통을 느낀다고 추론할 수 있을 따름이라고 그는 주장한다. 이러한 구도 안에서는 나의 아버지와 현자가 불타는 건물에 갇혀 함께 죽어가는 상황에서 두 사람의 고통은 동일한 값으로 측정될 수 있으며 공평한 입장에서 모두에게 이익이 되는 결정, 즉 현자를 우선 구해야 한다는 결론―비록 이론적일지라도―이 도출된다. 그러나 이와 같은 생각은 효(孝)를 근간으로 하는 유가의 입장에서 받아들이기 어렵다. 퇴계는 성학십도 중 「서명도」와 「서명고증강의」 등에서 지각을 곧바로 인(仁)이라고는 할 수 없지만, 상상하고 추론하여 타인의 아픔을 이해하는 것으로는 인(仁)을 체득할 수 없다고 한다. 손으로 맥을 짚듯이 지각을 통하여 직접 체득해야지, 무턱대고 천지만물이 일체라고만 하면 ‘겸애’・‘인물위기지병(認物爲己之病)’에 빠질 것이라고 경계한다. 쟁점은 타자의 고통을 내가 ‘인식하는가?’ 아니면 ‘느끼는가?’이다. 그런데 거울 뉴런 이론은 타자의 고통을 내가 인식하거나 나를 타자 안으로 투사하는 것이 아니라, 타자를 내 안으로 끌어들여 타자의 고통을 내 몸과 마음으로 직접 느낄 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다. 그렇다면, 피터 싱어의 동물해방이론은 타자가 나와 같이 고통을 느낄 것이라는 추론을 통하여 타자를 나와 같은 존재로 ‘인식’하는 병, 즉 ‘인물위기지병’에 걸려서 무부(無父)의 지경에 빠져 있다고 진단될 수 있으며, 이러한 진단은 거울 뉴런 이론에 의해 검증될 수 있다고 필자는 주장한다. Peter Singer argues in Animal Liberation that we can only infer the pain of others through the external signs we can observe from them. He argues that we cannot directly experience the pain of others but can only infer that they are feeling pain from various external signs. From this perspective, if my father and a wise man were in a life-threatening situation, such as a burning building, their pain could be measured at the same level. Thus, it is concluded, albeit it may just be theoretical, that we should make a decision that benefits everyone and save the wise man first. However, this notion presents a challenge for Confucianists, as it contradicts their deeply held belief in filial piety (Hyo 孝). Toegye suggests that In(仁) cannot be achieved through imagination or presumption, but it should be learned from experience through sensation as if one is feeling one’s pulse by hand. The main issue is whether we ‘perceive’ or ‘feel’ the pain of others. However, the Mirror Neuron theory shows that we can pull others into ourselves and feel their pain with our own body and heart rather than merely perceiving their pain or projecting ourselves onto others. To that end, we can conclude that Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation is invalid as it has a flaw of “In-mul-wi-gi-ji-byeong(認物爲己之病),” meaning that it mistakenly perceives others as the same as oneself from inferring that others will feel pain as such as oneself.

뇌교 경색 후에 생긴 통증을 동반한 삼차신경 감각신경병증 1예

오형근 대한뇌졸중학회 2007 Journal of stroke Vol.9 No.1

Trigeminal sensory neuropathy is a clinical diagnosis in which the main feature is facial numbness limited to the territory ofone or more sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve. We report a 44-year-old woman who presented with numbness andneuralgic pain at her left face. Brief electric shock-like pain lasted about a few seconds and occurred at least 5 times a day.The pain was triggered by chewing and facial washing. On neurologic examination, light touch sensation was decreased inthe V2 and V3 dermatomes of the left face including the tongue, lips, and gum. While pinprick and temperature sensation werepreserved. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a left pontine infarction. Presumably, an ischemic injury mayhave led to increased neuronal activity in the trigeminothalamic tract. We suggest the paroxysmal facial pain is possible as anepisodic activation of the trigeminal neurons by triggering. (Korean Journal of Stroke 2007;9:91-93)

十大論師및 諸家論師에 대한 小考

吳亨根 동국대학교 불교대학 1974 東國思想 Vol.7 No.-

현장실습 사례보고

오형근,김형진,김덕자,김봉규,김영화,김재봉,유근정 명지대학교 증권보험대학원 2000 졸업논문집 Vol.- No.18

빅데이터 분석을 통한 태권도 인식변화 연구

오형근 한국체육정책학회 2019 한국체육정책학회지 Vol.17 No.4

The aim of the present research is to analyze the change of perception on Taekwondo through the text mining method based on big data analysis and offer basic data for the establishment of policies to continually forward Taekwondo’s advancement. For this, the data of Naver and Daum, the representative Korean portal site, and those of blogs, cafes, and Jisikin (a Q&A service between Netizens within the Naver portal site), during the 5 years from Aug. 1st 2014 to Aug 1st, 2019 were collected and scrutinized using Textom. Also, examinations of degree centrality and CONCOR were done using UCINET6 and NetDraw. The conclusion derived from such a research and procedure is as follows. First, examining the frequency of the co-occurence with the keyword “Taekwondo”, “training” “children” and “Taekwondo education site” were the top three related search words during the time of evaluation and examined to be core related keywords, leading to the conclusion that there’s a tendancy to consider Taekwondo as a children’s means of exercise. Second, according to the analysis on the degree centrality, similar results to co-occurrence frequency analysis was found but “adult” showed a low degree centrality compared to its frequency. This demonstrates that there is little connection between the above words, and it was reaffirmed that there is a problem of the Taekwondo market structure centralizing on child education in addition to what the results for degree centrality scrutiny conveyed. Third, according to the CONCOR analysis the cluster which showed high frequency during the overall research were “Olympic Sports” “Taekwondo competition” and “Taekwondo education site”, which are groups serving a major purpose in the advancement of Taekwondo recognition. Thus, it was examined that Olympic Taekwondo matches, Taekwondo competitions in and out of the country and the information on Taekwondo education sites were the areas which were met with the most attention.

Population Genetic Structure of the Bumblebee, Bombus ignitus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Based on Mitochondrial COI Gene and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS2 Sequences

오형근,윤형주,이주영,박정선,김익수 한국잠사학회 2013 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.27 No.1

The bumblebee, Bombus ignitus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is a valuable natural resource that is widely utilized for greenhouse pollination in South Korea. Understanding the magnitude of genetic diversity and geographic relationships is of fundamental importance for long term preservation and utilization. As a first step, we sequenced a partial COI gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) corresponding to the “DNA barcode” region and the complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA from 88 individuals collected in nine South Korean localities. The complete ITS2 sequences were longest among known insects, ranging in size from 2,034 bp ~ 2,052 bp, harboring two duplicated 112-bp long repeats. The 658-bp long mtDNA sequences provided only six haplotypes with a maximum sequence divergence of 0.61% (4 bp), whereas the ITS sequences provided 84 sequence types with a maximum sequence divergence of 1.02% (21 sites). The combination of the current COI data with those of published data suggest that the B. ignitus in South Korea and China are genetically a large group, but those in Japan can be roughly separated into another group. Overall, a very high per generation migration ratio, a very low level of genetic fixation, and no discernable hierarchical population were found to exist among the South Korean populations of B. ignitus , which suggests panmixia. This finding is consistent with our understanding of the dispersal capability of the species.

칼슘통로차단제로 호전을 보인 반복적인 일과성 한눈시각상실 1례

오형근,정두신,박형국,안무영 순천향의학연구소 2008 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.14 No.1

Retinal migraine is a rare and poorly understood migraine varient. Vasospasm of the retinal or ophthalmic artery is thought to be the cause of the monocular visual disturbance. Reversible monocular visual phenomena and headache fulfilling criteria for migraine are essential for diagnosis. Some cases without headache have been reported, but their migrainous nature cannot be ascertained. We report a case of recurrent transient monocular blindness without accompanying headache improved by calcium channel blocker.

A Case of Psychogenic Paraplegia Documented During Sleep by Video Monitoring

오형근,이경석,박형국,양광익 대한수면연구학회 2009 Journal of sleep medicine Vol.6 No.1

Psychogenic paraplegia is an uncommon conversion disorder characterized by nonorganic loss of motor function precipitated by some type of traumatic event. A 60-year-old man was referred from neurosurgery department with the chief complaint of paraplegia. One year ago he was involved in a motor vehicle accident. Whole spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electrophysiological study couldn’t explain the organic cause of paraplegia. We decided to observe him during his sleep as we suspected a psychogenic cause for the symptoms. Irregular, non-stereotyped and involuntary leg movements were documented during sleep by video monitoring, and he was diagnosed as psychogenic paraplegia. In conclusion, if a psychogenic paraplegia is suspected, video monitoring during sleep could be recommended as a differentiation tool from neurological disorder.

제칠말나식(第七末那識) 성립에 대한 고찰

오형근 한국불교학회 1975 韓國佛敎學 Vol.1 No.-

元曉大師의 唯識思想考

吳亨根 동국대학교 불교대학 1982 東國思想 Vol.15 No.-