항정신병약물 사용 중인 정신분열병 환자에서 올란자판으로의 교체 방법에 관한 연구(II) : Comparison of Safety 안전성 비교

안용민,권용실,권준수,민성호,박두병,양문정,소형석,송종호,신윤식,우행원,유범희,이홍석,정한용,한창환,김용식 大韓神經精神醫學會 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.5

연구목적: 이 다기관 공동임상연구는 사용 중인 항정신병약물을 ’직접 교체 방법’또는 ’시작-감량 교체 방법’중 한 가지 방법으로 올란자핀으로 교체한 후, 안정성 측면에서 두 교체 방법 간의 비교와 교체후의 변화를 관찰하기 위한 것이다. 방법: 국내 13개 병원의 입원 및 외래에 내원한 환자들 중 ICD-10 지단기준으로 정신분열병에 해당되며, 임상적으로 항정신병약물 교체가 필요한 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 두 가지 교체 방법 중 한 가지를 무작위로 피험자에 적용하였으며, ’직접 교체 방법’에 배정된 경우에는 사용중인 항정신병약물을 일시에 중단하고 10㎎의 올란자핀을 바로 투여하였고, ’시작-감량 교체 방법’에 배정된 경우는 10㎎의 올란자핀 투여하고 2주에 걸쳐서 기존 약물을 감량하여 중단하였다. 올란자핀 사용기간은 총 6주이며, 용량은 5∼20㎎ 범위로 제한하였다. 한정성 평가를 위해서 체중, 생명징후, 자발적인 이상반응 복, 실험실 검사 그리고 Simpson-Angus Scale(SAS), Barnes akathisia rating scale(BARS), Abnormal involuntary movement scale(AIMS). Liverpool University neuroleptic side effect rating scale(LUNSERS)등을 이용하였다. 결과: 총 103명의 정신분열병 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 사용한 올란자핀의 용량, 벤조디아제핀의 병용률, 탈락률과 탈락 사유, 자발적인 이상반응 보고, 생명징후, 실험실 검사 그리고 대부분의 부작용 척도 상에서 임상적으로 의미 있는 차이를 두 교체 방법간에 발견하지 못하였다. 다만 AIMS의 감소는 ’직접 교체 방법’군에서 보다 적었고, 항콜린제의 병용률은 ’시작-감량 교체 방법’군에서 보다 많았다. 기저 상태에서 전체 피험자의 SAS와 BARS 점수는 각각 3.5점과 1.8점이었으며 70% 이상의 피험자가 고프로락틴 혈증을 보였다. 올란자핀으로 교체한 후, SAS, BARS, AIMS 점수의 유의한 감소가 있었으며 고프로락틴 혈증을 보인 피험자 분율도 약 30%이하로 감소하였다. 그러나 교체 방법과 상관없이 올란자핀 교체 후 유의한 체중 증가가 있었다. 결론: 이 연구를 통해 교체 방법에 관계없이 비교적 안전하고 용이하게 올란자핀으로 교체 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 기존 항정신병약물을 올란자핀으로 교체함으로써 일부 부작용들을 줄일 수 있음을 간접적으로 관찰할 수 있었다. 하지만 이 연구는 여러 제한점과 문제점을 지니고 있기 때문에 보다 체계적인 연구를 통해 검정이 필요하리라 생각된다. Objectives: This multicenter clinical trial involving 13 hospital sites compared the safely of switching to olanzapine between ’direct switching method’ and ’start-tapering switching method’. Method: This study included both inpatients and outpatients who fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia as defined in the ICD-10, and were in need to be appropriate for switching antipsychotics. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two switching methods. For ’direct switching method’group, previous antipsychotics were abruptly discontinued and 10㎎ of olanzapine was administered, and previous antipsychotics was gradually tapered for 2 weeks. Olanzapine was used for 6 weeks and the dose was adjusted within the range of 5-20㎎. The safety of switching to olanzapine was measured with vital sings including body weight, adverse events reported spontaneously, laboratory tests, and various scales such as Simpson-Angus Scale(SAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale(BARS). Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale(AIMS), and Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale(LUNSERS). Results: 103 patients were switched to olanzapine in this study. The comparison between two switching methods did not show any significant difference in the dosage of olanzapine used, the concomitant use of benzodiazepine, the rate and reasons of drop-out, the adverse events, vital signs, laboratory tests, and most scales for measuring side-effects. However, the decrease in AIMS scores was significantly lower in ’direct switching method’ group, and the concomitant use of anticholinergics was comparatively greater in ’start-tapering switching method’ group. At baseline, SAS and BARS scores were 3.5 and 1.8 points respectively, and more than 70% of the subjects showed hyperprolactinemia. After switching to olanzapine, SAS, BARS, and AIMS scores were significantly decreased and the proportion of the patients with hyperprolactinemia was also decreased to less than 30%. However significant weight gain after the treatment of olanzapine was observed regardless of switching method. Conclusion: This study may suggest that switching to olanzapine can be done with relatively high safety regardless of switching methods and olanzapine can significantly decrease some side-effects induced by other antipsychotics.

교류여자방식 브러시리스 동기전동기의 공간벡터에 의한 토오크제어

우정인,정영일,노태균,조용길,신동률 東亞大學校 附設 情報通信硏究所 1997 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.5 No.1

In the paper, a vector control method for a AC-excited BLSM(Brushless Synchronous Motor) is proposed. The BLSM has a feature that separate exciter is not needed for excitation. The proposed method is described in two parts as follow, one is the design of drive and the other is a modeling for its imlpementation. Rotor flux is estimated using inditect sensing method based on voltage equation in the synchronously rotation reference frame. And rotor position os calculated from rotor angular velocity and stator current. Through computer simulation results of this prorosed system, it is shown that the BLSM drive has a ability of precision torque control from the static and dynamic performances.

산화구리에 의한 배기 가스 중의 아황산 가스 제거 : 반응속도에 관한 연구 A Kinetic Study

신창섭,노용우,이태희 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 1985 논문집 Vol.17 No.2

The reaction of cupric oxide powder with 2% sulfur dioxide was investigated over a temperature range of 300-500℃ and over a particle size range of 0.051-3㎜. The experimental data were correlated well by the shrinking unreacted core model and the optimal reaction temperature was found to be 450℃. With average particle diameter less than 1㎜ and superficial gas velocity higher than 8.8 ㎝/sec, the reaction of cupric oxide powder with sulfur dioxide was found to be controlled by the chemical reaction and the intrinsic rate constant was k=8987 exp(-8134/RT).

전력선 통신(PLC)을 위한 모뎀 개발에 관한 연구

신관우,김용태,이윤섭 공주대학교 생산기술연구소 2001 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

PLC (Power Line Communication) is the communication method using the existing power line installed in houses and offices to convert and transmit high frequency communication signal from tens of KHz to tens of MHz, and receive the filtered signal using high frequency filter. The advantage of PLC is that PLC uses the existing power line installed in houses and offices so it does not require separate power line. Easy and convenient access using electric outlets is another advantage of PLC. However, PLC has some disadvantages such as limited transmission power, high load interference and noise, variable signal attenuation, characteristic of impedance, selective possibility of frequency property. This study designed the boiler temperature control system by unit using the modem designed on the basis of technology used for PLC modem. After conducting experiments with systems, it was possible to control stably. By commercializing this product, we can avoid unnecessary heating of separate temperature control unit, and save the cost accordingly.

2차원 어레이를 이용한 Vector-radix 2차원 고속 DCT의 효율적인 VLSI 구현

신경욱,전흥우,강용섬 金烏工科大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

This paper describes an efficient array algorithm for parallel computation of vector-radix two-dimensional (2-D) fast discrete cosine transform(VR-FCT), and its VLSI implementation. The proposed array algorithm features architectural modularity, regularity and locality, so that it is very suitable for VLSI realization. Also, no transposition memory is required. It has the time complexity of ?? for (N X N) 2-D DCT, where ?? is the number of non-zero digits in canonic-signed digit (CSD) code. An array core based on the proposed array algorithm is designed with ISRC 1.5㎛ double metal N-Well CMOS technology. A hierarchical design approach based on Bit-Slice Unit (BSU) is adopted to achieve simple design and regular interconnections. The designed array core consists of 64 PE's arranged in 8 rows 8 columns, and it contains about 98,000 transistors on an area of 138㎜²excluding control logic block. From simulation results, it is estimated that (8X8) 2-D DCT(??) can be computed in about 0.88㎲ec at 50MHz clock frequency, resulting in the throughput rate of about 72 Mega pixels per second.

슬라이딩 관측기를 이용한 유도전동기의 센서리스 제어

우정인,조용길,신동률,박지호 東亞大學校 附設 情報通信硏究所 1999 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.7 No.1

In this paper, the robust vector control method of Induction Motor for the purpose of improving the system performance deterioration caused by parameter variations is proposed. The full order state observer estimates the stator surrent and the rotor flux by using the state prediction of state variables. And, the motor speed is estimated without without speed using the full order state observer. Also, the parameter variation is compensate by the Sliding Observer. By using this method, speed sinsorless control and current contol with no affection of the parameter variation can be obtained simultaneously.

Managing Cultural Diversity by Effective Human Resource Management of International Trade: Focus on Asian Perspectives

Shin,Soo Yong,Pak,Myong Sop,Cho,Sung Woo 한국무역상무학회 2012 貿易商務硏究 Vol.56 No.-

Changes in the global business environment continue at an accelerated pace. The 21st century maybe remarked, perhaps, for its hot issues on globalization and diversity. Diversity may arise in terms of ethnic, gender, age and culture. Cultural diversity out of all stands out in front in modern times as more multinational companies operate internationally resulting more people to start living abroad and work with people from different cultures. In recent years, these multinational companies realized the important roles human resource management play in international trade since cultural diversity is very influential on their work performance. A well-managed human resources will ensure organizations' success to a great extent. This paper touches the field of cultural diversity and introduces human resource management of international trade as a way to handle diversity matters faced by international organizations.

DSP 인버터에 의한 편측식 선형 유도전동기의 비간섭제어

우정인,신동률,조용길,노인배,정영일 東亞大學校 附設 情報通信硏究所 1998 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.6 No.1

We proposed the speed control of the inverter-fed SLIM(Single-sided Linear Induction Motor) for conveyance system by the decoupled thrust control with DSP board. The voltage equations of SLIM are expressed on the suitable α-β axis by the proposed equivalent circuits, which can analyze the characteristics of the thrust and the normal force and so on. These control methods, which are the slip angular frequency control and the decoupling control for the thrust and normal force by analyzing these parameters can be successfully driven without interfering of each axis. These results exemplified the linear drive of SLIM with the reference value.

가치경영 특질에 관한 탐색적 연구

申鉉佑,徐傭準 慶一大學校 1999 論文集 Vol.16 No.4

The purpose of this study is to specify about value management. Fundamental concepts of this research presents a perceived value approach to the determination of price in comsumer's decision making. I defined about value management more clearly that will be contributed to macimize business process performance. Environmental pressures and the development of radical information technologies are convergeing to create on impetus for major change in the structure, function and process of business organizations. A key componenet of these research effect factors has been the rethinking of perceived valye enlargement for meet customer's needs. So as to meet internationalized business environment and maximize business process performandce found out the correlated loops with value management, through these interactive process loops made model of SEV(shdow effect of value model). Use the SEV model to radically redesign our business processes in order to achieve dramatic improvements in their performance.

韓國 社會福祉 政策에 있어서의 Elite 役割 : 醫療保險 政策을 中心으로 Medical Care Insurance in Korea

申容宇 상명대학교 논문집 1986 상명대학교논문집 Vol.18 No.-

This thesis is intended to apply elite model to policy-making process and discover its character of policy process in Korea. For this aim, policy-making process of Medical Care Insurance is analyzed. Elite Model is based on assumption that society is divided into two part : one is elite who have power, the other is masses who do not. Elite have the power to be able to allocate values for society. The essential argument of elite theory is that it is not the people or the masses who determine public policy through their demands and action. Rather public policy is decided by a ruling class and carried in effect by public officials and agencies. Therefore public policy can be regarded as reflecting the value orientations and preferences of a governing elite and one of which may be a desire to provide for the welfare of masses. Hence masses could not influence policy process or the content. So changes in public policy will be incremental rather than revolutionary, and if elite does not agree to its necessity and relevancy, it is difficult of social need to come into effect as policy or act. If we apply elite model to policy making process of Korean Medical Care Insurance, we refer its characters as follows. First, though socially the necessity of a policy exists, (in this paper, the necessity of Medical Care Policy), if a governing elite did not recognize or agree its necessity or relevancy it is difficult of the demands or action to come into effect. Medical Care Insurance is come into effect when a governing elite recognizes its necessity. Second, the intention of President plays the important role. By the President's directions, then. Medical Care Insurance come into effect. Third, participation of interest group did not appear. This reflects authoritarian politial culture in Korea. Fourth, strong political intention is reflected in the policy making process. That period is characterized by social disorder, and it is recognized that political authority and legitimacy must be preserved and strengthened, anyhow. Fifth, the content of policy reflects the existing conservative character. The primary value of governing elite is in the economic growth. Therefore they consider the convenience of implmentation. Finally, as a result, Korean policy makers have began by introducing health Insurance to relatively small and adventaged segment of the population who are not vulnerable. The poor or economically low c]ass who have the greatest need about Medical Care was excluded. Medical Care Insurance shows inequality of its benefit.